Cardinal electors for the 1922 conclave
File:Pius XI, by Nicola Perscheid (retouched).jpg by the 1922 conclave on 6 February.]]
The papal conclave of 1922 was convened to elect a pope, the leader of the Catholic Church, to succeed Pope Benedict XV following his death on 22 January 1922.
Of the 60 members of the College of Cardinals at the time of Benedict XV's death, 53 participated in the subsequent conclave. The late arrival of several electors led Pope Pius XI, a month after his election, to extend the time between a pope's death and the start of a conclave.
Of the 53 electors, 6 were cardinal bishops, 40 were cardinal priests, and 7 were cardinal deacons; 5 had been created cardinals by Pope Leo XIII, 22 by Pope Pius X, and 26 by Pope Benedict XV; 25 worked in the service of the Holy See (such as in the Roman Curia), and 28 were in pastoral ministry outside Rome. The oldest cardinal elector in the conclave was Vincenzo Vannutelli, at the age of 85, and the youngest was Alessio Ascalesi, at the age of 49.
The cardinal electors entered the Sistine Chapel to begin the conclave on 2 February 1922. On 6 February, after fourteen ballots over five days, they elected Cardinal Achille Ratti, the archbishop of Milan, who took the papal name Pius XI.
Cardinal electors
The data below are as of 22 January 1922, the date on which the Holy See became vacant. Cardinals belonging to institutes of consecrated life or to societies of apostolic life are indicated by the relevant post-nominal letters.
{{Legend|#ffc|Elected pope|text=*}}
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" width="20%" | Name ! scope="col" width="12.5%" | Country ! scope="col" | Born ! scope="col" | Order ! scope="col" | Consistory ! scope="col" | Office |
---|
1
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Vannutelli, Vincenzo" | Vincenzo Vannutelli | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1836|12|05|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CB | {{dts|1889|12|30|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Congregation of Ceremonies, Datary of the Apostolic Dataria (Dean) |
2
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="de Lai, Gaetano" | Gaetano de Lai | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1853|07|26|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CB | {{dts|1907|12|16|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation |
3
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Vico, Antonio" | Antonio Vico | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1847|01|09|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CB | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites |
4
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte, Gennaro" | Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1851|04|10|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CB | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
5
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Pompilj, Basilio" | Basilio Pompilj | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1858|04|16|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CB | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Vicar General of Rome |
6
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Cagliero, Giovanni" | Giovanni Cagliero {{post-nominals|list=SDB}} | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1838|01|11|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CB | {{dts|1915|12|06|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
7
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Logue, Michael" | Michael Logue | style="text-align:left" | Ireland | {{dts|1840|10|01|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1893|01|16|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Armagh |
8
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Francica-Nava de Bontifè, Giuseppe" | Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1846|07|23|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1899|06|19|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Catania |
9
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Richelmy, Agostino" | Agostino Richelmy | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1850|11|29|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1899|06|19|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Turin |
10
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Bacilieri, Bartolomeo" | Bartolomeo Bacilieri | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1842|03|28|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1901|04|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Bishop of Verona |
11
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Merry del Val, Rafael" | Rafael Merry del Val | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1865|10|10|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1903|11|09|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Secretary of the Congregation of the Holy Office |
12
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Cagiano de Azevedo, Ottavio" | Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1845|11|07|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1905|12|11|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Chancellor of the Apostolic Chancery |
13
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Maffi, Pietro" | Pietro Maffi | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1858|10|12|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1905|12|11|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Pisa |
14
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Lualdi, Alessandro" | Alessandro Lualdi | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1858|08|12|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1907|04|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Palermo |
15
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Mercier, Désiré-Joseph" | Désiré-Joseph Mercier | style="text-align:left" | Belgium | {{dts|1851|11|21|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1907|04|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Mechelen |
16
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Gasparri, Pietro" | Pietro Gasparri | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1852|05|05|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1907|12|16|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Cardinal Secretary of State (Camerlengo) |
17
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Luçon, Louis" | Louis Luçon | style="text-align:left" | France | {{dts|1842|10|28|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1907|12|16|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Reims |
18
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Andrieu, Pierre" | Pierre Andrieu | style="text-align:left" | France | {{dts|1849|12|07|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1907|12|16|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Bordeaux |
19
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Mendes Belo, António" | António Mendes Belo | style="text-align:left" | Portugal | {{dts|1842|06|18|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Patriarch of Lisbon |
20
