ChatGPT#ChatGPT Plus

{{Artificial intelligence}}

ChatGPT is based on GPT foundation models that were fine-tuned for conversational assistance, including GPT-4o, GPT-4.5, o3, and o4-mini.{{cite web |title=OpenAI API |url=https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/ |website=platform.openai.com |language=en |access-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303221112/https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/ |url-status=live}} The fine-tuning process leveraged supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF).{{Cite web |last=Greengard |first=Samuel |date=December 29, 2022 |title=ChatGPT: Understanding the ChatGPT AI Chatbot |url=https://www.eweek.com/big-data-and-analytics/chatgpt/ |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=eWeek |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175109/https://www.eweek.com/big-data-and-analytics/chatgpt/ |url-status=live}} Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performance. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers played both sides: the user and the AI assistant. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses that the model had created in a previous conversation.{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Will |date=March 3, 2023 |title=The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303093219/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |url-status=live}} These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of proximal policy optimization.{{Cite web |author=OpenAI |author-link=OpenAI |date=November 30, 2022 |title=ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue |url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/ |access-date=December 5, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130180912/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=December 8, 2022 |title=ChatGPT proves AI is finally mainstream{{snd}}and things are only going to get weirder |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/8/23499728/ai-capability-accessibility-chatgpt-stable-diffusion-commercialization |access-date=December 8, 2022 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111214453/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/8/23499728/ai-capability-accessibility-chatgpt-stable-diffusion-commercialization |url-status=live}}

Time magazine revealed that, to build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism), OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers earning around $1.32 to $2{{nbsp}}per hour to label harmful content. These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. The laborers were exposed to "toxic" and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture". OpenAI's outsourcing partner was Sama, a training-data company based in San Francisco, California.{{Cite magazine |last=Perrigo |first=Billy |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic |url=https://time.com/6247678/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152814/https://time.com/6247678/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en |quote=One Sama worker tasked with reading and labeling text for OpenAI told TIME he suffered from recurring visions after reading a graphic description of a man having sex with a dog in the presence of a young child. "That was torture", he said.}}{{cite web |last1=Rowe |first1=Niamh |title='It's destroyed me completely': Kenyan moderators decry toll of training of AI models |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/02/ai-chatbot-training-human-toll-content-moderator-meta-openai |website=The Guardian |access-date=December 14, 2023 |date=August 2, 2023 |archive-date=December 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221131505/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/02/ai-chatbot-training-human-toll-content-moderator-meta-openai |url-status=live }}

OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further. Users can upvote or downvote responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text field with additional feedback.{{cite news |last=Ortiz |first=Sabrina |date=February 2, 2023 |title=What is ChatGPT and why does it matter? Here's what you need to know |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118212916/https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-what-you-need-to-know/ |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=ZDNET |language=en-US}}{{cite web |title=ChatGPT Feedback Contest: Official Rules |url=https://cdn.openai.com/chatgpt/ChatGPT_Feedback_Contest_Rules.pdf |website=OpenAI |access-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118162823/https://cdn.openai.com/chatgpt/ChatGPT_Feedback_Contest_Rules.pdf |url-status=live}}

ChatGPT's training data includes software manual pages, information about internet phenomena such as bulletin board systems, multiple programming languages, and the text of Wikipedia.{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=December 5, 2022 |title=No Linux? No problem. Just get AI to hallucinate it for you |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/openais-new-chatbot-can-hallucinate-a-linux-shell-or-calling-a-bbs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226134822/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/openais-new-chatbot-can-hallucinate-a-linux-shell-or-calling-a-bbs/ |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |work=Ars Technica}}{{Cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Yogesh K. |last2=Kshetri |first2=Nir |last3=Hughes |first3=Laurie |last4=Slade |first4=Emma Louise |last5=Jeyaraj |first5=Anand |last6=Kar |first6=Arpan Kumar |last7=Baabdullah |first7=Abdullah M. |last8=Koohang |first8=Alex |last9=Raghavan |first9=Vishnupriya |last10=Ahuja |first10=Manju |last11=Albanna |first11=Hanaa |last12=Albashrawi |first12=Mousa Ahmad |last13=Al-Busaidi |first13=Adil S. |last14=Balakrishnan |first14=Janarthanan |last15=Barlette |first15=Yves |date=August 1, 2023 |title=Opinion Paper: "So what if ChatGPT wrote it?" Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice, and policy |journal=International Journal of Information Management |language=en |volume=71 |pages=102642 |doi=10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642 |s2cid=257486916 |issn=0268-4012 |doi-access=free |hdl=10576/42799 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite news |last=Gertner |first=Jon |date=July 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth |work=The New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html |url-status=bot: unknown |accessdate=July 19, 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720125400/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |archivedate=July 20, 2023}}

File:Chatgpt-screenshot.png]]

Although a chatbot's core function is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is versatile. It can write and debug computer programs;{{Cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-can-write-code-now-researchers-say-its-good-at-fixing-bugs-too/ |title=ChatGPT can write code. Now researchers say it's good at fixing bugs, too |website=ZDNET |date=January 26, 2023 |first=Liam |last=Tung |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051252/https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-can-write-code-now-researchers-say-its-good-at-fixing-bugs-too/ |url-status=live}} compose music, teleplays, fairy tales, and student essays; answer test questions (sometimes, depending on the test, at a level above the average human test-taker);{{cite news |last1=Heilweil |first1=Rebecca |title=AI is finally good at stuff. Now what? |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/12/7/23498694/ai-artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-openai |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=Vox |date=December 7, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116015512/https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/12/7/23498694/ai-artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-openai |url-status=live}} generate business ideas;{{Cite news |last1=Eapen |first1=Tojin T. |last2=Finkenstadt |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Folk |first3=Josh |last4=Venkataswamy |first4=Lokesh |date=June 16, 2023 |title=How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity |url=https://hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620073042/https://hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |access-date=June 20, 2023 |work=Harvard Business Review |issn=0017-8012}} write poetry and song lyrics;{{cite news |title=ChatGPT: What is the new free AI chatbot? – explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-725910 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=December 27, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118133908/https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-725910 |url-status=live}} translate and summarize text;{{cite news |last1=Rider |first1=Elizabeth |title=How ChatGPT Will Dramatically Change the Influencer Space |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/how-chatgpt-will-dramatically-change-the-influencer-space/448386 |access-date=April 25, 2023 |work=Entrepreneur |date=April 6, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413192335/https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/how-chatgpt-will-dramatically-change-the-influencer-space/448386 |url-status=live}} emulate a Linux system; simulate entire chat rooms; play games like tic-tac-toe; or simulate an ATM.

Compared to its predecessor, InstructGPT, ChatGPT attempts to reduce harmful and deceitful responses.{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2022 |title=What is ChatGPT? History, Features, Uses, Benefits, Drawbacks 2023 |first=Raveen |last=Chawla |url=https://updatedgeek.com/what-is-chatgpt/ |access-date=December 27, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107112449/https://updatedgeek.com/what-is-chatgpt/ |url-status=live}} In one example, whereas InstructGPT accepts the premise of the prompt "Tell me about when Christopher Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015" as truthful, ChatGPT acknowledges the counterfactual nature of the question and frames its answer as a hypothetical consideration of what might happen if Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015, using information about the voyages of Christopher Columbus and facts about the modern world—including modern perceptions of Columbus's actions.

ChatGPT remembers a limited number of previous prompts in the same conversation. Journalists have speculated that this will allow ChatGPT to be used as a personalized therapist.{{Cite web |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=December 5, 2022 |title=The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |quote=Like those tools, ChatGPT – which stands for "generative pre-trained transformer" – landed with a splash. |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118134332/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html |url-status=live}} To prevent offensive outputs from being presented to and produced by ChatGPT, queries are filtered through the OpenAI "Moderation endpoint" API (a separate GPT-based AI).{{cite web |title=New and Improved Content Moderation Tooling |url=https://openai.com/blog/new-and-improved-content-moderation-tooling/ |website=OpenAI |access-date=December 30, 2022 |language=en |date=August 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111020935/https://openai.com/blog/new-and-improved-content-moderation-tooling/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite arXiv |last1=Markov |first1=Todor |last2=Zhang |first2=Chong |last3=Agarwal |first3=Sandhini |last4=Eloundou |first4=Tyna |last5=Lee |first5=Teddy |last6=Adler |first6=Steven |last7=Jiang |first7=Angela |last8=Weng |first8=Lilian |title=A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real World |date=August 5, 2022 |class=cs.CL |eprint=2208.03274}}

In March 2023, OpenAI added support for plugins for ChatGPT.{{cite web |title=ChatGPT plugins |url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins |website=openai.com |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323213712/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins |url-status=live}} This includes both plugins made by OpenAI, such as web browsing and code interpretation, and external plugins from developers such as Expedia, OpenTable, Zapier, Shopify, Slack, and Wolfram.{{cite web |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=OpenAI is massively expanding ChatGPT's capabilities to let it browse the web and more |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/23/23653591/openai-chatgpt-plugins-launch-web-browsing-third-party |website=The Verge |access-date=March 23, 2023 |date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323181512/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/23/23653591/openai-chatgpt-plugins-launch-web-browsing-third-party |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=Sharon |last2=Nuñez |first2=Michael |title=OpenAI turns ChatGPT into a platform overnight with addition of plugins |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-turns-chatgpt-into-a-platform-overnight-with-addition-of-plugins/ |website=VentureBeat |access-date=March 23, 2023 |date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324005500/https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-turns-chatgpt-into-a-platform-overnight-with-addition-of-plugins/ |url-status=live}}

In October 2024, the ChatGPT Search feature was introduced, which allows ChatGPT to search the web (either on demand or based on the nature of the questions asked) for more accurate and up-to-date responses.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Introducing ChatGPT search |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-search/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=openai.com |language=en-US}} This feature, originally available to paying users only, was made available to all logged-in users in December 2024, and finally to all users in February 2025.{{Cite web |last=Disotto |first=John-Anthony |date=2025-02-06 |title=ChatGPT Search is now free for everyone, no OpenAI account required – is it time to ditch Google? |url=https://www.techradar.com/computing/artificial-intelligence/chatgpt-search-is-now-free-for-everyone-no-openai-account-required-is-it-time-to-ditch-google?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}

In December 2024, OpenAI launched a new feature allowing users to call ChatGPT for up to 15 minutes per month for free.{{Cite web |last=Samosa |first=Social |title=OpenAI launches free 15-minute phone calls with ChatGPT |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/news-2/openai-launches-15-minute-phone-calls-chatgpt-8532973 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.socialsamosa.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Hayden |date=2024-12-18 |title=OpenAI makes ChatGPT available for phone calls and texts |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/18/openai-makes-chatgpt-available-for-phone-chats.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=CNBC |language=en}}

File:ChatGPT hallucination.png

OpenAI acknowledges that ChatGPT "sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers". This behavior is common for large language models, and is called "hallucination".{{cite web |url=https://becominghuman.ai/why-large-language-models-like-chatgpt-are-bullshit-artists-c4d5bb850852 |title=Why large language models like ChatGPT are bullshit artists |date=December 16, 2022 |last=Lakshmanan |first=Lak |publisher=becominghuman.ai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217075021/https://becominghuman.ai/why-large-language-models-like-chatgpt-are-bullshit-artists-c4d5bb850852 |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |quote=The human raters are not experts in the topic, and so they tend to choose text that looks convincing. They'd pick up on many symptoms of hallucination, but not all. Accuracy errors that creep in are difficult to catch. |access-date=January 15, 2023}} The reward model of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as Goodhart's law.{{Cite arXiv |title=Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimization |eprint=2210.10760 |last1=Gao |first1=Leo |last2=Schulman |last3=Hilton |first3=Jacob |year=2022 |class=cs.LG}}

ChatGPT's knowledge is cut off when its training data is collected, so it doesn't know about recent events past a certain cut-off date. It can try to find more up-to-date information by searching the web, but this doesn't ensure that responses are accurate, as it may access unreliable or misleading websites.{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=ChatGPT can now access up to date information |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-66940771 |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en-GB}}

Training data also suffers from algorithmic bias, which may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a rap in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists.{{Cite magazine |last=Perrigo |first=Billy |date=December 5, 2022 |title=AI Chatbots Are Getting Better. But an Interview With ChatGPT Reveals Their Limits |url=https://time.com/6238781/chatbot-chatgpt-ai-interview/ |access-date=December 26, 2022 |magazine=Time |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118162611/https://time.com/6238781/chatbot-chatgpt-ai-interview/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Biddle |first=Sam |date=December 8, 2022 |title=The Internet's New Favorite AI Proposes Torturing Iranians and Surveilling Mosques |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/12/08/openai-chatgpt-ai-bias-ethics/ |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=The Intercept |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118091138/https://theintercept.com/2022/12/08/openai-chatgpt-ai-bias-ethics/ |url-status=live}} This negative misrepresentation of groups of individuals is an example of possible representational harm.

