Boxer Codex
{{Short description|Spanish illuminated manuscript}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, from the Boxer Codex, {{Circa|1590}}]]
The Boxer Codex is a late-16th-century Spanish manuscript produced in the Philippines. It contains 75 colored illustrations of the peoples of China, the Philippines, Japan, Java, the Moluccas, the Ladrones, and Siam. About 270 pages of Spanish text describe these places, their inhabitants and customs. An additional 88 smaller drawings show mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time.
The English historian Charles Ralph Boxer purchased the manuscript in 1947 from the collection of Lord Ilchester in London. Boxer recognized the importance of what he called the "Manila Manuscript" and published a paper in 1950 with a detailed description of the codex. He made the manuscript freely available to other researchers for study, and it became known as the Boxer Codex. Boxer eventually sold it to Indiana University, where it is held by the Lilly Library.
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Description and contents
The manuscript was written around circa 1590[http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/omeka/lilly/items/show/93 Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (U.S.A.), Catalogue Record of the Boxer Codex] in primarily Early Modern Spanish with some labels in Early Manila Hokkien written in Spanish orthography and Classical Chinese and contains illustrations of ethnic groups in the Philippines, across Southeast Asia, and in East Asia and Micronesia at the time of early Spanish contact. It also contains Taoist mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and land animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time. Aside from a description of and historical allusions to what are now the Philippines and various other Far Eastern countries, the codex also contains 97 hand-drawn color paintings and illustrations depicting peoples and animals of the Philippines, the Indonesian Archipelago, Japan, Taiwan, China, and Mainland Southeast Asia. The first illustration is an oblong fold-out, 74 are full-page colored illustrations, and the remaining are arranged four to a page on 22 pages (with some of the quarters remaining blank). Most of the drawings appear to have been copied or adapted from materials brought to the Philippines from China by Martín de Rada: the Classic of Mountains and Seas and books from the {{lang|zh-Latn|shenmo}} genre, which depict deities and demons. The remaining drawings represent individuals, often a male and female pair, as inhabitants from tributaries of China and Taiwan with their distinctive costume; some of these have been refashioned as warriors. The depictions of inhabitants from Chinese tributaries may have been copied from a pre-existing source, drawn from memory, or perhaps even drawn according to instruction given by Rada or one of the other Europeans who visited China.Souza & Turley, 2015 At least 15 illustrations deal with the inhabitants of the Philippine Archipelago.{{Harvnb|Roces|1977|p=1003}}.
History and provenance
The Boxer Codex does not bear any direct statement of authorship or dates of production and there is no dedication that might indicate who was the patron of the work or for whom the work was intended. Its contents indicate that it was written in Manila in the early 1590s. The manuscript was likely compiled at the direction of Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, or his son, Luis Pérez Dasmariñas.
The Boxer Codex depicts the Tagalogs, Visayans, Zambals, Cagayanes or possibly Ibanags, and Negritos of the Philippines in vivid color. The paintings' technique and the use of Chinese paper, ink, and paints suggests that the artist may have been Chinese.
It is believed that the original owner of the manuscript was Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, son of Governor General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas,{{Harvnb|Donoso|2016|p=xlviii}}. the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines. Luis succeeded his father in office as governor-general. Since Spanish colonial governors kept extensive written reports of the territories they governed, it is likely that the manuscript was written on the governor's orders.{{Harvnb|Roces|1977|p=1004}}.
The manuscript's earliest known modern owner was Lord Ilchester. The codex was among what remained in his collection when his estate, Holland House in London, was bombed on September 27, 1940, during the Blitz. It was auctioned in 1947 and came into the possession of Charles Ralph Boxer, an authority on the Far East, and whom it is named. It is now owned by the Lilly Library at Indiana University.
Illustrations in the Boxer Codex
{{Expand list|date=September 2019}}
= Natives of the Philippines=
(All captions below based on source)
File:Cagayan Woman.png|A Lady from the Cagayan Valley (Possibly Ibanag)
File:Cagayan Warrior.png| Warrior from Cagayan Valley (Possibly Ibanag)
File:玳瑁 Taipue - Unknown couple - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Couple with tied long hair and Kampilan hilt from Taimei Anchorage, Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines (Possibly Pangasinense)
File:Zambals 1.png|Zambal hunters from Zambales
File:Zambals 2.png|Zambal hunters hunting
File:Zambals 3.png|A couple belonging to the Zambal warrior-hunter class. The image shows a culture of falconry
File:Negritos.png|Aeta or Negrito hunters
File:Naturales 4.png|Tagalog royalty in red (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.
File:Naturales 3.png|Tagalog royal couple in red, the distinctive color of their class.
File:Naturales 5.png|Tagalog maginoo (noble class) wearing blue (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.
File:Naturales 2.png|Native common women wearing simple clothes and headscarves (likely Muslims from Maynila in the 1500s)
File:Native of Visayan origin.jpg|A Native Binukot Lady (Possibly Visayan)
File:Visayans 4.png|Visayan kadatuan (royal) couple
File:Visayans 3.png|Visayan kadatuan (royal) with his wife wearing red, the distinctive color of their class.
File:Visayans 2.png|A Pintado (Possibly Cebuano or Waray) couple of the timawa or tumao (martial-feudal class; later demoted to freedman status)
File:Visayans 1.png|Pintados (Possibly Cebuano or Waray) from Bohol, showing their patok or tattoos
File:Naturales 1.png|Native Visayan uripon (slaves) adorned with gold.
