Button Gwinnett

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Button Gwinnett

| image = Button Gwinnett Portrait.png

| office = 8th Governor of Georgia

| term_start = February 22, 1777

| term_end = May 8, 1777

| predecessor = Archibald Bulloch

| successor = John Adam Treutlen

| office1 = Member of the Continental Congress
from Georgia

| term_start1 = 1776

| term_end1 = 1777

| predecessor1 =

| successor1 =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1735|3|3}}

| birth_place = Down Hatherley, England

| death_date = {{death date and age|1777|5|19|1735|3|3}}

| death_place = near Savannah, Province of Georgia, British America

| spouse = Ann Bourne

| signature = Button Gwinnett Signature.svg

}}

Button Gwinnett ({{IPAc-en|g|w|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɛ|t}} {{respell|gwin|ET}}; March 3, 1735 – May 19, 1777) was a British-born American Founding Father who, as a representative of Georgia to the Continental Congress, was one of the signers (first signature on the left) of the United States Declaration of Independence.{{cite book |last=Bernstein|first=Richard B. |author-link=Richard B. Bernstein |title=The Founding Fathers Reconsidered | chapter=Appendix: The Founding Fathers: A Partial List |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |orig-date=2009 |isbn=978-0199832576 |location=New York |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/foundingfathersr0000bern/page/176/mode/2up}} Gwinnett was also, briefly, the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metropolitan Atlanta) was named for him. He was named in honor of his mother’s cousin, Barbara Button, who became his godmother.{{Cite web |title=Who's Got Button's Bones? |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/whos-got-buttons-bones |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=AMERICAN HERITAGE |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701170437/https://www.americanheritage.com/whos-got-buttons-bones |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Button Gwinnett of Georgia: Merchant, Planter, Second Continental Congress Delegate, Council of Safety Member, and Declaration of Independence Signer – Constituting America |url=https://constitutingamerica.org/90day-dcin-button-gwinnett-of-georgia-merchant-planter-second-continental-congress-delegate-council-of-safety-member-declaration-of-independence-signer-guest-essayist-james-c-clinger/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=constitutingamerica.org |date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707133353/https://constitutingamerica.org/90day-dcin-button-gwinnett-of-georgia-merchant-planter-second-continental-congress-delegate-council-of-safety-member-declaration-of-independence-signer-guest-essayist-james-c-clinger/ |url-status=live }} Gwinnett was killed in a duel by rival Lachlan McIntosh following a dispute after a failed invasion of East Florida.

Early life and education

File:Coat of Arms of Button Gwinnett.svg

Gwinnett was born in 1735 in the parish of Down Hatherley in the county of Gloucestershire, England, to a Welsh father, the Reverend Samuel Gwinnett, (Gwinnett deriving from the Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd) and his wife, Anne. He was the third of his parents' seven children, born after his older sister Anna Maria and his older brother Samuel. There are conflicting reports as to his exact birthdate, but he was baptized in St Catherine's Church in Gloucester on April 10, 1735. It is believed that he attended the College School, held in Gloucester Cathedral (now called The King's School) as did his older brother, but there is no surviving evidence to substantiate this. He started his career apprenticed to his uncle William Gwinnett, a greengrocer in Gloucester, then moved to Wolverhampton in Staffordshire in 1754 after obtaining a further apprenticeship with an ironmonger there named John Weston Smith. On 19 April 1757 he married Ann Bourne, daughter of a greengrocer, at St. Peter's Church, Wolverhampton. In 1762, the couple, who parented three daughters, departed Wolverhampton and emigrated to America.{{cite news|title=Great Lives: Rouguish ironmonger became a founding father of the States|work=Shropshire Star|date=20 December 2021|pages=22–23}}Article by Mark Andrews, part of series on worthies associated with the English Midlands.

Gwinnett's business activities took him from Newfoundland to Jamaica. Never very successful, he moved to Savannah, Georgia, in 1765, and opened a store. When that venture failed, he bought (on credit) St. Catherine's Island,{{cite web|title=Gwinnett House (Saint Catherines Island, Ga.)|url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/larc/id:jlc0472|website=John Linley, Box 19|publisher=Georgia Archives|access-date=24 May 2016}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} as well as a large number of slaves,{{Cite web|title=National Park Service - Signers of the Declaration (Button Gwinnett)|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/declaration/bio13.htm|access-date=2021-04-16|website=www.nps.gov|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213220815/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/declaration/bio13.htm|url-status=live}} in order to attempt to become a planter. Though his planting activities were also unsuccessful, he did make a name for himself in local politics and was elected to the Provincial Assembly.{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Harvey H.|title=American National Biography|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=88831928&site=eds-live&scope=site|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318234539/https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=88831928&site=eds-live&scope=site|url-status=live}}