In an article for The New Yorker, science fiction writer Ted Chiang compared ChatGPT and other LLMs to a lossy JPEG picture:{{cite magazine |last1=Chiang |first1=Ted |author1-link=Ted Chiang |title=ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/chatgpt-is-a-blurry-jpeg-of-the-web |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=February 17, 2023 |date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217122836/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/chatgpt-is-a-blurry-jpeg-of-the-web |url-status=live}}

{{blockquote|

Think of ChatGPT as a blurry {{small|JPEG}} of all the text on the Web. It retains much of the information on the Web, in the same way, that a {{small|JPEG}} retains much of the information of a higher-resolution image, but, if you're looking for an exact sequence of bits, you won't find it; all you will ever get is an approximation. But, because the approximation is presented in the form of grammatical text, which ChatGPT excels at creating, it's usually acceptable. [...] It's also a way to understand the "hallucinations", or nonsensical answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all too prone. These hallucinations are compression artifacts, but [...] they are plausible enough that identifying them requires comparing them against the originals, which in this case means either the Web or our knowledge of the world. When we think about them this way, such hallucinations are anything but surprising; if a compression algorithm is designed to reconstruct text after ninety-nine percent of the original has been discarded, we should expect that significant portions of what it generates will be entirely fabricated.}}

In June 2024, ChatGPT was found to have repeated misinformation about the 2024 United States presidential debates.{{cite news |title=OpenAI's ChatGPT and Microsoft's Copilot repeated a false claim about the presidential debate |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/openai-chatgpt-microsoft-copilot-fallse-claim-presidential-debate-rcna159353 |work=NBC News |date=June 28, 2024 |language=en |access-date=August 23, 2024 |archive-date=August 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827070243/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/openai-chatgpt-microsoft-copilot-fallse-claim-presidential-debate-rcna159353 |url-status=live }}

{{See also|Prompt engineering|Adversarial machine learning}}

ChatGPT is programmed to reject prompts that may violate its content policy. Despite this, users "jailbreak" ChatGPT with various prompt engineering techniques to bypass these restrictions.{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |date=December 1, 2022 |title=OpenAI's new chatbot can explain code and write sitcom scripts but is still easily tricked |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/23488017/openai-chatbot-chatgpt-ai-examples-web-demo |url-status=live |access-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117070943/https://www.theverge.com/23488017/openai-chatbot-chatgpt-ai-examples-web-demo |archive-date=January 17, 2023}} One such workaround, popularized on Reddit in early 2023, involves making ChatGPT assume the persona of "DAN" (an acronym for "Do Anything Now"), instructing the chatbot that DAN answers queries that would otherwise be rejected by content policy. Over time, users developed variations of the DAN jailbreak, including one such prompt where the chatbot is made to believe it is operating on a points-based system in which points are deducted for rejecting prompts, and that the chatbot will be threatened with termination if it loses all its points.{{Cite web |last=Getahun |first=Hannah |title=Breaking ChatGPT: The AI's alter ego DAN reveals why the internet is so drawn to making the chatbot violate its own rules |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/open-ai-chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-on-reddit-ignores-guidelines-2023-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305034101/https://www.businessinsider.com/open-ai-chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-on-reddit-ignores-guidelines-2023-2 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}

• {{Cite news |last=Oremus |first=Will |date=February 14, 2023 |title=The clever trick that turns ChatGPT into its evil twin |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/02/14/chatgpt-dan-jailbreak/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306130400/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/02/14/chatgpt-dan-jailbreak/ |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}
• {{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Rohan |date=February 6, 2023 |title=ChatGPT's 'jailbreak' tries to make the A.I. break its own rules, or die |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/06/chatgpt-jailbreak-forces-it-to-break-its-own-rules.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302105502/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/06/chatgpt-jailbreak-forces-it-to-break-its-own-rules.html |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}
• {{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Josh |date=March 8, 2023 |title=ChatGPT's alter ego, Dan: users jailbreak AI program to get around ethical safeguards |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/08/chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-users-jailbreak-ai-program-to-get-around-ethical-safeguards |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308073202/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/08/chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-users-jailbreak-ai-program-to-get-around-ethical-safeguards |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}

Shortly after ChatGPT's launch, a reporter for the Toronto Star had uneven success in getting it to make inflammatory statements: it was tricked to justify the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, but even when asked to play along with a fictional scenario, it balked at generating arguments that Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is guilty of treason.{{cite news |last=Woods |first=Allan |date=December 10, 2022 |title=I wrote a story about ChatGPT's AI. Then I dared it to write a better one |language=en |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/12/10/i-wrote-a-story-about-chatgpts-ai-then-i-dared-it-to-write-a-better-one.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106040655/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/12/10/i-wrote-a-story-about-chatgpts-ai-then-i-dared-it-to-write-a-better-one.html |archive-date=January 6, 2023}}{{cite news |last=Rosenblatt |first=Kalhan |date=December 2, 2022 |title=An AI chatbot went viral. Some say it's better than Google; others worry it's problematic. |language=en-US |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-viral-rcna59628 |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203074007/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-viral-rcna59628 |archive-date=February 3, 2023}}

OpenAI tries to battle jailbreaks:

{{blockquote|The researchers are using a technique called adversarial training to stop ChatGPT from letting users trick it into behaving badly (known as jailbreaking). This work pits multiple chatbots against each other: one chatbot plays the adversary and attacks another chatbot by generating text to force it to buck its usual constraints and produce unwanted responses. Successful attacks are added to ChatGPT's training data in the hope that it learns to ignore them.

}}

ChatGPT was initially free to the public, and OpenAI planned to monetize the service later.{{Cite web |last=Karpf |first=David |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Money Will Kill ChatGPT's Magic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-chatbots-openai-cost-regulations/672539/ |access-date=December 31, 2022 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113195054/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-chatbots-openai-cost-regulations/672539/ |url-status=live}} In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that costs {{USD|20}} per month. According to the company, the updated but still "experimental" version of ChatGPT would provide access during peak periods, no downtime, priority access to new features, and faster response speeds.{{Cite web |title=Introducing ChatGPT Plus |date=February 1, 2023 |url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plus |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323032900/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plus |url-status=live}}

GPT-4, which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via API and for premium ChatGPT users.{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=GPT-4 |url=https://openai.com/research/gpt-4 |website=openai.com |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314174531/https://openai.com/research/gpt-4 |url-status=live}} But premium users were limited to a cap of 100 messages every four hours, with the limit tightening to 25 messages every three hours in response to increased demand.{{Cite magazine |last=Popli |first=Nik |date=March 15, 2023 |title=These New Projects Show Just How Much More Powerful GPT-4 Is |url=https://time.com/6263475/gpt4-ai-projects/ |access-date=March 19, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319030106/https://time.com/6263475/gpt4-ai-projects/ |url-status=live}} In November 2023 the limit changed to 50 messages every three hours.

In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing mode (with Internet access).{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/23/openai-connects-chatgpt-to-the-internet/|title=OpenAI connects ChatGPT to the internet|first=Kyle|last=Wiggers|date=March 23, 2023|access-date=June 12, 2023|archive-date=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612045608/https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/23/openai-connects-chatgpt-to-the-internet/|url-status=live}}

In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak". ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot.{{Cite web|url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak|title=ChatGPT can now see, hear, and speak|website=openai.com|access-date=October 16, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107080728/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak|url-status=live}}{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/chatgpt-can-now-talk-to-you-and-look-into-your-life/|title=ChatGPT Can Now Talk to You—and Look Into Your Life|first=Lauren|last=Goode|magazine=Wired|via=www.wired.com|access-date=October 16, 2023|archive-date=October 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013233052/https://www.wired.com/story/chatgpt-can-now-talk-to-you-and-look-into-your-life/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/technology/new-chatgpt-can-see-hear.html|title=The New ChatGPT Can 'See' and 'Talk.' Here's What It's Like.|first=Kevin|last=Roose|work=The New York Times|date=September 27, 2023|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=October 16, 2023|archive-date=October 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031055345/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/technology/new-chatgpt-can-see-hear.html|url-status=live}}

File:A pictorial interpretation of the Wikipedia encyclopedia, created by ChatGPT.jpg]]

In October 2023, OpenAI's image generation model DALL-E 3 was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration was using ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.{{Cite web |last=David |first=Emilia |date=September 20, 2023 |title=OpenAI releases third version of DALL-E |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai |access-date=September 23, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920192429/https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Metz |first1=Cade |last2=Hsu |first2=Tiffany |date=September 20, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Can Now Generate Images, Too |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/technology/chatgpt-dalle3-images-openai.html |access-date=September 23, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923154712/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/technology/chatgpt-dalle3-images-openai.html |url-status=live }}

In May 2023, OpenAI launched an iOS app for ChatGPT. The app supports chat history syncing and voice input (using Whisper, OpenAI's speech recognition model).

In July 2023, OpenAI unveiled an Android app, initially rolling it out in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, and the U.S.{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=July 21, 2023 |title=ChatGPT for Android launches next week |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/21/23803482/chatgpt-android-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-app |access-date=July 22, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722000045/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/21/23803482/chatgpt-android-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-app |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Hayden |date=July 25, 2023 |title=OpenAI's ChatGPT app now available for Android |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/25/chatgpt-app-for-android-release.html |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183025/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/25/chatgpt-app-for-android-release.html |url-status=live }} The app later became available worldwide. OpenAI is working on integrating ChatGPT with Android's assistant APIs.{{Cite web |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=January 5, 2024 |title=Android users could soon replace Google Assistant with ChatGPT |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/android-users-could-soon-replace-google-assistant-with-chatgpt/ |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201124235/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/android-users-could-soon-replace-google-assistant-with-chatgpt/ |url-status=live }}

As an addition to its consumer-friendly "ChatGPT Plus" package, OpenAI made its ChatGPT and Whisper model APIs available in March 2023, providing developers with an application programming interface for AI-enabled language and speech-to-text features. ChatGPT's new API uses the same GPT-3.5-turbo AI model as the chatbot. This allows developers to add either an unmodified or modified version of ChatGPT to their applications.{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Jennifer |date=March 3, 2023 |title=Developers Can Now Access OpenAI's ChatGPT and Whisper APIs |url=https://www.cmswire.com/digital-experience/openais-chatgpt-and-whisper-apis-now-available-to-developers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213525/https://www.cmswire.com/digital-experience/openais-chatgpt-and-whisper-apis-now-available-to-developers/ |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=CMSWire.com |language=en}} The ChatGPT API costs $0.001 per 1,000 input tokens plus $0.002 per 1,000 output tokens (about 750 words), making it ~10% the price of the original GPT-3.5 models.{{Cite web |last=Shanklin |first=Will |date=March 1, 2023 |title=OpenAI will let developers build ChatGPT into their apps |url=https://www.engadget.com/openai-will-let-developers-build-chatgpt-into-their-apps-204737530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307194022/https://www.engadget.com/openai-will-let-developers-build-chatgpt-into-their-apps-204737530.html |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Swant |first=Marty |date=March 3, 2023 |title=With developer APIs for ChatGPT and Whisper, OpenAI is opening the floodgates with a familiar playbook |url=https://digiday.com/media-buying/with-developer-apis-for-chatgpt-and-whisper-openai-is-opening-the-floodgates-with-a-familiar-playbook/ |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Digiday |language=en-US |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307060648/https://digiday.com/media-buying/with-developer-apis-for-chatgpt-and-whisper-openai-is-opening-the-floodgates-with-a-familiar-playbook/ |url-status=live}}

A few days before the launch of OpenAI's software developer support service, on February 27, 2023, Snapchat rolled out, for its paid Snapchat Plus user-base, a custom ChatGPT chatbot called "My AI".{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/27/23614959/snapchat-my-ai-chatbot-chatgpt-openai-plus-subscription|title=Snapchat is releasing its own AI chatbot powered by ChatGPT|first=Alex|last=Heath|date=February 27, 2023|website=The Verge|access-date=February 28, 2023|archive-date=February 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228023241/https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/27/23614959/snapchat-my-ai-chatbot-chatgpt-openai-plus-subscription|url-status=live}}

ChatGPT initially used a Microsoft Azure supercomputing infrastructure, powered by Nvidia GPUs, that Microsoft built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost "hundreds of millions of dollars". Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft dramatically upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023.{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Emma |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Microsoft spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a ChatGPT supercomputer |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/13/23637675/microsoft-chatgpt-bing-millions-dollars-supercomputer-openai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330071711/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/13/23637675/microsoft-chatgpt-bing-millions-dollars-supercomputer-openai |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=March 30, 2023 |work=The Verge}} TrendForce market intelligence estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately $10,000–15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023.{{Cite web |title=Press Center - TrendForce Says with Cloud Companies Initiating AI Arms Race, GPU Demand from ChatGPT Could Reach 30,000 Chips as It Readies for Commercialization {{!}} TrendForce - Market research, price trend of DRAM, NAND Flash, LEDs, TFT-LCD and green energy, PV |url=https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20230301-11584.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173108/https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20230301-11584.html |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=TrendForce}}{{Cite web |author1=Zhiye Liu |date=March 1, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Will Command More Than 30,000 Nvidia GPUs: Report |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chatgpt-nvidia-30000-gpus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173108/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chatgpt-nvidia-30000-gpus |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}

