Carachipampa

Carachipampa lies in the Catamarca Province{{sfn|Huidobro|Madariaga|Carrizo|Laserna|2023|p=2}} of northwestern Argentina.{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Gough|2020|p=3}} It is a black volcanic cone with its summit on the southeastern crater rim, surrounded by a field of lava flows that were fed from the northwestern side of the cone.{{sfn|Sundt|1911|p=85}} Part of the southeastern flank of the cone is collapsed.{{sfn|Coira|Cisterna|2021|p=97}} The occurrence of eroded scoria cones and lava domes has been reported.{{sfn|Maro|Trumbull|Caffe|Jofré|2020|p=3}} The lava flows reach thicknesses of {{convert|2|-|6|m}} and lengths of {{convert|8|km}},{{sfn|Coira|Cisterna|2021|p=96}} and consist of mafic andesite{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2006|p=500}} that defines a calc-alkaline suite. Phenocrysts are mostly amphibole, clinopyroxene and olivine.{{sfn|Maro|Trumbull|Caffe|Jofré|2020|p=4}} Rock samples from the volcano have been analyzed.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2006|p=501}}

The volcano erupted 750,000 years ago{{sfn|Coira|Cisterna|2021|p=32}} and is part of the fourth volcanic stage in the region.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2006|p=500}} There are a number of mafic volcanic centres in the southern Puna, including Antofagasta de la Sierra north of Carachipampa.{{sfn|Coira|Cisterna|2021|p=94}} Cerro Blanco farther southwest produced ignimbrites, which cover the terrain southwest of Carachipampa,{{sfn|Coira|Cisterna|2021|p=31}} and is still active.{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Gough|2020|p=3}} Seismic tomography has identified a low-speed anomaly underneath Carachipampa, which connects to it and to several neighbouring volcanoes like Galán and Ojos del Salado.{{sfn|Calixto|Sandvol|Kay|Mulcahy|2013|p=4297}} The so-called "Cerro Galán Magmatic Body" lies north of Carachipampa; the volcano lies above its margin.{{sfn|Maro|Trumbull|Caffe|Jofré|2020|p=15}} A major crustal lineament bears the name "Carachipampa-Farallon Negro".{{sfn|Clavero|Pérez-Flores|Rojas|Huete-Verdugo|2024|p=3}} There is evidence of neotectonic activity at Carachipampa.{{sfn|Olivera|Tchilinguirian|Grana|2004|p=237}}

The cone lies at the centre, and the lowest point, of a{{sfn|Pardo-Igúzquiza|Dowd|2021|p=1033}} {{convert|149|x|64|km}} wide{{sfn|Gozalvez|Álvarez|Seggiaro|2023|p=11}} deserted, vegetation-free{{efn|A highly permeable ground may additionally hinder vegetation growth{{sfn|Grau|Babot|Izquierdo|Grau|2018|p=150}}}} plain{{sfn|Estrada|1999|p=10}} that is one of the lowest-elevation areas in the Puna.{{sfn|Pintar|2014}} To the west, across a ridge, lies the Incahuasi basin,{{sfn|Sundt|1911|p=77}} to the east there is a sharp demarcation with{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|2021|p=3064}} the Campo de Piedra Pomez{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Gough|2020|p=3}} with numerous yardangs carved into ignimbrites. Permian red beds and Paleogene sediments crop out close to Carachipampa.{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Gough|2020|p=3}} Other rock formations around the Carachipampa plain range in age from Neoproterozoic over Devonian. The basin is filled with sediments, reaching thicknesses of {{convert|700|m}}.{{sfn|Gozalvez|Álvarez|Seggiaro|2023|p=11}} The basin is notable for the giant (up to {{convert|1.5|m}} high), wind-formed megaripples;{{sfn|Yizhaq|2008|p=1369}} they are found southwest of Carachipampa in the valley that runs to Cerro Blanco.{{sfn|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Favaro|2015|p=136}} Winds have removed fine materials, leaving only granular material on the plain,{{sfn|Estrada|1999|p=10}} and eroded sediments from wetlands.{{sfn|Tchilinguirian|Olivera|2012|p=53}}

The region has a cold and arid climate,{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|2021|p=3064}} as the Andes prevent moisture from the Atlantic. Winds blow mostly from the northwest and can be intense, explaining the widespread aeolian landforms at Carachipampa.{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Gough|2020|p=4}} Other traits of the climate are high UV radiation, large daily temperature fluctuations and frequent drying, which make the environment similar to that experienced on Mars.{{sfn|Huidobro|Madariaga|Carrizo|Laserna|2023|p=2}}

There are two major waterbodies at Carachipampa,{{sfn|Zamora|2022|p=225}} which surround the volcano:{{sfn|Muñoz|1894|p=43}}

