Telluraves

{{Automatic taxobox

| taxon = Telluraves

| fossil_range =
Paleocene - Holocene, {{fossilrange|62.5|earliest=Turonian|0|ref={{Cite journal|author1=Daniel T. Ksepka |author2=Thomas A. Stidham |author3=Thomas E. Williamson |year=2017 |title=Early Paleocene landbird supports rapid phylogenetic and morphological diversification of crown birds after the K–Pg mass extinction |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=114 |issue=30 |pages=8047–8052 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1700188114 |pmid=28696285 |pmc=5544281 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114.8047K |doi-access=free }}}}

| image = Red-tailed hawk (44371).jpg

| image_caption = Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)

| image2 = Erithacus rubecula with cocked head.jpg

| image2_caption = European robin, Erithacus rubecula

| authority = Yuri et al., 2013

| display_parents = 2

| subdivision_ranks = Clades

| subdivision =

}}

Telluraves (also called land birds or core landbirds) is a recently defined{{Cite journal | last1=Yuri | first1=T. | last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Harshman | first3=J. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K. | last5=Braun | first5=M.J. | last6=Chojnowski | first6=J.L. | last7=Han | first7=K.-L. | last8=Hackett | first8=S.J. | last9=Huddleston | first9=C.J. | last10=Moore | first10=W.S. | last11=Reddy | first11=S. | last12=Sheldon | first12=F.H. | last13=Steadman | first13=D.W. | last14=Witt | first14=C.C. | last15=Braun | first15=E.L. | date=2013 | title=Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals | journal=Biology | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=419–444 | doi=10.3390/biology2010419 | pmid=24832669 | pmc=4009869 | doi-access=free }} clade of birds defined by their arboreality.{{Cite journal | last1=Crouch | first1=N.M.A. | last2=Ramanauskas | first2=K. | last3=Igić | first3=B. | date=2019 | title=Tip-dating and the origin of Telluraves | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=131 | pages=55–63 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.006| pmid=30385308 | bibcode=2019MolPE.131...55C | s2cid=53767029 }} Based on most recent genetic studies, the clade unites a variety of bird groups, including the australavians (passerines, parrots, seriemas, and falcons) as well as the afroavians (including the Accipitrimorphae – eagles, hawks, buzzards, vultures etc. – owls and woodpeckers, among others).{{cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = P. G. | year = 2012 | title = Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations | url = http://www.naturhistoriska.com/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800037316/1335164422875/Ericson+Gondwana+JBI+2012.pdf | journal = Journal of Biogeography | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 813–824 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x | bibcode = 2012JBiog..39..813E | s2cid = 85599747 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170830055430/http://www.naturhistoriska.com/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800037316/1335164422875/Ericson%20Gondwana%20JBI%202012.pdf | archive-date = 2017-08-30 }} This grouping was defined in the PhyloCode by George Sangster and colleagues in 2022 as "the least inclusive crown clade containing Accipiter nisus and Passer domesticus".{{Cite journal |last1=Sangster |first1=George |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |last3=Johansson |first3=Ulf S. |last4=Kimball |first4=Rebecca T. |last5=Mayr |first5=Gerald |last6=Suh |first6=Alexander |date=2022-01-01 |title=Phylogenetic definitions for 25 higher-level clade names of birds |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/84494/1/1_s2.0_S2053716622000238_main.pdf |journal=Avian Research |volume=13 |pages=100027 |doi=10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100027 |issn=2053-7166|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022AvRes..1300027S }} They appear to be the sister group of the Phaethoquornithes.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1253451 |pmid=25504713|url=https://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/jarvis14.pdf| title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds| journal = Science| volume = 346| issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331| date = 2014| last1 = Jarvis | first1 = E. D. | author1-link = Erich Jarvis| last2 = Mirarab | first2 = S.| last3 = Aberer | first3 = A. J.| last4 = Li | first4 = B.| last5 = Houde | first5 = P.| last6 = Li | first6 = C.| last7 = Ho | first7 = S. Y. W.| last8 = Faircloth | first8 = B. C.| last9 = Nabholz | first9 = B.| last10 = Howard | first10 = J. T.| last11 = Suh | first11 = A.| last12 = Weber | first12 = C. C.| last13 = Da Fonseca | first13 = R. R.| last14 = Li | first14 = J.| last15 = Zhang | first15 = F.| last16 = Li | first16 = H.| last17 = Zhou | first17 = L.| last18 = Narula | first18 = N.| last19 = Liu | first19 = L.| last20 = Ganapathy | first20 = G.| last21 = Boussau | first21 = B.| last22 = Bayzid | first22 = M. S.| last23 = Zavidovych | first23 = V.| last24 = Subramanian | first24 = S.| last25 = Gabaldon | first25 = T.| last26 = Capella-Gutierrez | first26 = S.| last27 = Huerta-Cepas | first27 = J.| last28 = Rekepalli | first28 = B.| last29 = Munch | first29 = K.| last30 = Schierup | first30 = M.| display-authors = 29 | pmc=4405904|bibcode=2014Sci...346.1320J|hdl=10072/67425}}