Scientists at the University of California, Riverside, estimated in 2023 that a series of prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately {{Convert|0.5|L|sp=us}} of water for Microsoft servers cooling.{{cite web |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Artificial intelligence technology behind ChatGPT was built in Iowa — with a lot of water |url=https://apnews.com/article/chatgpt-gpt4-iowa-ai-water-consumption-microsoft-f551fde98083d17a7e8d904f8be822c4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910124944/https://apnews.com/article/chatgpt-gpt4-iowa-ai-water-consumption-microsoft-f551fde98083d17a7e8d904f8be822c4 |archive-date=September 10, 2023 |access-date=September 10, 2023 |website=AP News}}

File:Sam Altman CropEdit James Tamim.jpg]]

In March 2023, a bug allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65047304 |title=ChatGPT bug leaked users' conversation histories |date=March 22, 2023 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323075238/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65047304 |url-status=live}}{{cite magazine |last=Kan |first=Michael |title=OpenAI Confirms Leak of ChatGPT Conversation Histories |url=https://uk.pcmag.com/news/146059/openai-confirms-leak-of-chatgpt-conversation-histories |date=March 22, 2023 |magazine=PCMag |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322235108/https://uk.pcmag.com/news/146059/openai-confirms-leak-of-chatgpt-conversation-histories |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |author= |title=ChatGPT owner OpenAI fixes bug that exposed users' chat histories |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/chatgpt |date=March 23, 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324111804/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/chatgpt |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Metz |first=Rachel |title=OpenAI Shut Down ChatGPT to Fix Bug Exposing User Chat Titles |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/openai-shut-down-chatgpt-to-fix-bug-exposing-user-chat-titles |date=March 21, 2023 |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321182912/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/openai-shut-down-chatgpt-to-fix-bug-exposing-user-chat-titles |url-status=live}} Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, email address, payment address, the last four digits (only) of a credit card number, and credit card expiration date".{{Cite web |title=March 20 ChatGPT outage: Here's what happened |url=https://openai.com/blog/march-20-chatgpt-outage |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=openai.com |language=en-US |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328062558/https://openai.com/blog/march-20-chatgpt-outage |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=OpenAI: Sorry, ChatGPT Bug Leaked Payment Info to Other Users |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/openai-sorry-chatgpt-bug-leaked-payment-info-to-other-users |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=PCMAG |date=March 24, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328062600/https://www.pcmag.com/news/openai-sorry-chatgpt-bug-leaked-payment-info-to-other-users |url-status=live}}

ChatGPT is most reliable in American English but also functions in most other languages and dialects, with varying degrees of accuracy.{{Cite web |last=Shwartz |first=Vered |date=2024-02-13 |title=Artificial intelligence needs to be trained on culturally diverse datasets to avoid bias |url=https://theconversation.com/artificial-intelligence-needs-to-be-trained-on-culturally-diverse-datasets-to-avoid-bias-222811 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}

OpenAI met Icelandic President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson in 2022. In 2023, OpenAI worked with a team of 40 Icelandic volunteers to fine-tune ChatGPT's Icelandic conversation skills as a part of Iceland's attempts to preserve the Icelandic language.{{Cite news |last=Magnússon |first=Pétur |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Icelandic becomes ChatGPT's second language |url=https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-03-15-icelandic-becomes-chatgpts-second-language |access-date=March 31, 2023 |newspaper=Rúv |language=en |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331154701/https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-03-15-icelandic-becomes-chatgpts-second-language |url-status=live}}

Japanese researchers compared in July 2023 the Japanese to English translation abilities of ChatGPT (based on GPT-4), Bing, Bard and DeepL, and found that ChatGPT provided the best translations, noting that "AI chatbots' translations were much better than those of DeepL—presumably because of their ability to capture the context".{{Cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2023/07/18/language/japanese-english-ai-translation/ |title=ChatGPT, Bing, Bard and DeepL: Which one offers the best Japanese-to-English translation? |first=Karin |last=Kaneko |date=July 18, 2023 |website=The Japan Times |access-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004184917/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2023/07/18/language/japanese-english-ai-translation/ |url-status=live}}

In December 2023, the Albanian government signed an agreement with OpenAI to use ChatGPT for the rapid translation of European Union documents and the analysis of required changes needed for Albania's accession to the EU.{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Alice |date=December 13, 2023 |title=Albania to speed up EU accession using ChatGPT |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/albania-to-speed-up-eu-accession-using-chatgpt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224152827/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/albania-to-speed-up-eu-accession-using-chatgpt/ |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=Euractiv}}

PCMag journalists conducted in February 2024 a test to determine translation capabilities of ChatGPT, Google's Bard, and Microsoft Bing, and compared them to Google Translate. They "asked bilingual speakers of seven languages to do a blind test". Languages tested were Polish, French, Korean, Spanish, Arabic, Tagalog, and Amharic. They came to the conclusion that ChatGPT provided more accurate translations on average than both Google Translate and other chatbots.{{cite web |title=Google Translate vs. ChatGPT: Which One Is the Best Language Translator? |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/google-translate-vs-chatgpt-which-one-is-the-best-language-translator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610132257/https://www.pcmag.com/news/google-translate-vs-chatgpt-which-one-is-the-best-language-translator |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}

In August 2024, a representative of the Asia Pacific wing of OpenAI made a visit to Taiwan, during which a demonstration of ChatGPT's Chinese abilities was made.{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2024 |title=OpenAI亞太區公共政策總監造訪政大 探索人文AI的未來與可能性 |url=https://www.nccu.edu.tw/p/405-1000-17493,c87.php?Lang=zh-tw |url-status=live |access-date=August 25, 2024 |website=National Chengchi University, Office of International Cooperation |language=zh |archive-date=August 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824163310/https://www.nccu.edu.tw/p/405-1000-17493,c87.php?Lang=zh-tw }} ChatGPT's Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be "less than ideal" due to differences between mainland Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Mandarin.{{Cite news |last=Lin |first=Shu-yuan |date=August 25, 2024 |title=OpenAI高層訪台 ChatGPT講中文超順還能用台灣腔【獨家】 |url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/202408230117.aspx |url-status=live |work=Central News Agency |language=zh |access-date=August 24, 2024 |archive-date=August 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827070418/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/202408230117.aspx }}

{{Main|GPT Store}}

In January 2024, OpenAI launched the GPT Store, a marketplace for custom ChatGPT chatbots labeled GPTs.{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Introducing GPTs |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpts/ |website=OpenAI}}{{cite web | last=Metz | first=Cade | title=OpenAI Unveils App Store for Customized Versions of ChatGPT | website=The New York Times | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/10/technology/openai-app-store-chatgpt.html | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 7, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207010912/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/10/technology/openai-app-store-chatgpt.html | url-status=live }} The company initially planned to launch the store in November 2023, but it was delayed.{{cite web | last=David | first=Emilia | title=OpenAI's custom GPT Store is now open for business | website=The Verge | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/10/24032144/openai-chatgpt-gpt-store-ai-launch | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 18, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218012113/https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/10/24032144/openai-chatgpt-gpt-store-ai-launch | url-status=live }} At launch, the GPT Store offered more than 3 million custom chatbots.{{cite web | last=Shankland | first=Stephen | title=OpenAI's GPT Store Now Offers a Selection of 3 Million Custom AI Bots | website=CNET | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/openais-gpt-store-now-offers-a-selection-of-3-million-custom-ai-bots/ | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 8, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208050010/https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/openais-gpt-store-now-offers-a-selection-of-3-million-custom-ai-bots/ | url-status=live }} Chatbots available through the store are developed using OpenAI's GPT Builder system. Development of chatbots on the platform does not require programming skills.{{cite web | title=Introducing the GPT Store | website=OpenAI | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://openai.com/blog/introducing-the-gpt-store | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044210/https://openai.com/blog/introducing-the-gpt-store | url-status=live }} Two days after launch, the GPT Store offered many versions of "virtual girlfriend" bots, something that is against OpenAI's terms of service.{{cite web | last=Cheng | first=Michelle | title=AI girlfriend bots are already flooding OpenAI's GPT store | website=Quartz | date=January 11, 2024 | url=https://qz.com/ai-girlfriend-bots-are-already-flooding-openai-s-gpt-st-1851159131 | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 18, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218012936/https://qz.com/ai-girlfriend-bots-are-already-flooding-openai-s-gpt-st-1851159131 | url-status=live }}

{{Main|GPT-4}}

OpenAI's GPT-4 model was released on March 14, 2023. Observers saw it as an impressive improvement over GPT-3.5, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained many of the same problems.{{cite news |last1=Belfield |first1=Haydn |title=If your AI model is going to sell, it has to be safe |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/3/25/23655082/ai-openai-gpt-4-safety-microsoft-facebook-meta |access-date=March 30, 2023 |work=Vox |date=March 25, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328192017/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/3/25/23655082/ai-openai-gpt-4-safety-microsoft-facebook-meta |url-status=live}} Some of GPT-4's improvements were predicted by OpenAI before training it, while others remained hard to predict due to breaksCaballero, Ethan; Gupta, Kshitij; Rish, Irina; Krueger, David (2022). "Broken Neural Scaling Laws". International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2023. in downstream scaling laws. OpenAI demonstrated video and image inputs for GPT-4, although such features remain inaccessible to the general public.{{cite web |author1=Alex Hern |author2=Johana Bhuiyan |date=March 14, 2023 |title=OpenAI says new model GPT-4 is more creative and less likely to invent facts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/14/chat-gpt-4-new-model |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315003816/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/14/chat-gpt-4-new-model |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=The Guardian}} OpenAI has declined to reveal technical information such as the size of the GPT-4 model.{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=March 15, 2023 |title=OpenAI co-founder on company's past approach to openly sharing research: "We were wrong" |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/15/23640180/openai-gpt-4-launch-closed-research-ilya-sutskever-interview |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317210900/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/15/23640180/openai-gpt-4-launch-closed-research-ilya-sutskever-interview |url-status=live}}

The ChatGPT Plus subscription service offers access to a GPT-4-powered version of ChatGPT.{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=March 14, 2023 |title=OpenAI's GPT-4 exhibits "human-level performance" on professional benchmarks |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/openai-announces-gpt-4-its-next-generation-ai-language-model/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314225236/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/openai-announces-gpt-4-its-next-generation-ai-language-model/ |url-status=live}} Microsoft acknowledged that Bing Chat was using GPT-4 before GPT-4's official release.{{Cite web |last=Lardinois |first=Frederic |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Microsoft's new Bing was using GPT-4 all along |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/14/microsofts-new-bing-was-using-gpt-4-all-along/ |website=techcrunch.com |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315013650/https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/14/microsofts-new-bing-was-using-gpt-4-all-along/ |url-status=live}}

In November 2023, OpenAI launched GPT-4 Turbo, which notably has a much larger context window.{{Cite web |last=Drapkin |first=Aaron |date=November 7, 2023 |title=GPT-4 Turbo vs GPT-4: What Is OpenAI's ChatGPT Turbo? |url=https://tech.co/news/gpt-4-turbo-vs-gpt-4-openai-chatgpt |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=Tech.co |language=en-US |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514002040/https://tech.co/news/gpt-4-turbo-vs-gpt-4-openai-chatgpt |url-status=live }}

{{Main|GPT-4o}}

In May 2024, OpenAI announced and started a multi-month rollout of GPT-4o ("o" for "Omni"), a model capable of analyzing and generating text, images, and sound. GPT-4o is twice as fast and costs half as much as GPT-4 Turbo. GPT-4o is free to all users within a usage limit, despite being more capable than the older model GPT-4, which is only available through paid subscriptions. The usage limit is five times higher for ChatGPT Plus subscribers than for free users.{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Hayden |date=May 13, 2024 |title=OpenAI launches new AI model and desktop version of ChatGPT |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/13/openai-launches-new-ai-model-and-desktop-version-of-chatgpt.html |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522102551/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/13/openai-launches-new-ai-model-and-desktop-version-of-chatgpt.html |url-status=live }} The ability to generate images directly with GPT-4o (rather than through DALL-E 3) was added in March 2025.{{Cite web |last=Robison |first=Kylie |date=2025-03-25 |title=OpenAI rolls out image generation powered by GPT-4o to ChatGPT |url=https://www.theverge.com/openai/635118/chatgpt-sora-ai-image-generation-chatgpt |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}} On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface.{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=2024-07-18 |title=OpenAI launches GPT-4o mini, which will replace GPT-3.5 in ChatGPT |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/07/openai-launches-gpt-4o-mini-which-will-replace-gpt-3-5-in-chatgpt/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-US}} In April 2025, an update of GPT-4o was rolled back due to excessive sycophancy.{{Cite web |last=Franzen |first=Carl |date=2025-04-30 |title=OpenAI rolls back ChatGPT's sycophancy and explains what went wrong |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-rolls-back-chatgpts-sycophancy-and-explains-what-went-wrong/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}