• Laguna Carachipampa covers a surface of {{convert|0.079|km2}}. Located at {{convert|2915|m}}{{sfn|Mirande|2022|p=100}} or {{convert|3018|m}} elevation,{{sfn|Vignale|Lencina|Stepanenko|Soria|2022|p=8}} it is hypersaline{{sfn|Maidana|Seeligmann|2015}} and contains salty chloride- and sulfate-rich waters{{sfn|Seeligmann|Maidana|2019|p=477}} which precipitate aragonite.{{sfn|Grau|Babot|Izquierdo|Grau|2018|p=251}} Its waters are mostly more than 60 years old.{{sfn|Vignoni|Jurikova|Schröder|Tjallingii|2024|p=74}} The lake is flanked by pools of hydrothermal water,{{sfn|Farías|2020|p=256}} and both them and (in lesser measure) the lake{{sfn|Farías|2020|p=256}} feature a microbial ecosystem, similar to a number of other Puna lakes,{{sfn|Vignale|Lencina|Stepanenko|Soria|2022|p=5}} which has been compared to ancient environments in Mars's Jezero crater.{{sfn|Pérez|Villafañe|Ruiz Sánchez|2024|p=63}} The microbes produce microbial mats, oncoids{{efn|Which in the Puna are also microbially generated.{{sfn|Vignale|Lencina|Stepanenko|Soria|2022|p=3}}}} and stromatolites;{{sfn|Vignale|Lencina|Stepanenko|Soria|2022|p=6}} they consist mainly of the carbonates{{sfn|Vignale|Lencina|Stepanenko|Soria|2022|p=8}} aragonite and dolomite.{{sfn|Pérez|Villafañe|Ruiz Sánchez|2024|p=63}} They extend along {{convert|2|km}} of the lake, occasionally forming flat pavements.{{sfn|Farías|2020|p=256}} Some microbialites are of Holocene age.{{sfn|Pérez|Villafañe|Ruiz Sánchez|2024|p=62}} Flamingos breed at Laguna Carachipampa;{{sfn|Torres|Marconi|Castro|Moschione|2019|p=6}} other birds encountered at Carachipampa include the Andean goose{{sfn|Miatello|Ortiz|Aveldaño|Capllonch|2024|p=248}} and the Puna plover.{{sfn|Caziani|Derlindati|Tálamo|Sureda|2001|p=114}}
• Salar Carachipampa is a salt pan south-southeast from the volcano.{{sfn|Milana|2009|p=343}} It has an area of {{convert|50|km2}}{{sfn|Munné|1978|p=260}} and sometimes fills with water, forming an ephemeral lake.{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Gough|2020|p=3}} It is partially covered by wind-transported sediments{{sfn|Milana|2009|p=344}} and surrounded by alluvial fans.{{sfn|Pérez|Villafañe|Ruiz Sánchez|2024|p=63}} A smaller volcano lies south of the salt pan.{{sfn|Maro|Trumbull|Caffe|Jofré|2020|p=2}}

Several watercourses, many of which are ephemeral, flow into the Carachipampa waterbodies. These include the Pirica and Colorado rivers and the creek at El Peñón.{{sfn|Zamora|2022|p=225}} At least one creek feeds the waterbodies.{{sfn|Sundt|1911|p=94}} The Pirica and Colorado rivers may still flow to Carachipampa.{{sfn|Estrada|1999|p=151}} Wetlands are found mainly north of Carachipampa{{sfn|Muñoz|1894|p=120}} and cover an area of about {{convert|0.361|km2}}.{{sfn|Caziani|Derlindati|Tálamo|Sureda|2001|p=106}}

It is probable that in the past, the basin extended to Fiambalá, before it was separated by volcanic activity.{{sfn|Sundt|1911|p=78}} Later, activity of the Antofagasta de la Sierra volcanoes farther north removed inflow from the north{{sfn|Sundt|1911|p=86}} although it is possible that water still flows underground from Antofagasta to Carachipampa.{{sfn|Estrada|1999|p=11}} Until 1905 years ago, the climate was wetter and a terrace formed at Laguna Carachipampa.{{sfn|Grana|Tchilinguirian|Olivera|Laprida|2016}} Active wetlands{{sfn|Tchilinguirian|Olivera|2012|p=54}} and beach environments developed around 644 years ago.{{sfn|Grana|Tchilinguirian|Olivera|Laprida|2016}}

The town of El Peñón is east of Carachipampa,{{sfn|Favaro|Hugenholtz|Barchyn|Gough|2020|p=3}} and the volcano/lake is a tourism destination.{{sfn|Caziani|Derlindati|Tálamo|Sureda|2001|p=106}} {{ill|National Route 53 (Argentina)|lt=National Route 53|es|Ruta Nacional 53 (Argentina)}}{{sfn|Munné|1978|p=267}}{{efn|The Inca road system coming from Quebrada del Toro{{sfn|Vitry|2003|p=155}} probably passes along a different location named "Carachipampa".{{sfn|Vitry|2003|p=158}}}} from Belen to Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca passes by Carachipampa.{{sfn|Milana|2009|p=343}} There is no evidence of agriculture or archeological sites around Carachipampa,{{sfn|Tchilinguirian|Olivera|2012|p=56}} but the inhabitants of Peñón used the wetlands as pastures.{{sfn|Muñoz|1894|p=120}} In 1978, there was a habitation named Carachi Pampa.{{sfn|Munné|1978|p=262}} Bolivia briefly claimed the southern Puna including Carachipampa during the Puna de Atacama dispute in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Pizarro|2010|p=354}}

Owing to its extreme environmental conditions, Carachipampa has been used as an Earth-based analogue to Mars.{{sfn|Huidobro|Madariaga|Carrizo|Laserna|2023|p=2}} Alum and salt were extracted from Carachipampa,{{sfn|Zamora|2022|p=244}} and presently the company Lake Resources owns rights about a lithium extraction project at Carachipampa.{{sfn|Argento|2022|p=56}} The name may refer to Quechua {{lang|qu|pampa}}, "plain"; the first component may be a reference to either {{lang|qu|kachi}}, "salt", or {{lang|qu|kachina}}, a type of white ground, or {{lang|qu|Qáranpampa}}, "Erial sterile field".{{sfn|Estrada|1999|p=13}}

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{{refend}}

• [http://www.toponimianortechico.com/textos_de_toponimia/Copiap%C3%B3.pdf TOPONIMIA INDÍGENA DEL VALLE DE COPIAPÓ. by HERMAN CARVAJAL LAZO]

{{Coord|26|28|18|S|67|28|08|W|type:mountain_region:AR|display=intitle}}

Category:Pleistocene volcanoes

Category:Lakes of Argentina

Category:Volcanoes of Catamarca Province