Given that the most basal extant members of both Afroaves (Accipitrimorphae, Strigiformes) and Australaves (Cariamiformes,While seriemas are typically not considered birds of prey, Jarvis et al. 2014 says that they could be considered to belong to a raptorial taxon. Falconiformes) are birds of prey, it has been suggested that the last common ancestor of all Telluraves may have been an apex predator, and possibly also a bird of prey. Other researchers are skeptical of this assessment, citing the herbivorous cariamiform Strigogyps as evidence to the contrary.{{Cite journal|url=https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542-010-0094-5?no-access=true|doi = 10.1007/s12542-010-0094-5|title = Exceptionally preserved plant parenchyma in the digestive tract indicates a herbivorous diet in the Middle Eocene bird Strigogyps sapea (Ameghinornithidae)|year = 2011|last1 = Mayr|first1 = Gerald|last2 = Richter|first2 = Gotthard|journal = Paläontologische Zeitschrift|volume = 85|issue = 3|pages = 303–307| bibcode=2011PalZ...85..303M |s2cid = 84479974}}

Afroaves has not always been recovered as a monophyletic clade in subsequent studies.{{cite journal | first1 = H. | last1 = Kuhl. | first2 = C. | last2 = Frankl-Vilches | first3 = A. | last3 = Bakker | first4 = G. | last4 = Mayr | first5 = G. | last5 = Nikolaus | first6 = S. T. | last6 = Boerno | first7 = S. | last7 = Klages | first8 = B. | last8 = Timmermann | first9 = M. | last9 = Gahr | year = 2020 | title = An unbiased molecular approach using 3'-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 38 | pages = 108–127 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msaa191| pmid = 32781465 | pmc=7783168 | doi-access = free }} For instance, Prum et al. (2015) recovered the accipitrimorphs as the sister group to a clade (Eutelluraves) comprising the remaining Afroavian orders and Australaves.,Prum, R.O. et al. (2015) [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7574/full/nature15697.html A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing]. Nature 526, 569–573. while an analysis by Houde et al. (2019) recovered a clade of accipitrimorphs and owls as sister to the remaining landbirds.{{cite journal|last1=Houde|first1=Peter|last2=Braun|first2=Edward L.|last3=Narula|first3=Nitish|last4=Minjares|first4=Uriel|last5=Mirarab|first5=Siavash|title=Phylogenetic signal of indels and the Neoavian radiation |journal=Diversity | volume=11 |issue=7 | year=2019| pages=108 | doi=10.3390/d11070108 | doi-access=free}} Wu et al. (2024) also found recovered and found support the clade of accipitrimorphs and owls (which they have named Hieraves), but found the clade to be sister to Australaves, while Coraciimorphae is the basal most clade in Telluraves.{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=S.|last2=Rheindt|first2=F.E.|last3=Zhang|first3=J.|last4=Wang|first4=J.|last5=Zhang|first5=L.|last6=Quan|first6=C.|last7=Zhiheng|first7=L.|last8=Wang|first8=M.|last9=Wu|first9=F.|last10=Qu|first10=Y|last11=Edwards|first11=S.V.|last12=Zhou|first12=Z.|last13=Liu|first13=L.|title=Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=121|issue=8|year=2024|pages=e2319696121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2319696121|doi-access=free|pmid=38346181 |pmc=10895254|bibcode=2024PNAS..12119696W }}

The cladogram of the Telluraves shown below is based on the study by Josefin Stiller and collaborators published in 2024.{{ cite journal | last1=Stiller | first1=J. | display-authors=etal | year=2024 | title=Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes | journal=Nature | volume=629 | issue= 8013| pages=851–860 | doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 | doi-access=free | pmid=38560995 | pmc=11111414 | bibcode=2024Natur.629..851S }} The species numbers are taken from the December 2023 version of the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC). This list includes the Cathartiformes (New World vultures) in the order Accipitriformes.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=26 June 2024}}

{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:90%

|label1=Telluraves

|1={{clade

|label1=Afroaves

|1={{clade

|label1=Hieraves

|1={{clade

|1=Strigiformes (owls – 254 species)

|label2=Accipitrimorphae

|2={{clade

|1=Cathartiformes (New World vultures – 7 species)

|2=Accipitriformes (hawks, osprey and secretarybird – 258 species)