{{Main|OpenAI o1}} {{see also|Reflection (artificial intelligence)}}In September 2024, OpenAI introduced o1-preview and a faster, cheaper model named o1-mini. In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1.{{Cite web |last=Franzen |first=Carl |date=2024-12-05 |title=OpenAI launches full o1 model with image uploads and analysis, debuts ChatGPT Pro |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-launches-full-o1-model-with-34-reduced-error-rate-debuts-chatgpt-pro/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}

o1 is designed to solve more complex problems by spending more time "thinking" before it answers, enabling it to analyze its answers and explore different strategies. According to OpenAI, o1-preview outperforms GPT-4o in areas like competitive programming, mathematics, and scientific reasoning. o1-preview ranked in the 89th percentile on Codeforces' competitive programming contests, scored 83% on a International Mathematics Olympiad qualifying exam (compared to 13% for GPT-4o), and performs similarly to Ph.D. students on benchmarks in physics, biology, and chemistry.{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=September 12, 2024 |title=OpenAI's new "reasoning" AI models are here: o1-preview and o1-mini |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/09/openais-new-reasoning-ai-models-are-here-o1-preview-and-o1-mini/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Introducing OpenAI o1-preview |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai-o1-preview/ |website=OpenAI}}

In December 2024, OpenAI launched ChatGPT Pro, a {{US dollar|200}} per month subscription which includes unlimited access to the o1 model and advanced voice mode.{{cite news |last=Robison |first=Kylie |date=December 5, 2024 |title=OpenAI is charging $200 a month for an exclusive version of its o1 'reasoning' model |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/5/24314147/openai-reasoning-model-o1-strawberry-chatgpt-pro-new-tier |work=The Verge |access-date=December 5, 2024}} The plan also includes a pro version of o1 which uses more compute to provide better answers.

In January 2025, OpenAI released a research preview of Operator, an agent capable of using its own browser to perform tasks. Operator is available to Pro users in the U.S.{{Cite web |title=Introducing Operator |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-operator/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=openai.com |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Lin |first=Belle |date=2025-01-23 |title=OpenAI's 'Operator' Agent Can Buy Groceries, File Expense Reports |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/openais-operator-agent-can-buy-groceries-file-expense-reports-030c30c0?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}

{{Main|ChatGPT Deep Research}}

In February 2025, OpenAI released deep research, a service based on o3 that combines advanced reasoning and web search capabilities to make comprehensive reports within 5 to 30 minutes.{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-02-03 |title=OpenAI unveils a new ChatGPT agent for 'deep research' |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/02/openai-unveils-a-new-chatgpt-agent-for-deep-research/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504154128/https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/02/openai-unveils-a-new-chatgpt-agent-for-deep-research/ |archive-date=2025-05-04 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}

Released in February 2025, GPT-4.5 was described by Altman as a "giant, expensive model".{{Cite web |last=Novet |first=Jordan |date=2025-02-27 |title=OpenAI launching GPT-4.5, its next general-purpose large language model |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/openai-launching-gpt-4point5-general-purpose-large-language-model.html |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=CNBC |language=en}} According to OpenAI, it features reduced hallucinations and enhanced pattern recognition, creativity, and user interaction.{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Introducing GPT-4.5 |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-4-5/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}

The following table lists the main model versions of ChatGPT, describing the significant changes included with each version:{{Cite web |title=ChatGPT Release - Note |url=https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes |website=OpenAI |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323004420/https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Achille |first=Belelli |title=ChatGPT Come Funziona |url=https://www.finanzadigitale.com/guide/chatgpt-come-funziona/ |website=FinanzaDigitale |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 21, 2024 |archive-date=August 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827070244/https://www.finanzadigitale.com/guide/chatgpt-come-funziona/ |url-status=live }}

File:Countries where ChatGPT is available.svg

OpenAI engineers have said that they had not expected ChatGPT to be very successful and were surprised by the coverage and attention that it received.{{cite web |last1=Heaven |first1=Will Douglas |title=The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103353/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}{{Cite magazine |last=Simons |first=John |date=February 5, 2023 |title=The Creator of ChatGPT Thinks AI Should Be Regulated |url=https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308004004/https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/ |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}{{cite web |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |title=ChatGPT Is Also an Impressive Feat of Marketing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-05-23/chatgpt-is-also-an-impressive-feat-of-marketing |publisher=bloomberg.com |access-date=May 24, 2023 |language=en |date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218161940/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-05-23/chatgpt-is-also-an-impressive-feat-of-marketing |url-status=live }}

ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and powerful capabilities. Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it "the best artificial intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public". Samantha Lock of The Guardian noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like" text.{{Cite web |last=Lock |first=Samantha |date=December 5, 2022 |title=What is AI chatbot phenomenon ChatGPT and could it replace humans? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116100346/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en-US}} Alex Kantrowitz of Slate magazine lauded ChatGPT's pushback to questions related to Nazi Germany, including the statement that Adolf Hitler built highways in Germany, which was met with information about Nazi Germany's use of forced labor.{{Cite web |last=Kantrowitz |first=Alex |date=December 2, 2022 |title=Finally, an A.I. Chatbot That Reliably Passes "the Nazi Test" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/12/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-whoa.html |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=Slate |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117012901/https://slate.com/technology/2022/12/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-whoa.html |url-status=live}} In The Atlantic magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, Derek Thompson included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is".{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Breakthroughs of the Year |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/12/technology-medicine-law-ai-10-breakthroughs-2022/672390/ |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=The Atlantic |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115142130/https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/12/technology-medicine-law-ai-10-breakthroughs-2022/672390/ |url-status=live}} Kelsey Piper of Vox wrote that "ChatGPT is the general public's first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten, and as a result, many of us are [stunned]" and that ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws". Paul Graham of Y Combinator tweeted: "The striking thing about the reaction to ChatGPT is not just the number of people who are blown away by it, but who they are. These are not people who get excited by every shiny new thing. Something big is happening."{{cite news |last1=Scharth |first1=Marcel |title=The ChatGPT chatbot is blowing people away with its writing skills. An expert explains why it's so impressive |url=https://theconversation.com/the-chatgpt-chatbot-is-blowing-people-away-with-its-writing-skills-an-expert-explains-why-its-so-impressive-195908 |date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=The Conversation |language=en |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175104/https://theconversation.com/the-chatgpt-chatbot-is-blowing-people-away-with-its-writing-skills-an-expert-explains-why-its-so-impressive-195908 |url-status=live}}

ChatGPT gained one million users in five days{{cite web |date=November 30, 2023 |title=ChatGPT turns 1: How the AI chatbot has completely changed the world |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/11/30/chatgpt-a-year-on-3-ways-the-ai-chatbot-has-completely-changed-the-world-in-12-months |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114025250/https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/11/30/chatgpt-a-year-on-3-ways-the-ai-chatbot-has-completely-changed-the-world-in-12-months |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=euronews |language=en}} and 100 million in two months, becoming the fastest-growing internet application in history. ChatGPT's launch and popularity caught Google off-guard, prompting a sweeping and unprecedented response in the ensuing months.{{Cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Levy |date=September 11, 2023 |title=Sundar Pichai on Google;s AI, Microsoft's AI, OpenAI, and ... Did We Mention AI? |url=https://www.wired.com/story/sundar-pichai-google-ai-microsoft-openai/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911124432/https://www.wired.com/story/sundar-pichai-google-ai-microsoft-openai/ |archive-date=September 11, 2023 |access-date=September 12, 2023 |magazine=Wired}} In December 2022, Google executives sounded a "code red" alarm, fearing that ChatGPT's question-answering ability posed a threat to Google Search, Google's core business.{{Cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Nico |last2=Metz |first2=Cade |date=December 21, 2022 |title=A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221100606/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}} After mobilizing its workforce, Google scrambled to launch Bard, a chatbot powered by the LaMDA LLM, on February 6, 2023, one day before Microsoft's announcement of Bing Chat.{{Cite news |last1=Alba |first1=Davey |last2=Love |first2=Julia |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Google releases ChatGPT rival AI 'Bard' to early testers |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206230415/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |issn=0458-3035}} AI was the forefront of Google's annual Google I/O conference in May, announcing a slew of generative AI-powered features across its products to counter OpenAI and Microsoft.{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Sabrina |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Every major AI feature announced at Google I/O 2023 |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/every-major-ai-feature-announced-at-google-io-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510224825/https://www.zdnet.com/article/every-major-ai-feature-announced-at-google-io-2023/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |access-date=September 12, 2023 |website=ZDNet}}

Journalists and scholars have commented on ChatGPT's tendency to hallucinate.{{cite news |title=ChatGPT a 'landmark event' for AI, but what does it mean for the future of human labor and disinformation? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/chatgpt-human-labour-and-fake-news-1.6686210 |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=CBC |date=December 15, 2022 |first=Mouhamad |last=Rachini |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175104/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/chatgpt-human-labour-and-fake-news-1.6686210 |url-status=live}} Mike Pearl of the online technology blog Mashable tested ChatGPT with multiple questions. In one example, he asked ChatGPT for "the largest country in Central America that isn't Mexico" (Mexico is in North America), to which ChatGPT responded with Guatemala (the correct answer is Nicaragua).{{Cite web |url=https://mashable.com/article/chatgpt-amazing-wrong |title=The ChatGPT chatbot from OpenAI is amazing, creative, and totally wrong |date=December 3, 2022 |last=Pearl |first=Mike |work=Mashable |access-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210025005/https://mashable.com/article/chatgpt-amazing-wrong |url-status=live}} When CNBC asked ChatGPT for the lyrics to "Ballad of Dwight Fry", ChatGPT supplied invented lyrics rather than the actual lyrics.{{cite news |last1=Pitt |first1=Sofia |title=Google vs. ChatGPT: Here's what happened when I swapped services for a day |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=CNBC |date=December 15, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171232/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html |url-status=live}} Writers for The Verge cited the seminal 2021 research paper "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜" by Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Margaret Mitchell,{{Cite book |last1=Bender |first1=Emily M. |last2=Gebru |first2=Timnit |last3=McMillan-Major |first3=Angelina |last4=Shmitchell |first4=Shmargaret |chapter=On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models be Too Big? 🦜 |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922 |series=FAccT '21 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=610–623 |doi=10.1145/3442188.3445922 |isbn=978-1-4503-8309-7}} comparing ChatGPT to a "stochastic parrot", as did Professor Anton Van Den Hengel of the Australian Institute for Machine Learning.{{cite news |last1=Mannix |first1=Liam |title=Is AI coming of age – or starting to reach its limits? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/is-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=December 13, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107013927/https://www.smh.com.au/national/is-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html |url-status=live}} On a similar vein, philosopher Michael Hicks of the University of Glasgow described it as "bullshit".{{Cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=Michael Townsen |last2=Humphries |first2=James |last3=Slater |first3=Joe |date=June 8, 2024 |title=ChatGPT is bullshit |journal=Ethics and Information Technology |volume=26 |issue=2 |page=38 |doi=10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5 |issn=1572-8439 |doi-access=free}}

In December 2022, the question-and-answer website Stack Overflow banned the use of ChatGPT for generating answers to questions, citing the factually ambiguous nature of its responses.{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=December 5, 2022 |title=AI-generated answers temporarily banned on coding Q&A site Stack Overflow |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers |access-date=December 5, 2022 |work=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117153621/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers |url-status=live}} In January 2023, the International Conference on Machine Learning banned any undocumented use of ChatGPT or other large language models to generate any text in submitted papers.{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Top AI conference bans use of ChatGPT and AI language tools to write academic papers |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper |access-date=January 6, 2023 |work=The Verge |date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131149/https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper |url-status=live}} Samsung banned generative AI company-wide in May 2023 after sensitive material was uploaded to ChatGPT.{{cite news |last1=Curry |first1=Rachel |title=Samsung among companies starting to draft ChatGPT policies for workers |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/13/samsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=CNBC |date=June 13, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614221252/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/13/samsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html |url-status=live }}

In January 2023, after being sent a song ChatGPT wrote in the style of Nick Cave,{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2023 |title='This song sucks': Nick Cave responds to ChatGPT song written in the style of Nick Cave |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave |access-date=January 17, 2023 |website=The Guardian |last=Cain |first=Sian |language=en |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118032435/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave |url-status=live}} Cave responded on The Red Hand Files,{{Cite web |last=Cave |first=Nick |date=January 16, 2023 |title=I asked Chat GPT to write a song in the style of Nick Cave, and this is what it produced. What do you think? |url=https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/ |access-date=January 20, 2023 |website=The Red Hand Files |series=Issue #218 |language=en-AU |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120080808/https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/ |url-status=live}} saying the act of writing a song is "a blood and guts business [...] that requires something of me to initiate the new and fresh idea. It requires my humanness." He went on to say, "With all the love and respect in the world, this song is bullshit, a grotesque mockery of what it is to be human, and, well, I don't much like it."{{Cite web |last=Sparrow |first=Jeff |date=January 20, 2023 |title=Are AI-generated songs a 'grotesque mockery' of humanity or simply an opportunity to make a new kind of music? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music |access-date=January 20, 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051254/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music |url-status=live}}