Political career

Gwinnett did not become a strong advocate of colonial rights until 1775, when St. John's Parish, which encompassed his lands, threatened to secede from Georgia because of the colony's conservative response to the events of the times. During his tenure in the Assembly, Gwinnett's chief rival was Lachlan McIntosh, and Lyman Hall was his closest ally.{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=David Lee|title=Oglethorpe and colonial Georgia : a history, 1733-1783|date=2006|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=0786422335|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iojIM25o6wkC&q=Gwinnett%20as%20%E2%80%9Ca%20Scoundrell%20%26%20lying%20Rascal.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA84|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318234536/https://books.google.com/books?id=iojIM25o6wkC&q=Gwinnett%20as%20%E2%80%9Ca%20Scoundrell%20%26%20lying%20Rascal.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA84|url-status=live}}

Gwinnett was appointed to represent Georgia at the Continental Congress, where he voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence, adopted by Congress on July 2, 1776. He signed the famous parchment copy on August 2, 1776. After signing the Declaration, he was accompanied as far as Virginia by Carter Braxton, another of the signers, carrying a proposed state constitution drawn up by John Adams. During his service in the Continental Congress, Gwinnett was a candidate for a brigadier general position to lead the 1st Regiment in the Continental Army but lost out to McIntosh. The loss of the position to his rival embittered Gwinnett greatly.

Gwinnett served in the Georgia state legislature, and in 1777 he wrote the original draft of Georgia's first state constitution. He became Speaker of the Georgia Assembly, a position he held until the death of the President (Governor) of Georgia Archibald Bulloch. Gwinnett was elevated to the vacated position by the Assembly's Executive Council.{{cite web|title=Gwinnett, Button, Appointment as President and Commander-in-Chief of the State of Georgia, Mar. 4, 1777|url=http://cdm.georgiaarchives.org:2011/cdm/compoundobject/collection/adhoc/id/1062|website=Commissions, State Officers Appointments, Assembly, Colony of Georgia, RG 49-1-10|publisher=Georgia Archives|access-date=23 May 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In this position, he sought to undermine the leadership of McIntosh. Tensions between Gwinnett and McIntosh reached a boiling point when the General Assembly voted to approve Gwinnett's attack on British Florida in April 1777.{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Harvey H.|title=Lachlan McIntosh and the politics of Revolutionary Georgia|date=1979|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens|isbn=082030459X|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykRyYhoCWcEC&q=Gwinnett%20as%20%E2%80%9Ca%20Scoundrell%20%26%20lying%20Rascal.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA64|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318234538/https://books.google.com/books?id=ykRyYhoCWcEC&q=Gwinnett%20as%20%E2%80%9Ca%20Scoundrell%20%26%20lying%20Rascal.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}

Death

As acting Delegate of the Congress from Georgia and commander-in-chief of Georgia's military, Gwinnett was the superior of his rival McIntosh. Gwinnett had McIntosh's brother arrested and charged with treason. He also ordered McIntosh to lead an invasion of British-controlled East Florida, which failed. Gwinnett and McIntosh blamed each other for the defeat, and McIntosh publicly called Gwinnett "a scoundrel and lying rascal".{{cite web|title=To George Washington from George Walton, 5 August 1777|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-10-02-0532|website=Founders Online|publisher=National Archives|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820160740/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-10-02-0532|url-status=live}} Gwinnett then challenged McIntosh to a duel, which they fought on May 16, 1777, at a plantation owned by deposed Royal Governor James Wright.{{cite journal|last1=Brooking|first1=Greg|title="Of Material Importance": Governor James Wright and the Siege of Savannah|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|date=2014|volume=98|issue=4|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=110131794&site=eds-live&scope=site|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318234551/https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=110131794&site=eds-live&scope=site|url-status=live}} The two men exchanged pistol shots at twelve paces, and both were wounded.{{cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=Thomas H.|title=When politics was not only nasty… but dangerous|journal=American Heritage|date=2011|volume=61|issue=1|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fth&AN=73309649&site=eds-live&scope=site|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318234543/https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fth&AN=73309649&site=eds-live&scope=site|url-status=live}} Gwinnett died of his wounds on May 19, 1777, and is believed to have been buried in Savannah's Colonial Park Cemetery.{{cite book|first= Charles|last= Lanman|title=Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States |year=1887|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBwVAAAAYAAJ|location=New York|publisher=J. M. Morrison}}{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=William J. |editor-last=Coulter |editor-first=E. Merton |date=December 1946 |title=Rare Button Gwinnett |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40577025 |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=297–307 |jstor=40577025 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209181329/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40577025 |url-status=live }} McIntosh, although wounded, recovered and went on to live until 1806. He was not charged in connection with Gwinnett's death.

