Caballos Formation

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Caballos Formation

| period = Albian

| age = Aptian-Albian
~{{fossil range|120|100}}

| image =

| imagesize =

| caption =

| type = Geological formation

| prilithology = Sandstone, shale, siltstone

| otherlithology = Limestone, coal

| unitof =

| subunits =

| underlies = Hondita Formation

| overlies = Yaví & Saldaña Formations

| thickness = up to {{convert|411|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| area =

| map = Blakey 105Ma - COL.jpg

| map_caption = Paleogeography of Northern South America
105 Ma, {{small|by Ron Blakey}}

| location =

| coordinates = {{coord|3|49|18.9|N|75|21|22.4|W|display=inline,title}}

| region = Caquetá, Huila, Putumayo & Tolima Departments

| country = Colombia

| extent = VSM & Caguán-Putumayo Basin
Central & Eastern Ranges, Andes

| namedfor = Cerro Caballos

| namedby = Corrigan

| year_ts = 1967

| location_ts = Olaya Herrera

| coordinates_ts = {{coord|3|49|18.9|N|75|21|22.4|W|display=inline}}

| paleocoordinates_ts = {{coord|2.9|S|47.4|W|display=inline}}

| region_ts = Tolima

| country_ts = Colombia

| thickness_ts = {{convert|411|m|ft|abbr=on}}

}}

The Caballos Formation ({{langx|es|Formación Caballos}}, KI) is a geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM), Caguán-Putumayo Basin, Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The sandstone and shale formation dates to the Middle Cretaceous period; Aptian to Albian epochs and has a maximum thickness of {{convert|411|m|ft}}.

Etymology

The formation was defined and named in 1967 by Corrigan after Cerro Caballos, to the west of Olaya Herrera, Tolima.Velandia et al., 2001, p.53

Description

= Lithologies =

The Caballos Formation has a maximum thickness of {{convert|411|m|ft}} in the Quebrada Bambucá and is characterized by a lower sequence of fine to coarse sandstones, of lithic arenite, quartz arenite and feldspar arenite composition, a middle section of fossiliferous black shales and siltstones, intercalated by micritic limestones and coals and very fine sandstones. The upper part of the formation contains conglomerates and glauconitic sandstones.

= Stratigraphy and depositional environment =

The Caballos Formation in some parts concordantly overlies the Yaví Formation and in other parts rests unconformably on the Saldaña Formation and Ibagué Batholith.Velandia et al., 2001, p.34 The formation is overlain by the Hondita Formation. The age has been estimated to be Aptian to Albian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Une, Aguardiente, Simijaca, El Peñón, Capotes, Tablazo, Tibú-Mercedes and Pacho Formations.Velandia et al., 2001, p.54 The formation has been deposited in a fluvial to estuarine and shallow marine environment.Villamil, 2012, p.166

The Caballos Formation is a source, reservoir and seal rock in the Upper Magdalena Valley,ANH, 2007, p.84García González et al., 2009, p.83 and a source and reservoir rock in the Caguán-Putumayo Basin.ANH, 2007, p.57García González et al., 2009, p.16 The Orito and Moqueta Fields of the latter basin produce from Caballos reservoirs.

= Fossil content =

The formation has provided fossils of Heminautilus etheringtoni,Badouin et al., 2016, p.87 Araucarites sp., Brachyphyllum sp., Cladophlebis sp., and Weichselia sp.,Monje et al., 2016, p.38 as well as many types of pollen.[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=139356 Los Mangos] at Fossilworks.org

Outcrops

{{Location map | Colombia Tolima Department

| relief = 1

| width = 250

| lat_deg = 3.821912

| lon_deg = -75.356221

| label =

| float = left

| position = right

| mark = Green pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| caption = Type locality of the Caballos Formation in Tolima

}}

The Caballos Formation is apart from its type locality, found in Huila, Tolima and Putumayo Departments.

Regional correlations

Notes

References

= Bibliography =

{{citation |last1=Badouin |first1=Cyril |last2=Delanoy |first2=Gérard |last3=Moreno Bedmar |first3=Josep Antón |last4=Pictet |first4=Antoine |last5=Vermeulen |first5=Jean |last6=Conte |first6=Gabriel |last7=Gonnet |first7=Roland |last8=Boselli |first8=Patrick |last9=Bonelli |first9=Marc |year=2016 |title=Revision of the Early Cretaceous genera Heminautilus SPATH, 1927, and Josanautilus MARTÍNEZ & GRAUGES, 2006 (Nautilida, Cenoceratidae) |url=http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/1605/CG1605.pdf |journal=Carnets Geologicás |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=61–212 |doi=10.4267/2042/58977 |accessdate=2017-01-20}}
{{citation |last1=Barrero |first1=Dario |last2=Pardo |first2=Andrés |last3=Vargas |first3=Carlos A. |last4=Martínez |first4=Juan F. |year=2007 |title=Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal |publisher=ANH |pages=1–92}}
{{citation |last1=García González |first1=Mario |last2=Mier Umaña |first2=Ricardo |last3=Cruz Guevara |first3=Luis Enrique |last4=Vásquez |first4=Mauricio |year=2009 |title=Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas |publisher=Universidad Industrial de Santander |pages=1–219}}
{{citation |last1=Monje Durán |first1=Camila |last2=Martínez |first2=Camila |last3=Escapa |first3=Ignacio |last4=Madriñán |first4=Santiago |year=2016 |title=Nuevos registros de helechos y coníferas del Cretácico Inferior en la cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia |url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/boge/v38n4/v38n4a02.pdf |journal=Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander |volume=38 |pages=29–42 |accessdate=2017-03-31}}
{{citation |last=Núñez Tello |first=Alberto |year=2003 |title=Cartografía geológica de las zonas Andina Sur y Garzón-Quetame (Colombia) - Memoria explicativa de las planchas 411 La Cruz, 412 San Juan de Villalobos, 430 Mocoa, 431 Piamonte, 448 Monopamba, 449 Orito y 465 Churuyaco |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–298}}
{{citation |last1=Velandia P. |first1=Francisco |last2=Núñez T. |first2=Alberto |last3=Marquínez |first3=Germán |year=2001 |title=Mapa Geológico del Departamento del Huila - 1:300,000 - Memoria explicativa |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–152}}
{{citation |last=Villamil |first=Tomas |year=2012 |title=Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia |publisher=Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) |pages=161–216}}