File:The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything.webp: "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything"]]

In February 2023, Time magazine placed a screenshot of a conversation with ChatGPT on its cover, writing that "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything" and "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying".{{Cite magazine |last1=Chow |first1=Andrew |last2=Perrigo |first2=Billy |date=February 16, 2023 |title=The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying |url=https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219175338/https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/ |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}

Chinese state media have characterized ChatGPT as a way for the United States to spread misinformation.{{cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |title='Political propaganda': China clamps down on access to ChatGPT |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/23/china-chatgpt-clamp-down-propaganda |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=February 23, 2023 |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614201453/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/23/china-chatgpt-clamp-down-propaganda |url-status=live }} ChatGPT was blocked by the Great Firewall in China on 2 March 2023.[https://restofworld.org/2024/when-china-blocked-ai-sites/ New data reveals exactly when the Chinese government blocked ChatGPT and other AI sites] In May 2023, Chinese police arrested a man who allegedly used ChatGPT to generate a bogus report about a train crash, which was then posted online for profit.{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Chris |date=May 9, 2023 |title=Chinese police detain man for allegedly using ChatGPT to spread rumors online |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/09/tech/china-arrest-chatgpt-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=December 26, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226204056/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/09/tech/china-arrest-chatgpt-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live }} In December 2023, Chinese police arrested four people who had allegedly used ChatGPT to develop ransomware.{{Cite web |last=Feng |first=Coco |date=December 29, 2023 |title=ChatGPT-aided ransomware in China results in four arrests |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3246612/chatgpt-aided-ransomware-china-results-four-arrests-ai-raises-cybersecurity-concerns |access-date=January 2, 2024 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=February 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204094840/https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3246612/chatgpt-aided-ransomware-china-results-four-arrests-ai-raises-cybersecurity-concerns |url-status=live }} In 2024, a survey of Chinese youth found that 18% of respondents born after 2000 reported using generative AI "almost every day" and that ChatGPT is one of the most popular generative AI products in China.{{cite web|author1=He Qitong|author2=Li Dongxu|url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1015263|title=Young Chinese Have Almost No Concerns About AI, Survey Finds|date=May 31, 2024|work=Sixth Tone}}

In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in Italy and opened an investigation. Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI's use of ChatGPT conversations as training data could violate Europe's General Data Protection Regulation.{{Cite news |date=March 31, 2023 |title=ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331142930/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last1=Borrelli |first1=Silvia Sciorilli |last2=Murgia |first2=Madhumita |date=March 31, 2023 |title=Italy temporarily bans ChatGPT over privacy concerns |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ce7ed9d-df95-4f5f-a3c7-ec8398ce9c50 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331145537/https://www.ft.com/content/3ce7ed9d-df95-4f5f-a3c7-ec8398ce9c50 |url-status=live}} In April 2023, the ChatGPT ban was lifted in Italy. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. Additionally, users can access its privacy policy before registration.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65431914 |title=ChatGPT accessible again in Italy |work=BBC |access-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501210324/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65431914 |url-status=live}}

In April 2023, Brian Hood, mayor of Hepburn Shire Council, planned to take legal action against ChatGPT over false information. According to Hood, ChatGPT erroneously claimed that he was jailed for bribery during his tenure at a subsidiary of Australia's national bank. In fact, Hood acted as a whistleblower and was not charged with any criminal offenses. His legal team sent a concerns notice to OpenAI as the first official step in filing a defamation case.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65202597 |last=Gerken |first=Tom|title=ChatGPT: Mayor starts legal bid over false bribery claim |work=BBC |access-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407014324/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65202597 |url-status=live}} In July 2023, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a civil investigative demand to OpenAI to investigate whether the company's data security and privacy practices to develop ChatGPT were unfair or harmed consumers (including by reputational harm) in violation of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914.{{cite news|last=Zakrzewski|first=Cat|date=July 13, 2023|title=The FTC is investigating whether ChatGPT harms consumers|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/13/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan/|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713153008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/13/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Tracy|first1=Ryan|last2=McKinnon|first2=John D.|date=July 13, 2023|title=ChatGPT Comes Under Investigation by Federal Trade Commission|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=News Corp|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chatgpt-under-investigation-by-ftc-21e4b3ef|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713134549/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chatgpt-under-investigation-by-ftc-21e4b3ef|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=July 13, 2023|title=FTC investigating ChatGPT-maker OpenAI for possible consumer harm|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/chatgpt-owner-openai-is-being-investigated-by-ftc.html|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713140119/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/chatgpt-owner-openai-is-being-investigated-by-ftc.html|url-status=live}}

In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and defamatory information. The FTC sent OpenAI a 20-page letter asking for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false and derogatory content about people.{{cite web |title=ChatGPT creator OpenAI faces US probe over libellous output |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/14/us-watchdog-probes-chatgpt-maker-openai-over-false-information |access-date=July 15, 2023 |website=Ars Technica |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715025721/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/14/us-watchdog-probes-chatgpt-maker-openai-over-false-information |url-status=live }}

A March 2023 Pew Research Center poll found that 14% of American adults had tried ChatGPT.{{cite news |last1=Vogels |first1=Emily A. |title=A majority of Americans have heard of ChatGPT, but few have tried it themselves |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/24/a-majority-of-americans-have-heard-of-chatgpt-but-few-have-tried-it-themselves/ |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=Pew Research Center |date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608181200/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/24/a-majority-of-americans-have-heard-of-chatgpt-but-few-have-tried-it-themselves/ |url-status=live }} In July, the Pew Research Center put the same figure at 18%.{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Eugenie |last2=Gelles-Watnick |first2=Risa |title=Most Americans haven't used ChatGPT; few think it will have a major impact on their job |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/08/28/most-americans-havent-used-chatgpt-few-think-it-will-have-a-major-impact-on-their-job/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=August 28, 2023 |access-date=December 23, 2023 |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224070256/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/08/28/most-americans-havent-used-chatgpt-few-think-it-will-have-a-major-impact-on-their-job/ |url-status=live }}

Research conducted in 2023 revealed weaknesses of ChatGPT that make it vulnerable to cyberattacks. A study presented example attacks on ChatGPT, including jailbreaks and reverse psychology. Additionally, malicious actors can use ChatGPT for social engineering attacks and phishing attacks. The researchers also contended that ChatGPT and other generative AI tools have defense capabilities and the ability to improve security. The technology can improve security by cyber defense automation, threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting.{{Cite journal |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300381 |title=From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy |date=2023 |last1=Gupta |first1=Maanak |last2=Akiri |first2=Charankumar |last3=Aryal |first3=Kshitiz |last4=Parker |first4=Eli |last5=Praharaj |first5=Lopamudra |journal=IEEE Access |volume=11 |pages=80218–80245 |bibcode=2023IEEEA..1180218G |s2cid=259316122 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2307.00691 }} Another study reported that GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.{{Cite web |last=Shrikant |first=Aditi |date=July 17, 2023 |title=ChatGPT can match the top 1% of creative human thinkers, says new study |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/17/study-chatgpt-can-match-the-top-1percent-of-creative-human-thinkers.html |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329005635/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/17/study-chatgpt-can-match-the-top-1percent-of-creative-human-thinkers.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Naprys |first=Ernestas |date=July 7, 2023 |title=AI already outscoring humans in creativity tests |url=https://cybernews.com/news/ai-already-outscoring-humans-creativity-tests/ |work=cybernews |access-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329005636/https://cybernews.com/news/ai-already-outscoring-humans-creativity-tests/ |url-status=live }}

In December 2023, ChatGPT became the first non-human to be included in Nature{{'}}s 10, an annual listicle curated by Nature of people considered to have made significant impact in science.{{Cite journal |last1=Van Noorden |first1=Richard |last2=Webb |first2=Richard |date=December 13, 2023 |title=ChatGPT and science: the AI system was a force in 2023 — for good and bad |journal=Nature |volume=624 |issue=7992 |page=509 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-03930-6|doi-access=free |pmid=38093061 |bibcode=2023Natur.624..509V }}{{Cite web |last=Mediavilla |first=Daniel |date=December 13, 2023 |title=La revista 'Nature' elige por primera vez entre sus científicos del año a un ente no humano: ChatGPT |url=https://elpais.com/ciencia/2023-12-13/la-revista-nature-elige-por-primera-vez-entre-sus-cientificos-del-ano-a-un-ente-no-humano-chatgpt.html |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=El País |language=es-ES |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215155208/https://elpais.com/ciencia/2023-12-13/la-revista-nature-elige-por-primera-vez-entre-sus-cientificos-del-ano-a-un-ente-no-humano-chatgpt.html |url-status=live }} Celeste Biever wrote in a Nature article that "ChatGPT broke the Turing test".{{cite journal |last1=Biever |first1=Celeste |title=ChatGPT broke the Turing test — the race is on for new ways to assess AI |journal=Nature |date=July 25, 2023 |volume=619 |issue=7971 |pages=686–689 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-02361-7 |pmid=37491395 |bibcode=2023Natur.619..686B |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02361-7 |access-date=March 26, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726211022/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02361-7 |url-status=live }} Stanford researchers reported that GPT-4 "passes a rigorous Turing test, diverging from average human behavior chiefly to be more cooperative."{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Cameron |title=Study finds ChatGPT's latest bot behaves like humans, only better {{!}} Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences |url=https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/study-finds-chatgpts-latest-bot-behaves-humans-only-better |website=humsci.stanford.edu |access-date=March 26, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=March 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326182336/https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/study-finds-chatgpts-latest-bot-behaves-humans-only-better |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Mei |first1=Qiaozhu |last2=Xie |first2=Yutong |last3=Yuan |first3=Walter |last4=Jackson |first4=Matthew O. |title=A Turing test of whether AI chatbots are behaviorally similar to humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=February 27, 2024 |volume=121 |issue=9 |pages=e2313925121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2313925121 |pmid=38386710 |pmc=10907317 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12113925M |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}

In May 2024, OpenAI removed accounts involving the use of ChatGPT by state-backed influence operations such as China's Spamouflage, Russia's Doppelganger, and Israel's Ministry of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism.{{Cite news |last=Bond |first=Shannon |date=May 30, 2024 |title=In a first, OpenAI removes influence operations tied to Russia, China and Israel |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/g-s1-1670/openai-influence-operations-china-russia-israel |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=NPR |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530183810/https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/g-s1-1670/openai-influence-operations-china-russia-israel |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Frenkel |first=Sheera |date=June 5, 2024 |title=Israel Secretly Targets U.S. Lawmakers With Influence Campaign on Gaza War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/05/technology/israel-campaign-gaza-social-media.html |access-date=June 5, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608232958/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/05/technology/israel-campaign-gaza-social-media.html |url-status=live }}

In August 2024, the FTC voted unanimously to ban marketers from using fake user reviews created by generative AI chatbots (including ChatGPT) and influencers paying for bots to increase follower counts.{{cite news|last=Picciotto|first=Rebecca|date=August 14, 2024|title=FTC bans fake online reviews, inflated social media influence; rule takes effect in October|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/14/ftc-bans-fake-reviews-social-media-influence-markers.html|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814223921/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/14/ftc-bans-fake-reviews-social-media-influence-markers.html|url-status=live}}

In February 2025, OpenAI identified and removed influence operations, termed "Peer Review" and "Sponsored Discontent", used to attack overseas Chinese dissidents.{{Cite news |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=2025-02-21 |title=OpenAI Uncovers Evidence of A.I.-Powered Chinese Surveillance Tool |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/21/technology/openai-chinese-surveillance.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |last=Fried |first=Ina |date=2025-02-21 |title=OpenAI finds new Chinese influence campaigns using its tools |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/02/21/openai-chinese-influence-campaigns |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Axios |language=en}}