= Foreigners =
(All captions below based on source)
File:Unknown couple in the Philippines.jpg|"Tatar" (Mongol) noble with wife from Tartary (Mongolia)
File:大連 Tohany - Manchu couple from Dalian, China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Patani couple
File:皇帝 Rey - Emperor & Empress of China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Emperor and empress of Ming dynasty China
File:太子 Príncipe - Prince and Princess from China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Noble prince and consort from Ming dynasty China
File:文官 Mandarín Letrado - Mandarin Official from China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Mandarin bureaucrat with wife from Ming dynasty
File:Chinese General in Philippines.jpg|Ming dynasty Chinese general with attendant
File:Chinese migrants in the Philippines.png|Chinese "Sangley" couple living in Manila, Philippines wearing hanfu from Ming dynasty
File:Ming2.jpg|Another Chinese "Sangley" couple living in Manila, Philippines wearing hanfu from Ming dynasty
File:客家 Xaque - Hakka Couple in the Philippines - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|She Chinese merchant with wife from Ming dynasty China
File:Japanese inhabitants in the Philippines.png|Japanese samurai couple wearing yukata with the woman's hair styled in Chinese fashion{{Rp|page=32}} |alt=Japanese samurai couple wearing yukata with the woman's hair styled in Chinese fashion: 32
File:Vietnamese in pre-colonial Philippines.jpg|Vietnamese noble with wife from Tonkin, Đại Việt (Vietnam) under either the Mạc dynasty or Lê dynasty at that time
File:Viet2.jpg|Labelled as a Vietnamese warrior with woman from Tonkin, Đại Việt (Vietnam), but the man is instead depicted as a wokou{{Rp|page=32}} |alt=Labelled as a Vietnamese warrior with woman from Tonkin, Đại Việt (Vietnam), but the man is instead depicted as a wokou: 32
File:Viet3.jpg|Vietnamese noble with wife from Quảng Nam, Đại Việt (Vietnam) under the Nguyễn lords at the time.
File:尖城 Chamcia - Couple from Champa - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Cham couple from Champa (in modern-day Ninh Thuận, Southern Vietnam)
File:Pre-colonial Native 3.jpg|Siamese (Thai) warrior with wife from Siam (Thailand)
File:柬埔寨 Tampochia - Couple from Cambodia - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Khmer couple from Kampuchea (Cambodia)
File:雞籠 Cheylam - Couple from Keelung, Taiwan - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Taiwanese aboriginal headhunter couple from Keelung, Spanish Formosa (in modern-day Taiwan)
File:淡水 Tamchuy - Couple from Tamsui, Taiwan - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Taiwanese aboriginal headhunter couple from Tamsui, Spanish Formosa (in modern-day Taiwan)
File:Ladrones - Hunter from Marianas -Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Chamorro hunter from Marianas Islands (Guam/Northern Marianas) with spear
File:Hunter from Marianas 2 - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Chamorro hunter from Marianas Islands (Guam/Northern Marianas) with bow
File:Native Warrior.jpg|Javanese warrior with musket and swords
File:丁磯嶷 Temquigui - Couple from Terangganu, Malaysia - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Malay couple from the Terangganu Sultanate (in modern-day Malaysia)
File:Pre-colonial Native.jpg|Bruneian warrior with wife
File:Native-Warrior.jpg|Javanese warrior with a spear and shield from "Iaua" (modern-day Java, Indonesia)
File:Siaus - Warriors from Siau, North Sulawesi, Indonesia - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Sangirese warriors from Siau Island, Sangir Archipelago (in modern-day North Sulawesi, Indonesia)
File:Native Soldier.jpg|Moluccan warrior from the Moluccas (in modern-day Maluku Islands, Indonesia)
See also
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
- {{Cite journal|last=Boxer|first=C. R.|date=1950|title=A Late Sixteenth Century Manila MS|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222372|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=1/2|pages=37–49|jstor=25222372 |issn=0035-869X}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Crossley|first=John N.|date=2014|title=The Early History of the Boxer Codex|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/early-history-of-the-boxer-codex/535166D8433B65E22B6B10116D2097C6|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=115–124|doi=10.1017/S1356186313000552|s2cid=162791393 |issn=1356-1863|doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite book|last1=Donoso|first1=Isaac|title=Boxer Codex / El Códice Boxer: A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16th-Century Exploration Accounts of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, transcription and edition by Isaac Donoso, translation and annotations by María Luisa García, Carlos Quirino and Mauro García|publisher=Vibal Foundation|year=2016 |isbn=978-971-97-0692-2 |url=https://main.vibalgroup.com/products/boxer-codex-second-edition}}
- {{Citation|editor-last=Roces|editor-first=Alfredo R.|chapter=Boxer Codex|title=Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation|location=Philippines|publisher=Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc.|year=1977|volume=IV}}
- {{Cite book|last1=Souza|first1=George Bryan|title=The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript|last2=Turley|first2=Jeffrey Scott|publisher=Brill|year=2015|isbn=978-9004292734 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W7sCgAAQBAJ}}
- {{Cite web|title=Boxer Codex|url=http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/omeka/lilly/items/show/93|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The Lilly Library Digital Collections, Indiana University}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/iucat/VAB8326 Record] and [http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 manuscript] of the Boxer Codex at Indiana University
Category:History of the Philippines (900–1565)