Canini (tribe)
{{Short description|Tribe of carnivores}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Canins
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|9|0}} Late Miocene–Present
| image = Canini portraits.jpg
| image_caption = Canina (represented by the golden jackal) and Cerdocyonina (represented by the crab-eating fox)
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Canini
| authority = Fischer de Waldheim, 1817Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = * Subtribe Canina (wolf and wolf-like canines)
- Canis
- †Xenocyon
- Cuon
- Lupulella
- Lycaon
- †Cynotherium
- †Eucyon
- †Aenocyon
- Subtribe Cerdocyonina
- Atelocynus
- Cerdocyon
- Chrysocyon
- Lycalopex
- Speothos
- †Dusicyon
- †Protocyon
- †Theriodictis
}}
Canini is a taxon which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The Canini came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by Eucyon, mostly by Eucyon davisi that was spread widely across North America and is basal to the other members of the tribe. Its members are informally known as true dogs.
Taxonomy
{{quote|The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma. | Richard H. Tedford}}
Members of this tribe include:
:
| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |
| Subtribe
! Description ! Image ! Genus ! Species |
|---|
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccccff;"| Canina {{small|Waldheim, 1817}} !rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccccff;"| The wolf-like canines. | 150px | Canis |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| 150px
| Cuon |style="text-align:left;"| |
| 150px
| Lupulella |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| 150px
| Lycaon |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| 150px
| {{extinct}}Cynotherium |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| File:Eucyon davisi.JPG
| {{extinct}}Eucyon |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| File:The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (Aenocyon dirus) transparent.png
| {{extinct}}Aenocyon (Merriam, 1918) |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffcc;"| Cerdocyonina {{small|(Tedford, et al., 2009)}} !rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffcc;"| The South American, | 150px | Speothos |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| 150px
| Atelocynus |style="text-align:left;"| |
| 150px
| Chrysocyon |style="text-align:left;"| |
| 150px
| {{extinct}}Dusicyon |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| 150px
| Lycalopex |style="text-align:left;"| |
| 150px
| Cerdocyon |style="text-align:left;"| |
| | {{extinct}}Protocyon {{small|(Giebel 1855)}} |style="text-align:left;"|
|
| | {{extinct}}Theriodictis {{small|(Mercerat, 1891)}} |style="text-align:left;"|
|
Common names of most of the South American canines include "fox", based on resemblance, but they are more closely related to wolves than to vulpini, the Eurasian and North American foxes.
File:On the cranial and dental characters of the canidae (1880) fig. 7 (mod 2).png
The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005), modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis species, Lycalopex species,{{Cite journal |first1=Ligia |last1=Tchaicka |first2=Thales Renato Ochotorena |last2=de Freitas |first3=Alex |last3=Bager |first4=Stela Luengos |last4=Vidal |first5=Mauro |last5=Lucherini |first6=Agustín |last6=Iriarte |first7=Andres |last7=Novaro |first8=Eli |last8=Geffen |first9=Fabricio Silva |last9=Garcez |first10=Warren E. |last10=Johnson |first11=Robert K. |last11=Wayne |first12=Eduardo |last12=Eizirik |display-authors=6 |year=2016 |title=Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=442–451 |doi=10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189 |pmid=27560989 |pmc=5004827 |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/gmb/v39n3/1415-4757-gmb-1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189.pdf }} and Dusicyon.{{Cite journal |author1=Slater, G.J. |author2=Thalmann, O. |author3=Leonard, J.A. |author4=Schweizer, R.M. |author5=Koepfli, K.-P. |author6=Pollinger, J.P. |author7=Rawlence, N.J. |author8=Austin, J.J. |author9=Cooper, A. |author10=Wayne, R.K. |display-authors=6 |year=2009 |title=Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf |journal=Current Biology |volume=19 |issue=20 |pages=R937–R938 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=19889366 |bibcode=2009CBio...19.R937S |hdl=10261/58562 |s2cid=36185744 |hdl-access=free}}
{{clade
|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=Caninae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Canini
|1={{clade
|style1=background-color:#ccccff;
|label1=Canina
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1= Lycaon
|1=Lycaon pictus 50 px
(African wild dog)
}}
|1={{clade
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=Cuon
|1=Cuon alpinus (dhole) 50 px
}}
|label1=Canis
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Canis latrans (coyote) 50px
|2={{clade
|1=Canis rufus (red wolf) 50px
|2=Canis lycaon (algonquin wolf) 50px
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Canis lupus (gray wolf) 50px
|2=Canis familiaris (domestic dog) 50px
}}
}}
|2=Canis anthus (African wolf) 50px
}}