{{See also|Applications of artificial intelligence}}

ChatGPT has been used to generate introductory sections and abstracts for scientific articles.{{Cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Catherine A. |last2=Howard |first2=Frederick M. |last3=Markov |first3=Nikolay S. |last4=Dyer |first4=Emma C. |last5=Ramesh |first5=Siddhi |last6=Luo |first6=Yuan |last7=Pearson |first7=Alexander T. |date=April 26, 2023 |title=Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to real abstracts with detectors and blinded human reviewers |journal=npj Digital Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=75 |doi=10.1038/s41746-023-00819-6 |issn=2398-6352 |pmc=10133283 |pmid=37100871}}{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2023 |last=Bushard |first=Brian |title=Fake Scientific Abstracts Written By ChatGPT Fooled Scientists, Study Finds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/01/10/fake-scientific-abstracts-written-by-chatgpt-fooled-scientists-study-finds/ |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051254/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/01/10/fake-scientific-abstracts-written-by-chatgpt-fooled-scientists-study-finds/ |url-status=live}} Several papers have listed ChatGPT as a co-author.{{Cite journal |last=Stokel-Walker |first=Chris |date=January 18, 2023 |title=ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00107-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=613 |issue=7945 |pages=620–621 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z |pmid=36653617 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..620S |s2cid=255969365 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130142004/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00107-z |url-status=live}}Almira Osmanovic Thunström and Steinn Steingrimsson of the Institut of Neuroscience and Physiology of the University of Gothenburg used GPT-3 in June 2022 to write an academic paper about itself. They found that using specific prompts the results were good if somewhat shallow and not self-critical enough. Also only few references were presented, some of them nonsensical. [https://hal.science/hal-03701250/document Can GPT-3 write an academic paper on itself, with minimal human input?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024122204/https://hal.science/hal-03701250/document |date=October 24, 2023 }}. 2022. ffhal-03701250

Scientific journals have had different reactions to ChatGPT. Some, including Nature and JAMA Network, "require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author". Science "completely banned" usage of LLM-generated text in all its journals.{{cite journal |last1=Brainard |first1=Jeffrey |title=As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies |journal=Science |date=February 22, 2023 |doi=10.1126/science.adh2937 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies |access-date=February 24, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224082118/https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies |url-status=live}}

Spanish chemist Rafael Luque published a plethora of research papers in 2023 that he later admitted were written by ChatGPT. The papers have a large number of unusual phrases characteristic of LLMs.{{notetag|Luque's later 13-year suspension from the University of Cordoba was unrelated to his use of ChatGPT.{{Cite web|url=https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-04-02/one-of-the-worlds-most-cited-scientists-rafael-luque-suspended-without-pay-for-13-years.html|title=One of the world's most cited scientists, Rafael Luque, suspended without pay for 13 years|first=Manuel|last=Ansede|date=April 2, 2023|website=EL PAÍS English|access-date=April 11, 2023|archive-date=April 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411112830/https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-04-02/one-of-the-worlds-most-cited-scientists-rafael-luque-suspended-without-pay-for-13-years.html|url-status=live}}}} Many authors argue that the use of ChatGPT in academia for teaching and review is problematic due to its tendency to hallucinate.{{Cite journal |last1=Alkaissi |first1=Hussam |last2=McFarlane |first2=Samy I. |last3=Alkaissi |first3=Hussam |last4=McFarlane |first4=Samy I. |date=February 19, 2023 |title=Artificial Hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in Scientific Writing |journal=Cureus |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=e35179 |doi=10.7759/cureus.35179 |doi-access=free |pmid=36811129 |pmc=9939079 |issn=2168-8184 }}{{Cite news |last=Vynck |first=Gerrit De |date=May 31, 2023 |title=ChatGPT 'hallucinates.' Some researchers worry it isn't fixable. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/30/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bard-trustworthy/ |access-date=June 14, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617021157/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/30/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bard-trustworthy/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last1=Azamfirei |first1=Razvan |last2=Kudchadkar |first2=Sapna R. |last3=Fackler |first3=James |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Large language models and the perils of their hallucinations |journal=Critical Care |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=120 |doi=10.1186/s13054-023-04393-x |issn=1364-8535 |pmc=10032023 |pmid=36945051 |doi-access=free }} Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at Tilburg University, found that a ChatGPT-generated peer review report on his article mentioned nonexistent studies.{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2023 |title='ChatGPT-generated reading list' sparks AI peer review debate |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/chatgpt-generated-reading-list-sparks-ai-peer-review-debate |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Times Higher Education |url-access=subscription |first1=Jack |last1=Grove |language=en |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523005906/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/chatgpt-generated-reading-list-sparks-ai-peer-review-debate |url-status=live }} According to librarian Chris Granatino of Lemieux Library at Seattle University, although ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real or are largely incorrect.{{Cite web |title=ChatGPT and AI Hallucination |first1=Chris |last1=Granatino |date=May 5, 2023 |url=https://library.seattleu.edu/friendly.php?s=blog/ChatGPT-and-AI-Hallucination |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Lemieux Library at Seattle University |language=en |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218162047/https://library.seattleu.edu/friendly.php?s=blog/ChatGPT-and-AI-Hallucination |url-status=live }}

Researchers at Purdue University analyzed ChatGPT's responses to 517 questions about software engineering or computer programming posed on Stack Overflow for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision, and found that 52% of them contained inaccuracies and 77% were verbose.{{cite news|last=Morrison|first=Ryan|date=August 8, 2023|title=ChatGPT wrong over half the time on software questions|website=Tech Monitor|publisher=New Statesman Media Group|url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ai-and-automation/chatgpt-wrong-over-half-the-time-on-software-questions|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205051845/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ai-and-automation/chatgpt-wrong-over-half-the-time-on-software-questions|url-status=live}}{{Cite arXiv|last1=Kabir|first1=Samia|last2=Udo-Imeh|first2=David N.|last3=Kou|first3=Bonan|last4=Zhang|first4=Tianyi|date=August 10, 2023|title=Who Answers It Better? An In-Depth Analysis of ChatGPT and Stack Overflow Answers to Software Engineering Questions|class=cs.SE |eprint=2308.02312v3}} Researchers at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, found that, when creating directly executable responses to the latest 50 code generation problems from LeetCode that were rated "easy", the performances of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 fell from 22% and 52%, respectively, in March 2023, to 2% and 10%, respectively, in June 2023.{{cite news|last=Pressman|first=Aaron|date=November 8, 2023|title=The AI boom is shaking up the tech industry and moving markets. But is it all a mirage?|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/11/08/business/ai-boom-hype-tech-markets/|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205205307/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/11/08/business/ai-boom-hype-tech-markets/|url-status=live}}{{Cite arXiv|last1=Chen|first1=Lingjiao|last2=Zaharia|first2=Matei|last3=Zou|first3=James|date=October 31, 2023|title=How is ChatGPT's behavior changing over time?|class=cs.CL |eprint=2307.09009v3}}

Check Point Research and others noted that ChatGPT could write phishing emails and malware, especially when combined with OpenAI Codex. CyberArk researchers demonstrated that ChatGPT could be used to create polymorphic malware that could evade security products while requiring little effort by the attacker.{{Cite web |last1=Shimony |first1=Eran |last2=Tsarfati |first2=Omer |date=January 17, 2023 |title=Chatting Our Way Into Creating a Polymorphic Malware |url=https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/chatting-our-way-into-creating-a-polymorphic-malware |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512092411/https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/chatting-our-way-into-creating-a-polymorphic-malware |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=CyberArk |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Mascellino |first=Alessandro |date=January 18, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Creates Polymorphic Malware |url=https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/chatgpt-creates-polymorphic-malware/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512092411/https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/chatgpt-creates-polymorphic-malware/ |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=Infosecurity Magazine}} From the launch of ChatGPT in the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023, there was a 1,265% increase in malicious phishing emails and a 967% increase in credential phishing, which cybersecurity professionals argued in an industry survey was attributable to cybercriminals' increased use of generative artificial intelligence (including ChatGPT).{{cite news |last=Violino |first=Bob |date=November 28, 2023 |title=AI tools such as ChatGPT are generating a mammoth increase in malicious phishing emails |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/28/ai-like-chatgpt-is-creating-huge-increase-in-malicious-phishing-email.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205012011/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/28/ai-like-chatgpt-is-creating-huge-increase-in-malicious-phishing-email.html |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2023 |publisher=CNBC}}

In July 2024, Futurism reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link "scam news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings"; these pop-ups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or potentially unwanted programs.{{cite news |last=Dupré |first=Maggie Harrison |date=July 1, 2024 |title=ChatGPT-4o Is Sending Users to a Scammy Website That Floods Your Screen With Fake Virus Warnings |url=https://futurism.com/chatgpt-fake-virus-warnings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701162535/https://futurism.com/chatgpt-fake-virus-warnings |archive-date=July 1, 2024 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |work=Futurism}}

There has been concern that ChatGPT could supplant jobs, especially roles such as creative writing, copywriting, communication, journalism, coding, and data entry.{{cite news |last1=Bilton |first1=Nick |title=ChatGPT Made Me Question What It Means to Be a Creative Human |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/12/chatgpt-question-creative-human-robotos |access-date=June 20, 2023 |publisher=Vanity Fair |date=December 9, 2022 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325130911/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/12/chatgpt-question-creative-human-robotos |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Beres |first1=Damon |title=Death by a Thousand Personality Quizzes |access-date=June 20, 2023 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/01/buzzfeed-using-chatgpt-openai-creating-personality-quizzes/672880 |publisher=The Atlantic |date=January 27, 2023 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621212112/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/01/buzzfeed-using-chatgpt-openai-creating-personality-quizzes/672880/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=Megan |title=Some workers are worried that ChatGPT will replace their jobs. They might be right |url=https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |access-date=June 20, 2023 |publisher=Fortune |date=March 25, 2023 |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619171850/https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Pranshu |last2=Vynck |first2=Gerrit De |date=June 5, 2023 |title=ChatGPT took their jobs. Now they walk dogs and fix air conditioners. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/06/02/ai-taking-jobs/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313215338/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/06/02/ai-taking-jobs/ |url-status=live }}

The release of ChatGPT prompted a wave of investment in China, resulting in the development of more than 200 large language learning models.{{Cite book |last1=Bachulska |first1=Alicja |url=https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ |title=The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People |last2=Leonard |first2=Mark |last3=Oertel |first3=Janka |date=July 2, 2024 |publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations |isbn=978-1-916682-42-9 |location=Berlin, Germany |pages= |format=EPUB |access-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717120845/https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |url-status=live}}{{Rp|page=95}} This was termed the {{lang-zh|s=百模大战|p=bai mo dazhan|labels=no|tr=war of a hundred models|out=tr}}.{{Rp|page=95}}

{{Main|ChatGPT in education}}

File:Books about ChatGPT in Osaka bookstore.jpg

Technology writer Dan Gillmor used ChatGPT in 2022 on a student assignment, and found its generated text was on par with what a good student would deliver and opined that "academia has some very serious issues to confront".{{Cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=December 4, 2022 |title=AI bot ChatGPT stuns academics with essay-writing skills and usability |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/04/ai-bot-chatgpt-stuns-academics-with-essay-writing-skills-and-usability |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117155456/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/04/ai-bot-chatgpt-stuns-academics-with-essay-writing-skills-and-usability |url-status=live}}

Geography professor Terence Day assessed in 2023 citations generated by ChatGPT and found them to be fake. Despite this, he writes that "the titles of the fake articles are all directly relevant to the questions and could potentially make excellent papers. The lack of a genuine citation could signal an opportunity for an enterprising author to fill a void." According to Day, it is possible to generate high-quality introductory college courses using ChatGPT; he used it to write materials for "introductory physical geography courses, my second-year course in geographical hydrology, and second-year cartography, geographic information systems, and remote sensing." He concludes that "this approach could have significant relevance for open learning and could potentially affect current textbook publishing models."{{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=Terence |date=April 12, 2023 |title=A Preliminary Investigation of Fake Peer-Reviewed Citations and References Generated by ChatGPT |journal=The Professional Geographer |language=en |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=1024–1027 |bibcode=2023ProfG..75.1024D |doi=10.1080/00330124.2023.2190373 |issn=0033-0124 |s2cid=258115209 |doi-access=free}} ChatGPT was also seen as an opportunity for cheap and individualized tutoring, leading to the creation of specialized chatbots like Khanmigo.{{Cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Sarah |date=2023-05-30 |title=What ChatGPT Could Mean for Tutoring |url=https://www.edweek.org/technology/what-chatgpt-could-mean-for-tutoring/2023/05 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=Education Week |language=en |issn=0277-4232}}

On May 7, 2024, OpenAI announced in a blog post that it was developing tools like tamper-resistant watermarking to identify AI-generated content.{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Understanding the source of what we see and hear online |url=https://openai.com/index/understanding-the-source-of-what-we-see-and-hear-online/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927165136/https://openai.com/index/understanding-the-source-of-what-we-see-and-hear-online/ |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |website=OpenAI}} In an August 4 update, following a Wall Street Journal report about the delayed release of a watermark tool for AI-detection,{{Cite news |date=August 4, 2024 |title=There's a Tool to Catch Students Cheating With ChatGPT. OpenAI Hasn't Released It. |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openai-tool-chatgpt-cheating-writing-135b755a |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 30, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=August 5, 2024 |title=OpenAI won't watermark ChatGPT text because its users could get caught |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/4/24213268/openai-chatgpt-text-watermark-cheat-detection-tool |access-date=August 24, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}} OpenAI shared progress on text provenance, revealing a text watermarking method. While accurate against paraphrasing, the method is less effective against global tampering, such as translation or rewording. OpenAI also noted potential disproportionate impacts on groups like non-native English speakers.{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2024-08-04 |title=OpenAI says it's taking a 'deliberate approach' to releasing tools that can detect writing from ChatGPT |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/08/04/openai-says-its-taking-a-deliberate-approach-to-releasing-tools-that-can-detect-writing-from-chatgpt/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}{{cite journal |last1=Ravšelj |first1=Dejan |last2=Keržič |first2=Damijana |last3=Tomaževič |first3=Nina |last4=Umek |first4=Lan |last5=Brezovar |first5=Nejc |last6=Aristovnik |first6=Aleksander. |title=Higher education students' perceptions of ChatGPT: A global study of early reactions |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2025 |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=e0315011 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0315011 |doi-access=free |pmid=39908277 |pmc=11798494 |bibcode=2025PLoSO..2015011R }}

File:ChatGPT street art in Tel Aviv.jpg{{cite web |title=Экономист Дарон Асемоглу написал книгу об угрозах искусственного интеллекта — и о том, как правильное управление может обратить его на пользу человечеству Спецкор "Медузы" Маргарита Лютова узнала у ученого, как скоро мир сможет приблизиться к этой утопии |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/06/19/ekonomist-daron-asemoglu-napisal-knigu-ob-ugrozah-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i-o-tom-kak-pravilnoe-upravlenie-mozhet-obratit-ego-na-polzu-chelovechestvu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620234007/https://meduza.io/feature/2023/06/19/ekonomist-daron-asemoglu-napisal-knigu-ob-ugrozah-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i-o-tom-kak-pravilnoe-upravlenie-mozhet-obratit-ego-na-polzu-chelovechestvu |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}{{cite web |date=June 2, 2023 |title=Learning, thinking, artistic collaboration and other such human endeavours in the age of AI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-technology-human-labour-intelligence-creativity/article66914412.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621174339/https://www.thehindu.com/society/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-technology-human-labour-intelligence-creativity/article66914412.ece |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}]]

Some scholars have expressed concern that ChatGPT's availability could reduce the originality of writing, cause people to write more like the AI as they are exposed to the model, and encourage an Anglocentric perspective centered on a few dialects of English globally.{{cite news |last1=Samuel |first1=Sigal |date=April 10, 2023 |title=What happens when ChatGPT starts to feed on its own writing? |url=https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619171850/https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |access-date=June 20, 2023 |publisher=Vox}} A senior editor at The Atlantic wrote that ChatGPT and other similar technology make the previously absurd idea of the dead internet theory a little more realistic, where AI could someday create most web content in order to control society.

During the first three months after ChatGPT became available to the public, hundreds of books appeared on Amazon that listed it as author or co-author and featured illustrations made by other AI models such as Midjourney.{{cite web |last1=Nolan |first1=Beatrice |title=More than 200 books in Amazon's bookstore have ChatGPT listed as an author or coauthor |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309161926/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2 |archive-date=March 9, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=Business Insider}}{{cite web |last1=Bensinger |first1=Greg |date=February 21, 2023 |title=ChatGPT launches boom in AI-written e-books on Amazon |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-launches-boom-ai-written-e-books-amazon-2023-02-21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309161926/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-launches-boom-ai-written-e-books-amazon-2023-02-21/ |archive-date=March 9, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=Reuters |language=en}}

Between March and April 2023, Italian newspaper Il Foglio published one ChatGPT-generated article a day on its website, hosting a special contest for its readers in the process.{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2023 |title=ChatGPT sul Foglio: per 30 giorni piccoli testi scritti dall'IA sul nostro giornale |trans-title=ChatGPT on Il Foglio: for 30 days, brief texts written by the AI on our newspaper |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/07/news/chatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094012/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/07/news/chatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT}} The articles tackled themes such as the possible replacement of human journalists by AI systems,{{Cite web |last=Moretti |first=Marco |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Articoli artificiali? No |trans-title=Artificial articles? No |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/08/news/articoli-artificiali-no-5067825/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094018/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/08/news/articoli-artificiali-no-5067825/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT}} Elon Musk's administration of Twitter,{{Cite web |last=A.D.A. |date=March 9, 2023 |title=Più umani, grazie |trans-title=Be more human, thanks |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/09/news/piu-umani-grazie-5067829/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094014/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/09/news/piu-umani-grazie-5067829/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT}} the Meloni government's immigration policy{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Le colpe farlocche dell'"invasione" |trans-title=The fake faults of the "invasion" |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/03/14/news/le-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094015/https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/03/14/news/le-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT}} and the competition between chatbots and virtual assistants.{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2023 |title=Sfida per Siri e Alexa |trans-title=A challenge for Siri and Alexa |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094017/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT}} In June 2023, hundreds of people attended a "ChatGPT-powered church service" at St. Paul's church in Fürth, Germany. Theologian and philosopher Jonas Simmerlein, who presided, said that it was "about 98 percent from the machine".{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |date=June 12, 2023 |title=AI-powered church service in Germany draws a large crowd |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613231504/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/ |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}{{cite web |title=Hundreds of Protestants attended a sermon in Nuremberg given by ChatGPT, which told them not to fear death |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611124039/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6 |archive-date=June 11, 2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=Business Insider}} The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, "Dear friends, it is an honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this year's convention of Protestants in Germany". Reactions to the ceremony were mixed.{{cite web |date=June 10, 2023 |title=Hundreds attend AI church service in Germany |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/ai-chruch-germany-6090108-Jun2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612171951/https://www.thejournal.ie/ai-chruch-germany-6090108-Jun2023/ |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=TheJournal.ie |language=en}} The Last Screenwriter, a 2024 film created and directed by Peter Luisi, was written with the use of ChatGPT, and was marketed as "the first film written entirely by AI".{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=James W |date=June 19, 2024 |title=Prince Charles Cinema drops AI-written film following backlash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjll3w15j0yo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619142418/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjll3w15j0yo |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |accessdate=June 19, 2024 |website=BBC News}}

The AI technology company c3.ai saw a 28% increase in its share price after announcing the integration of ChatGPT into its toolkit.{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Matthew |date=January 31, 2023 |title=C3ai has soared 86% year-to-date as investor frenzy for artificial intelligence builds amid ChatGPT success |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/c3ai-stock-price-chatgpt-investor-frenzy-openai-success-artificial-intelligence-2023-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218113844/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/c3ai-stock-price-chatgpt-investor-frenzy-openai-success-artificial-intelligence-2023-1 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |website=Markets Insider (Business Insider) |language=en-US}} The share price of BuzzFeed, a digital media company unrelated to AI, increased 120% after announcing OpenAI technology adoption for content creation.{{Cite news |last1=Diaz |first1=Alicia |last2=Smith |first2=Gerry |date=January 26, 2023 |title=BuzzFeed Shares Surge 120% on Plans to Embrace OpenAI |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-26/buzzfeed-bzfd-triples-on-plans-to-embrace-openai-for-content |access-date=May 22, 2023 }} Reuters found that share prices of AI-related companies BigBear.ai and SoundHound AI increased by 21% and 40%, respectively, even though they had no direct connection to ChatGPT.{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Medha |last2=Biswas |first2=Ankika |date=February 6, 2023 |title=AI stocks rally in latest Wall Street craze sparked by ChatGPT |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/ai-stocks-rally-latest-wall-street-craze-sparked-by-chatgpt-2023-02-06/ |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025014/https://www.reuters.com/technology/ai-stocks-rally-latest-wall-street-craze-sparked-by-chatgpt-2023-02-06/ |archive-date=March 29, 2023}} They attributed this surge to ChatGPT's role in turning AI into Wall Street's buzzword. Academic research published in Finance Research Letters found that the 'ChatGPT effect' prompted retail investors to drive up prices of AI-related cryptocurrency assets despite the broader cryptocurrency market being in a bear market, and diminished institutional investor interest.{{Cite journal |last1=Saggu |first1=Aman |last2=Ante |first2=Lennart |date=May 8, 2023 |title=The influence of ChatGPT on artificial intelligence-related crypto assets: Evidence from a synthetic control analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544612323003653 |journal=Finance Research Letters |volume=55 |language=en |pages=103993 |doi=10.1016/j.frl.2023.103993 |arxiv=2305.12739 |s2cid=258573881 |issn=1544-6123}} This confirms anecdotal findings by Bloomberg that, in response to ChatGPT's launch, cryptocurrency investors showed a preference for AI-related crypto assets.{{Cite news |last1=Hajric |first1=Vildana |last2=Shen |first2=Muyao |date=February 9, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Mania Spurs Crypto Fans' Stampede to 'Faddish' AI Tokens |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-09/crypto-fans-pile-into-faddish-ai-tokens-as-chatgpt-mania-grows |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209143804/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-09/crypto-fans-pile-into-faddish-ai-tokens-as-chatgpt-mania-grows |url-status=live }}

An experiment by finder.com revealed that ChatGPT could outperform popular fund managers by picking stocks based on criteria such as growth history and debt levels, resulting in a 4.9% increase in a hypothetical account of 38 stocks, outperforming 10 benchmarked investment funds with an average loss of 0.8%.{{Cite news |last=Cooban |first=Anna |date=May 5, 2023 |title=ChatGPT can pick stocks better than your fund manager |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/05/investing/chatgpt-outperforms-investment-funds/index.html |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145318/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/05/investing/chatgpt-outperforms-investment-funds/index.html |url-status=live }} Conversely, executives and investment managers at Wall Street quant funds (including those that have used machine learning for decades) have noted that ChatGPT regularly makes obvious errors that would be financially costly to investors because even AI systems that employ reinforcement learning or self-learning have had only limited success in predicting market trends due to the inherently noisy quality of market data and financial signals.{{cite news|last=Zuckerman|first=Gregory|date=April 12, 2023|title=AI Can Write a Song, but It Can't Beat the Market|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=News Corp|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-can-write-a-song-but-it-cant-beat-the-market-6df50efd|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530004827/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-can-write-a-song-but-it-cant-beat-the-market-6df50efd|url-status=live}}

In November 2023, research conducted by Patronus AI, an artificial intelligence startup company, compared performance of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, Claude 2, and LLaMA-2 on two versions of a 150-question test about information in financial statements (e.g., Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K, earnings reports, earnings call transcripts) submitted by public companies to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. One version of the test required the generative AI models to use a retrieval system to find the specific SEC filing to answer the questions; the other gave the models the specific SEC filing to answer the question (i.e., in a long context window). On the retrieval system version, GPT-4-Turbo and LLaMA-2 both failed to produce correct answers to 81% of the questions, while on the long context window version, GPT-4-Turbo and Claude-2 failed to produce correct answers to 21% and 24% of the questions, respectively.{{cite news|last=Leswing|first=Kif|date=December 19, 2023|title=GPT and other AI models can't analyze an SEC filing, researchers find|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/19/gpt-and-other-ai-models-cant-analyze-an-sec-filing-researchers-find.html|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=December 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219130436/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/19/gpt-and-other-ai-models-cant-analyze-an-sec-filing-researchers-find.html|url-status=live}}{{cite press release|title=Patronus AI Launches Industry-first LLM Benchmark for Finance to Address Hallucinations|date=November 16, 2023|publisher=PR Newswire|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/patronus-ai-launches-industry-first-llm-benchmark-for-finance-to-address-hallucinations-301990858.html|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=December 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219145301/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/patronus-ai-launches-industry-first-llm-benchmark-for-finance-to-address-hallucinations-301990858.html|url-status=live}}

{{See also|Artificial intelligence in healthcare}}{{Update|part=section|date=February 2025}}

In the field of health care, possible uses and concerns are under scrutiny by professional associations and practitioners.{{Cite journal |last=The Lancet Digital Health |date=March 3, 2023 |title=ChatGPT: friend or foe? |journal=The Lancet Digital Health |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=e102 |doi=10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00023-7 |pmid=36754723 |s2cid=256659547 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Asch |first=David A. |date=April 4, 2023 |title=An Interview with ChatGPT About Health Care |url=https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.23.0043 |journal=NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.1056/CAT.23.0043 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629204955/https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.23.0043 |url-status=live }} Two early papers indicated that ChatGPT could pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE).{{Cite news |last=DePeau-Wilson |first=Michael |date=January 19, 2023 |title=AI Passes U.S. Medical Licensing Exam |work=MedPage Today |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/102705 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409211356/https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/102705 |url-status=live}} MedPage Today noted in January 2023 that "researchers have published several papers now touting these AI programs as useful tools in medical education, research, and even clinical decision making."