Legacy

Gwinnett's autograph is highly sought by collectors as a result of a combination of the desire by many top collectors to acquire a complete set of autographs by all 56 signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and the extreme rarity of the Gwinnett signature; there are 51 known examples,{{cite web|title=Gwinnett, Button, Signature|url=http://cdm.georgiaarchives.org:2011/cdm/compoundobject/collection/adhoc/id/1766|website=Memorials and Quit Rents, Assembly, Colony of Georgia, RG 49-1-17|publisher=Georgia Archives|access-date=24 May 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} since Gwinnett was fairly obscure prior to signing the Declaration and died shortly afterward. Only ten of those are in private hands.{{cite web|title=Buttons Not Buttons|url=http://www.radiolab.org/story/buttons-not-buttons/|work=Radiolab|publisher=WNYC|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-date=December 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215225729/http://www.radiolab.org/story/buttons-not-buttons/|url-status=live}} A letter containing his signature sold for a record $51,000 in 1927; a record that stood for over 45 years.{{cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records|last1=McWhirter|first1=Norris|last2=McWhirter|first2=Ross|publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.|year=1972|isbn=0-8069-0004-0|page=198|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo0000unse_e7s5/page/198/mode/2up?view=theater|access-date=March 5, 2024|via=Internet Archive}} In 1979, a record $100,000 was paid for a receipt signed by Gwinnett.{{cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records|last1=McWhirter|first1=Norris|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1982|isbn=0-553-20356-8|page=225|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookof1982mcwh/page/224/mode/2up?view=theater|access-date=March 5, 2024|via=Internet Archive}}

Gwinnett County, Georgia, a suburban county outside Atlanta, is named after him{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA146 | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | page=146 | access-date=2015-10-31 | archive-date=2023-03-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318234545/https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA146 | url-status=live }} and he is one of the three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence honored with the Signers Monument in Augusta.{{cite web |url=https://georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/the-signers-monument/ |title=The Signers' Monument |date=June 16, 2014 |website=georgiahistory.com |publisher=Georgia Historical Society |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319190336/https://georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/the-signers-monument/ |url-status=live }}

SS Button Gwinnett was a Liberty ship launched 2 May 1943 and scrapped in 1968.{{cite web |title=Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II |url=http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html |access-date=1 November 2024}}{{Better source needed|date=November 2024}}

References in popular culture

The 1953 Isaac Asimov short story "Button, Button" concerns an attempt to obtain a genuine (and therefore valuable) signature of Gwinnett by means of a device that can move objects through time.

The sale of a document containing Gwinnett's signature was part of the plot in a 1971 Mannix episode, "A Button for General D."{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0641522/ |title=A Button for General D. |author= |date= |website=Internet Movie Database |publisher=IMDB |access-date=2024-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723165254/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0641522/ |archive-date=2021-07-23}}

During a media tour to promote his musical, Hamilton, Lin-Manuel Miranda performed a parody musical called “Button!” on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. In it, Stephen Colbert plays Gwinnett as he engages in a rap battle with John Adams (played by Miranda).{{cite web |url=https://playbill.com/article/stephen-colbert-and-lin-manuel-miranda-have-epic-hip-hop-throwdown-in-button-musical-sketch-video-com-375395 |title= Stephen Colbert and Lin-Manuel Miranda Have Epic Hip-Hop Throwdown in Button Musical Sketch (Video) |date=2015-12-12|website=Playbill}}

=''Fallout'' series=

The 2008 action role-playing game Fallout 3 features a powdered wig-wearing robot inside the National Archives Building that believes itself to be Button Gwinnett, guarding the Declaration of Independence. In the side quest "Stealing Independence", the player can either take the declaration, optionally destroying the robot in the process, or help it and forge a copy.{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/fallout-3/Stealing_Independence|title=Stealing Independence|date=May 18, 2014|work=Ign.com}}

The 2015 sequel, Fallout 4, features a Boston-based beer company called the "Button Gwinnett Brewery" and its front of house restaurant, "The Gwinnett Restaurant". The company's founder, a local brewer named Button Gwinnett, is named after the respective founding father. In game, the player can consume one of the brewery's products, Gwinnett stout alcohol, and find the brewery in the South Boston neighborhood.{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/fallout-4/Gwinnett_Brewery|title=Gwinnett Brewery|date=November 3, 2016|work=Ign.com}}

References

External links

{{CongBio|G000542}}
[http://ngeorgia.com/ang/Button_Gwinnett Biography of Button Gwinnett] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701000658/http://ngeorgia.com/ang/Button_Gwinnett |date=2011-07-01 }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060404102627/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/gasigner.htm Georgia Signers of the Declaration of Independence]
[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2543&hl=y New Georgia Encyclopedia]
[http://www.colonialhall.com/gwinnett/gwinnett.php Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856]
{{Find a Grave|2793}}
[http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/gwinnett/button-gwinnett Button Gwinnett] historical marker