Cenderawasih languages
{{Short description|Branch of Austronesian languages of Indonesia}}
{{distinguish|text = the East Cenderawasih Bay languages}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Cenderawasih Bay
|altname=Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay, West New Guinea
|region=Cenderawasih Bay, Western New Guinea, Indonesia
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
|fam4=Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
|fam5=South Halmahera–West New Guinea
|child1=Biakic
|child2=Yapen
|child3=Southwestern
|protoname=Proto-Cenderawasih Bay
|glotto=cend1238
|glottorefname=Cenderawasih Bay
}}
The Cenderawasih languages, also known as Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay languages and approximately synonymous with West New Guinea languages, are a branch of Austronesian languages of Indonesia, found in the islands and shoreline of Cenderawasih Bay in the provinces of West Papua, Central Papua and Papua.
Most of the languages are only known from short word lists, but Biak, Wamesa, and Wooi are fairly well attested.
Historical morphology
Reconstructions of subject markers and inalienable possessive markers for Cenderawasih Bay proto-languages according to Kamholz (2015). Note that V = vocalic conjugation, C = consonantal conjugation:
Proto-Cenderawasih Bay:
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *y- (V), *ya- (C) | 1pl. | *t- (incl.), *am- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *aw- (V), *-u- (C) | 2pl. | *m- |
| 3sg. | *dy- (V), *-i- (C) | 3pl. | *si- |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *-ku? | 1pl. | *ta-? (incl.), *-mi? (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *-mu | 2pl. | *-mu? |
| 3sg. | *-∅? | 3pl. | *si- |
Proto-Biakic:
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *y- (V), *ya- (C) | 1pl. | *t-, *to- (incl.), *nd-, *ndo- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *w- (V), *wa-, *-w- (C) | 2pl. | *mt-, *mto- |
| 3sg. | *d- (V), *i-, *-y- (C) | 3pl. | *s-, *si- (anim.), *n-, *na- (inanim.) |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *-na, *-ri | 1pl. | *to-...-sna (incl.), *nto-...-sna (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *-mi, *-mri | 2pl. | *mto-...-sna |
| 3sg. | *-na, *-ri | 3pl. | *si-...-sna |
Proto-Southwest Cenderawasih Bay:
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *j-?, *i- (C) | 1pl. | *t- (incl.), *am- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *aw- (V), *a-u- (C) | 2pl. | *am-u- |
| 3sg. | *dy- (V), *i-i- (C) | 3pl. | *ih-i- |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | ? | 1pl. | *t-? (incl.), *-mi? (excl.) |
| 2sg. | ? | 2pl. | *-mu? |
| 3sg. | ? | 3pl. | *si- |
Proto-Yaur-Yerisiam:
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *j- (V), *i- (C) | 1pl. | *k- (incl.), *m- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *agw- (V), *a-u- (C) | 2pl. | *am-u- |
| 3sg. | *dy- (V), *i-i- (C) | 3pl. | *ih-i- |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | ? | 1pl. | *k- (incl.), *m- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *a- | 2pl. | *am-? |
| 3sg. | ? | 3pl. | *h- |
Languages
Lexical reconstructions
Proto-Biakic, the ancestor of the Biakic languages, was reconstructed by Rich (2020).
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- Kamholz, David (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220320095138/http://ical13.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Full_papers_and_ppts/July_19/G-55.pdf The reconstruction of Proto-SHWNG morphology]
- Rich, Ellora (2020). [https://scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/items/1735b48b-1b81-4d75-840b-b45c1d91ee91 Comparative Reconstruction of Proto-Biakic Phonology]
- {{cite book |last=Kamhold |first=David |year=2024 |chapter=Historical linguistics of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea subgroup |editor1=Alexander Adelaar |editor2=Antoinette Schapper |title=The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Southeast Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0012 |pages=181-187}}
{{refend}}
{{Halmahera–Cenderawasih languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
Category:South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages