Cariamiformes

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range =
{{Fossil range|Early Eocene|present|earliest=72}}

Suspected, but still not confirmed, late Cretaceous origin by molecular clock

| image = Cariama cristata.jpg

| image_caption = Red-legged seriema, Cariama cristata (Cariamidae)

| image2 = Kelenken skeleton.jpg

| image2_caption = Kelenken (Phorusrhacidae)

| taxon = Cariamiformes

| authority = Fürbringer, 1888

| subdivision_ranks = Families

| subdivision = *Cariamidae (seriemas)

{{extinct}}AmeghinornithidaeMayr, G. 2005. "Old World phorusrhacids" (Aves, Phorusrhacidae): a new look at Strigogyps ("Aenigmavis") sapea (Peters 1987). PaleoBios
{{extinct}}Bathornithidae
{{extinct}}Eleutherornithidae
{{extinct}}Idiornithidae
{{extinct}}Phorusrhacidae (terror birds)
{{extinct}}Salmilidae

}}

Cariamiformes (or Cariamae) is an order of primarily flightless birds that has existed for over 50 million years. The group includes the family Cariamidae (seriemas) and the extinct families such as Phorusrhacidae, Bathornithidae, Idiornithidae and Ameghinornithidae. Extant members (seriemas) are only known from South America, but fossils of many extinct taxa are also found in other continents including Europe and North America. Though traditionally considered a suborder within Gruiformes, both morphological and genetic studies{{cite journal | last = Hackett | first = Shannon J. | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884 | pages = 1763–1768 | date = 2008-06-27 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/320/5884/1763 | doi = 10.1126/science.1157704 | access-date = 2008-10-18 | pmid = 18583609| bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H | s2cid = 6472805 |display-authors=etal}} show that it belongs to a separate group of birds, Australaves, whose other living members are Falconidae, Psittaciformes and Passeriformes.

This proposal has been confirmed by a 2014 study of whole genomes of 48 representative bird species.{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1253451| pmid = 25504713| url = https://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/jarvis14.pdf| title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds| journal = Science| volume = 346| issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331| date = 2014| last1 = Jarvis| first1 = E. D.| author1-link = Erich Jarvis| last2 = Mirarab| first2 = S.| last3 = Aberer| first3 = A. J.| last4 = Li| first4 = B.| last5 = Houde| first5 = P.| last6 = Li| first6 = C.| last7 = Ho| first7 = S. Y. W.| last8 = Faircloth| first8 = B. C.| last9 = Nabholz| first9 = B.| last10 = Howard| first10 = J. T.| last11 = Suh| first11 = A.| last12 = Weber| first12 = C. C.| last13 = Da Fonseca| first13 = R. R.| last14 = Li| first14 = J.| last15 = Zhang| first15 = F.| last16 = Li| first16 = H.| last17 = Zhou| first17 = L.| last18 = Narula| first18 = N.| last19 = Liu| first19 = L.| last20 = Ganapathy| first20 = G.| last21 = Boussau| first21 = B.| last22 = Bayzid| first22 = M. S.| last23 = Zavidovych| first23 = V.| last24 = Subramanian| first24 = S.| last25 = Gabaldon| first25 = T.| last26 = Capella-Gutierrez| first26 = S.| last27 = Huerta-Cepas| first27 = J.| last28 = Rekepalli| first28 = B.| last29 = Munch| first29 = K.| last30 = Schierup| first30 = M.| display-authors = 29| pmc = 4405904| bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1320J| hdl = 10072/67425| access-date = 2015-08-29| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150224020622/http://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/jarvis14.pdf| archive-date = 2015-02-24| url-status = dead}} This analysis shows that the Cariamiformes are basal among extant Australaves, while falcons are next most basal; in combination with the fact that the most basal branch of Afroaves (Hieraves, i.e. Accipitriformes and owls)Stiller, J., Feng, S., Chowdhury, AA. et al. Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 is also predatory, it is inferred that the common ancestor of 'core landbirds' (Telluraves) was an apex predator. However, some researchers like Darren Naish feel that this assessment is biased towards the more well known, predatory representatives of the clade,{{cite web|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/bird-behaviour-the-e28098deep-timee28099-perspective/|title=Bird behaviour, the 'deep time' perspective|first=Darren|last=Naish|website=scientificamerican.com|access-date=12 April 2018}} and indeed at least one form, Strigogyps, appears to have been herbivorous.Gerald Mayr, Exceptionally preserved plant parenchyma in the digestive tract indicates a herbivorous diet in the Middle Eocene bird Strigogyps sapea (Ameghinornithidae)