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Bourne, Francis" | Francis Bourne | style="text-align:left" | United Kingdom | {{dts|1861|03|23|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Westminster |
21
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="van Rossum, Willem Marinus" | Willem Marinus van Rossum {{post-nominals|list=CSSR}} | style="text-align:left" | Netherlands | {{dts|1854|09|03|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Congregation for Propagation of the Faith |
22
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Csernoch, János" | János Csernoch | style="text-align:left" | Hungary | {{dts|1852|06|18|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Esztergom |
23
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Piffl, Friedrich Gustav" | Friedrich Gustav Piffl | style="text-align:left" | Austria | {{dts|1864|10|15|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1914|05|25|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Vienna |
24
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Mistrangelo, Alfonso" | Alfonso Mistrangelo {{post-nominals|list=SchP}} | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1852|04|26|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1914|05|25|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Florence |
25
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Frühwirth, Andreas" | Andreas Frühwirth {{post-nominals|list=OP}} | style="text-align:left" | Austria | {{dts|1845|08|21|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1915|12|06|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Cardinal Priest of Santi Cosma e Damiano |
26
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Scapinelli di Leguigno, Raffaele" | Raffaele Scapinelli di Leguigno | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1858|04|25|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1915|12|06|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Cardinal Priest of San Girolamo dei Croati |
27
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="La Fontaine, Pietro" | Pietro La Fontaine | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1860|11|29|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Patriarch of Venice |
28
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Ranuzzi de' Bianchi, Vittorio" | Vittorio Ranuzzi de' Bianchi | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1857|07|14|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Papal majordomo |
29
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Sbarretti, Donato" | Donato Sbarretti | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1856|11|12|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Congregation of the Council |
30
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Dubois, Louis-Ernest" | Louis-Ernest Dubois | style="text-align:left" | France | {{dts|1856|09|01|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CB | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Paris |
31
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Boggiani, Tommaso Pio" | Tommaso Pio Boggiani {{post-nominals|list=OP}} | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1863|01|19|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop Emeritus of Genoa |
32
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Ascalesi, Alessio" | Alessio Ascalesi {{post-nominals|list=CPPS}} | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1872|10|22|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Benevento |
33
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Maurin, Louis-Joseph" | Louis-Joseph Maurin | style="text-align:left" | France | {{dts|1859|02|15|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Lyon |
34
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Bertram, Adolf" | Adolf Bertram | style="text-align:left" | Germany | {{dts|1859|03|14|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Breslau |
35
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Silj, Augusto" | Augusto Silj | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1846|07|09|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura |
36
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Soldevila y Romero, Juan" | Juan Soldevila y Romero | style="text-align:left" | Spain | {{dts|1843|10|20|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1919|12|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Zaragoza |
37
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Valfre di Bonzo, Teodoro" | Teodoro Valfre di Bonzo | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1853|08|21|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1919|12|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Congregation for Religious |
38
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Kakowski, Aleksander" | Aleksander Kakowski | style="text-align:left" | Poland | {{dts|1862|02|05|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1919|12|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Warsaw |
39
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Kakowski, Aleksander" | Edmund Dalbor | style="text-align:left" | Poland | {{dts|1862|02|05|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1919|12|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznań |
40
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Ragonesi, Francesco" | Francesco Ragonesi | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1850|12|21|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|03|07|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Spain |
41
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="von Faulhaber, Michael" | Michael von Faulhaber | style="text-align:left" | Germany | {{dts|1869|03|05|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|03|07|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Munich and Freising |
42
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Benlloch i Vivó, Juan" | Juan Benlloch i Vivó | style="text-align:left" | Spain | {{dts|1864|12|29|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|03|07|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Burgos |
43
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Vidal y Barraquer, Francisco" | Francisco Vidal y Barraquer | style="text-align:left" | Spain | {{dts|1868|10|03|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|03|07|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Tarragona |
44
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Schulte, Karl Joseph" | Karl Joseph Schulte | style="text-align:left" | Germany | {{dts|1871|09|14|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|03|07|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Cologne |
45
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Tacci, Giovanni" | Giovanni Tacci | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1863|11|12|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|06|13|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefecture of the Pontifical Household |
style="background:#ffc"
| 46 | scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Ratti, Achille" | Achille Ratti* | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1857|05|31|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|06|13|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Milan |