== Maps ==

{{citation |last1=Marquínez |first1=Germán |last2=Velandia |first2=Francisco |year=2001 |title=Mapa Geológico del Huila 1:300,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwFQPMJEi17QZUZmY3JzakVGc0U/view |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-09-21}}
{{citation |last1=Fuquen |first1=Jaime A. |last2=Nuñez |first2=Alberto |year=2003 |title=Mapa Geológico del Putumayo 1:400,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwFQPMJEi17QbU9LM3BIMFdkZ3M/view |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-09-21}}
{{citation |last1=Acosta |first1=Jorge E. |last2=Guatame |first2=Rafael |last3=Torres |first3=Oscar |last4=Solano |first4=Frank |year=1999 |title=Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QUmhEQTdMNmcxT28 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Nuñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Mosquera |first2=Dario |last3=Vesga |first3=Carlos J. |year=2009 |title=Plancha 263 - Ortega - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QTjJXNjFDTVJQamM |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Calcedo |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Terraza |first2=Roberto |year=2000 |title=Plancha 264 - Espinal - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QWXFlMThKQTBCRjA |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Acosta |first1=Jorge |last2=Calcedo |first2=Juan Carlos |last3=Ulloa |first3=Carlos |year=1999 |title=Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QUVIxRzhsZ2RyTk0 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Carvajal |first1=Cesar |last2=Fuquen |first2=Jaime |last3=Gómez |first3=Luis |year=1993 |title=Plancha 282 - Chaparral - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QdUdpMXJRelFRSzg |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Cossio |first1=Ubaldo |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Gabriel |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Miguel |year=1995 |title=Plancha 283 - Purificación - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QWktmN3pteWF2ZjQ |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Fuquen |first1=Jaime |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Gabriel |last3=Cossio |first3=Ubaldo |last4=Núñez |first4=Alberto |year=1993 |title=Plancha 302 - Aipe - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QRjduaGpKbHAxSTA |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Acosta |first1=Jorge |last2=Caro |first2=Pablo |last3=Fuquen |first3=Jaime |last4=Osorno |first4=José |year=2002 |title=Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1}}
{{citation |last1=Gómez |first1=Jorge |last2=Morales |first2=Carlos |last3=Marquínez |first3=Germán |last4=Velandia |first4=Francisco |year=1999 |title=Plancha 322 - Santa María - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QdTlBNGs4bmlpNjg |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Ferreira |first1=Paulina |last2=Núñez |first2=Alberto |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Miguel |year=1998 |title=Plancha 323 - Neiva - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QN1QwOFdWYkdNSXc |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Marquínez |first1=Germán |last2=Morales |first2=C. |last3=Núñez |first3=Alberto |year=1999 |title=Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QcU5Ecy1OS213Tm8 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Velandia |first1=F. |last2=Morales |first2=C.J. |last3=Caicedo |first3=J.C. |last4=Núñez |first4=Alberto |year=1999 |title=Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17Qb2FOUnpWYi1WZG8 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Marquínez |first1=Germán |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Yohana |last3=Terraza |first3=Roberto |last4=Martínez |first4=Mario |year=2003 |title=Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QX2w2MnpuNGtHdVU |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Gabriel |last2=Ferreira |first2=Paulina |last3=Velandia |first3=Francisco |last4=Núñez |first4=Alberto |year=1998 |title=Plancha 366 - Garzón - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QNXI4TXFkODRMUE0 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Gabriel |last2=Zapata |first2=Gilberto |last3=Velázquez |first3=M. |year=2003 |title=Plancha 389 - Timaná - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QMGJuMktSbk5jMnM |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 411 - La Cruz - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QM2U5Z2xUS0RGRVU |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 412 - San Juan de Villalobos - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QRjlUTXEwYkU2bGc |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 430 - Mocoa - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QSzVkay1pQzB4Rlk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 431 - Piamonte - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QeXdTSmdjb0NVbUk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 448 - Monopamba - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QSkotbFpubGlNUmc |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 449 - Orito - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QRVp3Y2FjTU1vMFU |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 465 - Churiyaco - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QdC0zUmFoZnl1cmc |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}