|2=Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf) 50px
}}
|2=Canis aureus (golden jackal) 50px
}}
}}
}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1= Lupulella
|1={{clade
|1=Lupulella adusta 50 px
(side-striped jackal)
|2=Lupulella mesomelas 50 px
(black-backed jackal)
}}
}}
}}
|style2=background-color:#ccffcc;
|label2=Cerdocyonina
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1=Speothos venaticus (bush dog) 50px
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf) 40px
|2= †Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=Lycalopex
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1=Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox) 40px
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=Lycalopex sechurae
(Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)
|2=Lycalopex gymnocercus 50px
(pampas fox)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=Lycalopex griseus
(South American gray fox or chilla)
|2=Lycalopex culpaeus 50px
(culpeo or Andean fox)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=Cerdocyon thous 50px
(crab-eating fox)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=Atelocynus microtis 50px
(short-eared dog)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|style2=background-color:#ffcccc;
|label2=Vulpini
|2={{clade
|1=Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox) 45px
|2={{clade
|1=Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) 50px
|label2=Vulpes
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Vulpes zerda (fennec fox) 50px
|2=Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox) 50 px
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Vulpes chama (Cape fox) 50px
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Vulpes vulpes (red fox) 50px
|2=Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox) 50px
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Vulpes corsac (corsac fox) 50px
|2=Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox) 50px
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Vulpes macrotis (kit fox) 50px
|2=Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox) 50px
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|style2=background-color:#eeccFF;
|label2=Urocyon
|2={{clade
|1=Urocyon littoralis (island fox) 50px
|2=Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox) 50px
}}
}}
}}
References
{{Reflist|25em|refs=
{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060 |pmid=26234211 |title=Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=16 |pages=2158–2165 |year=2015 |last1=Koepfli |first1=Klaus-Peter |last2=Pollinger |first2=John |last3=Godinho |first3=Raquel |last4=Robinson |first4=Jacqueline |last5=Lea |first5=Amanda |last6=Hendricks |first6=Sarah |last7=Schweizer |first7=Rena M. |last8=Thalmann |first8=Olaf |last9=Silva |first9=Pedro |last10=Fan |first10=Zhenxin |last11=Yurchenko |first11=Andrey A. |last12=Dobrynin |first12=Pavel |last13=Makunin |first13=Alexey |last14=Cahill |first14=James A. |last15=Shapiro |first15=Beth |last16=Álvares |first16=Francisco |last17=Brito |first17=José C. |last18=Geffen |first18=Eli |last19=Leonard |first19=Jennifer A. |last20=Helgen |first20=Kristofer M. |last21=Johnson |first21=Warren E. |last22=o'Brien |first22=Stephen J. |last23=Van Valkenburgh |first23=Blaire |last24=Wayne |first24=Robert K. |display-authors=6 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015CBio...25.2158K}}{{rp|page=S1}}
{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7069 |pages=803–819 |year=2005 |last1=Lindblad-Toh |first1= Kerstin |last2=Wade |first2= Claire M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=Tarjei S. |last4=Karlsson |first4=Elinor K. |last5=Jaffe |first5=David B. |last6=Kamal |first6=Michael |last7=Clamp |first7=Michele |last8=Chang |first8=Jean L. |last9=Kulbokas |first9=Edward J. |last10=Zody |first10=Michael C. |last11=Mauceli |first11=Evan |last12=Xie |first12=Xiaohui |last13=Breen |first13=Matthew |last14=Wayne |first14=Robert K. |last15=Ostrander |first15=Elaine A. |last16=Ponting |first16=Chris P. |last17=Galibert |first17=Francis |last18=Smith |first18=Douglas R. |last19=Dejong |first19=Pieter J. |last20=Kirkness |first20=Ewen |last21=Alvarez |first21=Pablo |last22=Biagi |first22=Tara |last23=Brockmann |first23=William |last24=Butler |first24=Jonathan |last25=Chin |first25=Chee-Wye |last26=Cook |first26=April |last27=Cuff |first27=James |last28=Daly |first28=Mark J. |last29=Decaprio |first29=David |last30=Gnerre |first30=Sante |display-authors=6 |bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L |doi-access=free}}
{{Cite journal |last1=Tedford |first1=Richard H. |author1-link=Richard H. Tedford |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaoming |author2-link=Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist) |last3=Taylor |first3=Beryl E. |year=2009 |title=Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) |doi=10.1206/574.1 |volume=325 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |pages=1–218 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/2246/5999/1/B325.pdf |hdl=2246/5999 |s2cid=83594819}}
}}
External links
{{Wikispecies|Canini}}
{{Carnivora|Ca.}}
{{Canidae extinct nav|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q28266}}