The earliest known unambiguous member of this group is the early Eocene taxon Paleopsilopterus itaboraiensis.{{cite book|last=Mayr|first=G.|chapter=Accipitriformes (New World Vultures, Hawks, and Allies), Falconiformes (Falcons), and Cariamiformes (Seriemas and Allies) |title=Paleogene Fossil Birds|series=Fascinating Life Sciences |year=2022|publisher=Springer Cham |isbn=978-3-030-87644-9|pages=153–176 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-87645-6_8 |s2cid=246810485 |edition=Second}} An isolated femur from the Cape Lamb Member of the Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica was briefly described as a cariamiform femur in 2006. This specimen, which dates to the late Cretaceous period 66 million years ago, was originally reported as indistinguishable from the femurs of modern seriemas, and belonging to a large bird about {{convert|1|m|ft}} tall. Because of its age and geographic location, it was argued that this unnamed species may have been close to the ancestry of both cariamids and phorusrhacids.{{cite journal | last1 = Case | first1 = J. | last2 = Reguero | first2 = M. | last3 = Martin | first3 = J. | last4 = Cordes-Person | first4 = A. | year = 2006 | title = A cursorial bird from the Maastrictian of Antarctica | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 26 | issue = 3| page = 48A }} However, a subsequent study published by West et al. (2019) reinterpreted this specimen as a fossil of an unnamed large-bodied member of a non-cariamiform genus Vegavis.{{cite journal |author1=Abagael R. West |author2=Christopher R. Torres |author3=Judd A. Case |author4=Julia A. Clarke |author5=Patrick M. O'Connor |author6=Matthew C. Lamanna |year=2019 |title=An avian femur from the Late Cretaceous of Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula: removing the record of cursorial landbirds from the Mesozoic of Antarctica |journal=PeerJ |volume=7 |pages=e7231 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7231 |pmid=31333904 |pmc=6626523 |doi-access=free }} In 2024, two ungual phalanx specimens from the early Eocene strata in Antarctica have been identified as those of a cariamiform, possibly of a phorusrhacid.{{Cite journal |last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=Carolina |last2=Jones |first2=Washington |date=2024 |title=Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5162-eocene-cariamiformes-from-antarctica |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.26879/1340|doi-access=free }}

Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Cariamiformes is basal to the Falconiformes, Psittaciformes and Passeriformes:{{ cite journal | last1=Prum | first1=R.O. | author1-link=Richard Prum | last2=Berv | first2=J.S. | last3=Dornburg | first3=A. | last4=Field | first4=D.J. | last5=Townsend | first5=J.P. | last6=Lemmon | first6=E.M. | last7=Lemmon | first7=A.R. | year=2015 | title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | journal=Nature | volume=526 | issue=7574 | pages=569–573 | doi=10.1038/nature15697 | pmid=26444237 | bibcode=2015Natur.526..569P | doi-access=free }}

{{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|label1=Australaves

|1={{clade

|1=Cariamiformes (seriemas and relatives)50 px

|2={{clade

|1=Falconiformes (falcons)50 px

|2={{clade

|1=Psittaciformes (parrots) 50 px

|2=Passeriformes (songbirds) 50 px

}}

Cariamiformes

References

Further reading