Yapen languages (Austronesian)
{{Short description|Branch of the Austronesian language family}}
{{distinguish|Yapen languages (Papuan)}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Yapen
|region=Yapen Island, Western New Guinea, Indonesia
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Central–Eastern
|fam4=South Halmahera–West New Guinea
|fam5=Cenderawasih Bay
|child1=Central–Western
|child2=Eastern
|protoname=Proto-Yapen
|glotto=yape1249
|glottorefname=Yapen
|map= Yapen-languages.png
}}
The Yapen languages are the branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken on Yapen Island and the nearby isle of Cenderawasih Bay, both in Papua province of northeastern Indonesia.
They share Yapen Ιsland with the Papuan Yawa languages.
Historical morphology
Reconstructions of subject markers and inalienable possessive markers for Yapen proto-languages according to Kamholz (2015). Note that V = vocalic conjugation, C = consonantal conjugation:
Proto-Yapen:
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *y- (V), *ya- (C) | 1pl. | *t- (incl.), *am- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *bu- (V), *-u- (C) | 2pl. | *m- |
| 3sg. | *dy- (V), *-i- (C) | 3pl. | *si- |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *-ku, *-ni | 1pl. | *ta-...-mi (incl.), *ama-...-mi (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *-mu | 2pl. | *mi-...-mi |
| 3sg. | *-n-pai | 3pl. | *si-...-mi |
Proto-Western Yapen (Proto-Central–Western Yapen):
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *y- (V), *ya- (C) | 1pl. | *tat- (incl.), *amat- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *bu- (V), *-u- (C) | 2pl. | *met- |
| 3sg. | *dy- (V), *-i- (C) | 3pl. | *set- |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *-ku, *-ni | 1pl. | *ta-...-mi (incl.), *ama-...-mi (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *-mu | 2pl. | *me-...-mi |
| 3sg. | *-n-pai, *-na-ni | 3pl. | *se-...-mi |
Proto-Central Yapen:
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *y- (V), *ya- (C) | 1pl. | *tat- (incl.), *amat- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *w- (V), *-u- (C) | 2pl. | *met- |
| 3sg. | *dy- (V), *-i- (C) | 3pl. | *et- |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *-u, *-ni | 1pl. | *ta-...-mi (incl.), *ama-...-mi (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *-mu | 2pl. | *me-...-mi |
| 3sg. | *-nempai, *-na-ni | 3pl. | *se-...-mi |
Proto-Eastern Yapen:
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *ay- (V), *a- (C) | 1pl. | *t- (incl.), *nam- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *b- (V), *-u- (C) | 2pl. | *mi- |
| 3sg. | *d- (V), *-i- (C) | 3pl. | *si- |
:
| class=wikitable | |||
| 1sg. | *ai- | 1pl. | *ta- (incl.), *na- (excl.) |
| 2sg. | *me- | 2pl. | *mi- |
| 3sg. | *ne- | 3pl. | *si- |
Languages
Lexical reconstructions
Reconstruction of lexemes found in Proto-Yapen according to Gasser (2017).Gasser, Emily (2017). [https://tufs.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/1406/file_preview/4_Gasser_NUSA62_24012018_1.pdf Papuan-Austronesian language contact on Yapen Island: A preliminary account]
| class=wikitable
!Proto-Yapen | Gloss |
| *apai | 'bow' |
| *tawai | 'snake' |
Proto-Western Yapen, also known as Proto-Central-Western Yapen, was reconstructed in 1983 by P.J. Silzer.
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- P.J. Silzer Ambai, an Austronesian Language of Irian Jaya, Indonesia, Ph.D. Australian National University, 1983.
- Kamholz, David (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220320095138/http://ical13.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Full_papers_and_ppts/July_19/G-55.pdf The reconstruction of Proto-SHWNG morphology]
- {{cite book |last=Kamhold |first=David |year=2024 |chapter=Historical linguistics of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea subgroup |editor1=Alexander Adelaar |editor2=Antoinette Schapper |title=The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Southeast Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0012 |pages=181-187}}
{{refend}}
=References=
{{reflist}}
{{Halmahera–Cenderawasih languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
Category:South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages
Category:Languages of Western New Guinea