47
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Bisleti, Gaetano" | Gaetano Bisleti | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1856|03|20|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CD | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Congregation of Seminaries and Universities (Protodeacon) |
48
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Billot, Louis" | Louis Billot {{post-nominals|list=SJ}} | style="text-align:left" | France | {{dts|1846|01|12|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CD | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata |
49
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Lega, Michele" | Michele Lega | style="text-align:left" | France | {{dts|1860|01|01|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CD | {{dts|1914|05|25|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Prefect of the Congregation of the Discipline of the Sacraments |
50
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Gasquet, Francis Aidan" | Francis Aidan Gasquet | style="text-align:left" | United Kingdom | {{dts|1846|10|05|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CD | {{dts|1914|05|25|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archive, Librarian of the Vatican Library |
51
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Marini, Niccolò" | Niccolò Marini | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1843|08|20|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CD | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Secretary Emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches |
52
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Giorgi, Oreste" | Oreste Giorgi | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1856|05|19|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CD | {{dts|1916|12|04|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary |
53
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Laurenti, Camillo" | Camillo Laurenti | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1861|11|20|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CD | {{dts|1921|06|21|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Secretary of the Congregation for Propagation of the Faith |
= Not in attendance =
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" width="16%" | Name ! scope="col" width="10%" | Country ! scope="col" | Born ! scope="col" | Order ! scope="col" | Consistory ! scope="col" | Office ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Reason for absence |
---|
1
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="O'Connell, William Henry" | William Henry O'Connell | style="text-align:left" | United States | {{dts|1859|12|08|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1911|11|27|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Boston | style="text-align:left" | Did not arrive in time |
2
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Dougherty, Dennis Joseph" | Dennis Joseph Dougherty | style="text-align:left" | United States | {{dts|1865|08|16|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1921|03|07|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Philadelphia | style="text-align:left" | Did not arrive in time |
3
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Bégin, Louis-Nazaire" | Louis-Nazaire Bégin | style="text-align:left" | Canada | {{dts|1840|01|10|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1914|05|25|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Quebec | style="text-align:left" | Did not arrive in time |
4
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia, José María" | José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia | style="text-align:left" | Spain | {{dts|1835|08|26|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1897|04|19|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela | style="text-align:left" | Illness |
5
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Skrbenský z Hříště, Lev" | Lev Skrbenský z Hříště | style="text-align:left" | Czechoslovakia | {{dts|1863|06|12|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1901|04|15|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Olomouc | style="text-align:left" | Illness |
6
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Prisco, Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo" | Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco | style="text-align:left" | Italy | {{dts|1833|09|08|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1896|11|30|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of Naples | style="text-align:left" | Illness |
7
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti, Joaquim" | Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti | style="text-align:left" | Brazil | {{dts|1850|01|17|format=dmy}} | data-sort-value="1" | CP | {{dts|1905|12|11|format=dmy}} | style="text-align:left" | Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro | style="text-align:left" | Did not attempt the journey |
Cardinal electors by country
The 53 attending cardinal electors were from 12 countries. The countries with the greatest number of cardinal electors were Italy (thirty), France (six), and, jointly, Germany and Spain (three each).
{{Legend|#ffc|Country of elected pope|text=*}}
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
+ Cardinal electors by country |
scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Continent ! scope="col" | Number |
---|
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Austria
| Europe | 2 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Belgium
| Europe | 1 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | France
| Europe | 6 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Germany
| Europe | 3 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hungary
| Europe | 1 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Ireland
| Europe | 1 |
style="background:#ffc"
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Italy* | Europe | 30 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Netherlands
| Europe | 1 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Poland
| Europe | 2 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Portugal
| Europe | 1 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Spain
| Europe | 3 |
scope="row" style="text-align:left" | United Kingdom
| Europe | 2 |
scope="row" colspan="2" | Total
! 53 |
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite news|work=New York Times| access-date=17 July 2018| date= 22 January 1922 | title= Cardinals in Precedence | url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/01/22/98973309.pdf}}
- {{cite book|last1=Aradi|first1=Zsolt|title=Pius XI: The Pope and the Man|date=1958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgQqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT147|access-date=13 November 2017|publisher=Hanover House| location=New York|isbn=9781787205000}} Republished by Muriwai Books, 2017.
- {{cite book|title=Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922| first=Francis A. |last= Burkle-Young | publisher=Lexington Books | date= 2000}}
{{Papal conclaves 1800-2005|state=collapsed}}