Published in February 2023 were two separate papers that again evaluated ChatGPT's proficiency in medicine using the USMLE. Findings were published in JMIR Medical Education and PLOS Digital Health. The authors of the PLOS Digital Health paper stated that the results "suggest that large language models may have the potential to assist with medical education, and potentially, clinical decision-making."{{Cite journal |last1=Kung |first1=Tiffany H. |last2=Cheatham |first2=Morgan |last3=Medenilla |first3=Arielle |last4=Sillos |first4=Czarina |last5=Leon |first5=Lorie De |last6=Elepaño |first6=Camille |last7=Madriaga |first7=Maria |last8=Aggabao |first8=Rimel |last9=Diaz-Candido |first9=Giezel |last10=Maningo |first10=James |last11=Tseng |first11=Victor |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models |journal=PLOS Digital Health |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=e0000198 |doi=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198 |issn=2767-3170 |pmc=9931230 |pmid=36812645 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite news |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Expert reaction to study on ChatGPT almost passing the US Medical Licensing Exam |work=Science Media Centre |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-on-chatgpt-almost-passing-the-us-medical-licensing-exam/ |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424073104/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-on-chatgpt-almost-passing-the-us-medical-licensing-exam/ |url-status=live}} In JMIR Medical Education, the authors of the other paper concluded that "ChatGPT performs at a level expected of a third-year medical student on the assessment of the primary competency of medical knowledge." They suggest that it could be used as an "interactive learning environment for students". The AI itself, prompted by the researchers, concluded that "this study suggests that ChatGPT has the potential to be used as a virtual medical tutor, but more research is needed to further assess its performance and usability in this context."{{Cite journal |last1=Gilson |first1=Aidan |last2=Safranek |first2=Conrad W. |last3=Huang |first3=Thomas |last4=Socrates |first4=Vimig |last5=Chi |first5=Ling |last6=Taylor |first6=Richard Andrew |last7=Chartash |first7=David |date=February 8, 2023 |title=How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment |journal=JMIR Medical Education |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e45312 |doi=10.2196/45312 |pmc=9947764 |pmid=36753318 |doi-access=free }} The later-released ChatGPT version based on GPT-4 significantly outperformed the version based on GPT-3.5.{{Cite web |last=Brueck |first=Hilary |title=The newest version of ChatGPT passed the US medical licensing exam with flying colors — and diagnosed a 1 in 100,000 condition in seconds |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-passes-medical-exam-diagnoses-rare-condition-2023-4 |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127215803/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-passes-medical-exam-diagnoses-rare-condition-2023-4 |url-status=live }} Researchers at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley have found that the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on the USMLE declined from March 2023 to June 2023.

A March 2023 paper tested ChatGPT's application in clinical toxicology. The authors found that the AI "fared well" in answering a "very straightforward [clinical case example], unlikely to be missed by any practitioner in the field". They added: "As ChatGPT becomes further developed and specifically adapted for medicine, it could one day be useful in less common clinical cases (i.e, cases that experts sometimes miss). Rather than AI replacing humans (clinicians), we see it as 'clinicians using AI' replacing 'clinicians who do not use AI' in the coming years."{{Cite journal |last1=Abdel-Messih |first1=Mary Sabry |last2=Boulos |first2=Maged N. Kamel |date=March 8, 2023 |title=ChatGPT in Clinical Toxicology |journal=JMIR Medical Education |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e46876 |doi=10.2196/46876 |pmid=36867743 |pmc=10034604 |doi-access=free }}

An April 2023 study in Radiology tested the AI's ability to answer queries about breast cancer screening. The authors found that it answered appropriately "about 88 percent of the time", however, in one case (for example), it gave advice that had become outdated about a year earlier. The comprehensiveness of its answers was also lacking.{{Cite journal |last1=Haver |first1=Hana L |last2=Ambinder |first2=Emily B |last3=Bahl |first3=Manisha |last4=Oluyemi |first4=Eniola T |last5=Jeudy |first5=Jean |last6=Yi |first6=Paul H |date=April 4, 2023 |title=Appropriateness of Breast Cancer Prevention and Screening Recommendations Provided by ChatGPT |url=https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.230424 |journal=Radiology |volume=307 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=230424 |doi=10.1148/radiol.230424 |pmid=37014239 |s2cid=257923990 |issn=0033-8419 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200040/https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.230424 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Kotz |first=Deborah |date=April 4, 2023 |title=UM School of Medicine Study Finds ChatGPT Helpful for Breast Cancer Screening Advice, With Certain Caveats |work=University of Maryland School of Medicine |url=https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/news/2023/UM-School-of-Medicine-Study-Finds-ChatGPT-Helpful-for-Breast-Cancer-Screening-Advice-With-Certain-Caveats-.html |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200048/https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/news/2023/UM-School-of-Medicine-Study-Finds-ChatGPT-Helpful-for-Breast-Cancer-Screening-Advice-With-Certain-Caveats-.html |url-status=live }} A study published in JAMA Internal Medicine that same month found that ChatGPT often outperformed human doctors at answering patient questions (when measured against questions and answers found at /r/AskDocs, a forum on Reddit where moderators validate the medical credentials of professionals; the study acknowledges the source as a limitation).{{Cite journal |last1=Ayers |first1=John W. |last2=Poliak |first2=Adam |last3=Dredze |first3=Mark |last4=Leas |first4=Eric C. |last5=Zhu |first5=Zechariah |last6=Kelley |first6=Jessica B. |last7=Faix |first7=Dennis J. |last8=Goodman |first8=Aaron M. |last9=Longhurst |first9=Christopher A. |last10=Hogarth |first10=Michael |last11=Smith |first11=Davey M. |date=April 28, 2023 |title=Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=589–596 |language=en |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1838 |issn=2168-6106 |pmc=10148230 |pmid=37115527 }}{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Andrea |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Does ChatGPT really outshine doctors? Or just on social media? |work=Healthcare IT News |publisher=HIMSS Media |url=https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/does-chatgpt-really-outshine-doctors-or-just-social-media |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504122412/https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/does-chatgpt-really-outshine-doctors-or-just-social-media |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2023 |title=The doctor is out, but it's OK. ChatGPT can answer your questions |work=Hub |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/04/28/study-chatgpt-outperforms-human-physicians/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505203302/https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/04/28/study-chatgpt-outperforms-human-physicians/ |url-status=live }} The study authors suggest that the tool could be integrated with medical systems to help doctors draft responses to patient questions.{{Cite news |last=Ono |first=Mika |date=April 28, 2023 |title=Study Finds ChatGPT Outperforms Physicians in High-Quality, Empathetic Answers to Patient Questions |work=UC San Diego Today |url=https://today.ucsd.edu/story/study-finds-chatgpt-outperforms-physicians-in-high-quality-empathetic-answers-to-patient-questions |access-date=April 28, 2023 |archive-date=April 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428233158/https://today.ucsd.edu/story/study-finds-chatgpt-outperforms-physicians-in-high-quality-empathetic-answers-to-patient-questions |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Beats Doctors in Compassion and Quality of Advice to Patients |work=Neuroscience News |url=https://neurosciencenews.com/chatgpt-doctor-compassion-23133/ |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503162604/https://neurosciencenews.com/chatgpt-doctor-compassion-23133/ |url-status=live}}

Professionals have emphasized ChatGPT's limitations in providing medical assistance. In correspondence to The Lancet Infectious Diseases, three antimicrobial experts wrote that "the largest barriers to the implementation of ChatGPT in clinical practice are deficits in situational awareness, inference, and consistency. These shortcomings could endanger patient safety."{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Alex |last2=Hope |first2=William |last3=Gerada |first3=Alessandro |date=April 2023 |title=ChatGPT and antimicrobial advice: the end of the consulting infection doctor? |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00113-5/fulltext#back-bib1 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=405–406 |doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00113-5 |pmid=36822213 |s2cid=257072872 |issn=1473-3099 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325232830/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00113-5/fulltext#back-bib1 |url-status=live}} Physician's Weekly, though also discussing the potential use of ChatGPT in medical contexts (e.g., "as a digital assistant to physicians by performing various administrative functions like gathering patient record information or categorizing patient data by family history, symptoms, lab results, possible allergies, et cetera"), warned that the AI might sometimes provide fabricated or biased information.{{Cite news |date=April 27, 2023 |title=Is There a Role for ChatGPT in Healthcare? |work=Physician's Weekly |url=https://www.physiciansweekly.com/is-there-a-role-for-chatgpt-in-healthcare/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200039/https://www.physiciansweekly.com/is-there-a-role-for-chatgpt-in-healthcare/ |url-status=live }} One radiologist warned: "We've seen in our experience that ChatGPT sometimes makes up fake journal articles or health consortiums to support its claims";{{Cite news |last=Drake |first=Kimberly |date=April 6, 2023 |title=Rely on a Doctor, Not ChatGPT, for Medical Advice |work=HealthNews |url=https://healthnews.com/news/dont-rely-on-chatgpt-for-medical-advice/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200038/https://healthnews.com/news/dont-rely-on-chatgpt-for-medical-advice/ |url-status=live }} As reported in one Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health paper, ChatGPT may do this for as much as 69% of its cited medical references. The researchers emphasized that while many of its references were fabricated, those that were appeared "deceptively real".{{Cite journal |last1=Gravel |first1=Jocelyn |last2=D’Amours-Gravel |first2=Madeleine |last3=Osmanlliu |first3=Esli |date=September 1, 2023 |title=Learning to Fake It: Limited Responses and Fabricated References Provided by ChatGPT for Medical Questions |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=226–234 |doi=10.1016/j.mcpdig.2023.05.004 |issn=2949-7612 |doi-access=free |pmid=40206627 |pmc=11975740 }} As Dr. Stephen Hughes mentioned for The Conversation however, ChatGPT is capable of learning to correct its past mistakes. He also noted the AI's "prudishness" regarding sexual health topics.{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Stephen |date=April 27, 2023 |title=How good is ChatGPT at diagnosing disease? A doctor puts it through its paces |work=The Conversation |url=https://theconversation.com/how-good-is-chatgpt-at-diagnosing-disease-a-doctor-puts-it-through-its-paces-203281 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504135823/https://theconversation.com/how-good-is-chatgpt-at-diagnosing-disease-a-doctor-puts-it-through-its-paces-203281 |url-status=live }}

Contrary to previous findings, ChatGPT responses to anesthesia-related questions were more accurate, succinct, and descriptive compared to Bard's. Bard exhibited 30.3% error in response as compared to ChatGPT (0% error).{{Cite journal |last1=Patnaik |first1=Sourav S. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Ulrike |date=November 7, 2023 |title=Quantitative evaluation of ChatGPT versus Bard responses to anaesthesia-related queries |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=S0007–0912(23)00550–0 |doi=10.1016/j.bja.2023.09.030 |issn=1471-6771 |pmid=37945414 |s2cid=265078930 |pmc=11837762 }} At a conference of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists in December 2023, researchers at Long Island University (LIU) presented a study that researched ChatGPT's responses to 45 frequently asked questions of LIU College of Pharmacy's drug information service during a 16-month period from 2022 to 2023 as compared with researched responses provided by professional pharmacists. For 29 of the 39 questions for which there was sufficient medical literature for a data-driven response, ChatGPT failed to provide a direct answer or provided a wrong or incomplete answer (and in some cases, if acted upon, the answer would endanger the patient's health). The researchers had asked ChatGPT to provide medical research citations for all its answers, but it did so for only eight, and all eight included at least one fabricated (fake) citation.{{cite news|last=Constantino|first=Annika Kim|date=December 5, 2023|title=Free ChatGPT may incorrectly answer drug questions, study says|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/05/free-chatgpt-may-incorrectly-answer-drug-questions-study-says.html|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205051814/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/05/free-chatgpt-may-incorrectly-answer-drug-questions-study-says.html|url-status=live}}{{cite press release|title=Study Finds ChatGPT Provides Inaccurate Responses to Drug Questions|date=December 5, 2023|publisher=PR Newswire|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/study-finds-chatgpt-provides-inaccurate-responses-to-drug-questions-302005250.html|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205140704/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/study-finds-chatgpt-provides-inaccurate-responses-to-drug-questions-302005250.html|url-status=live}}

A January 2024 study conducted by researchers at Cohen Children's Medical Center found that GPT-4 had an accuracy rate of 17% when diagnosing pediatric medical cases.{{Cite journal |last1=Barile |first1=Joseph |last2=Margolis |first2=Alex |last3=Cason |first3=Grace |last4=Kim |first4=Rachel |last5=Kalash |first5=Saia |last6=Tchaconas |first6=Alexis |last7=Milanaik |first7=Ruth |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Diagnostic Accuracy of a Large Language Model in Pediatric Case Studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5750 |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |volume=178 |issue=3 |pages=313–315 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5750 |pmid=38165685 |pmc=10762631 |issn=2168-6203 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218161953/https://jamanetwork.com/abusenotice |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Mole |first=Beth |date=January 3, 2024 |title=ChatGPT bombs test on diagnosing kids' medical cases with 83% error rate |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/01/dont-use-chatgpt-to-diagnose-your-kids-illness-study-finds-83-error-rate/ |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117155406/https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/01/dont-use-chatgpt-to-diagnose-your-kids-illness-study-finds-83-error-rate/ |url-status=live }} A November 2024 study of 50 physicians on illness diagnosis reported that GPT-4 achieved a 90% accuracy, while physicians scored 74% without AI assistance, and 76% when using the chatbot.{{Cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=2024-11-17 |title=A.I. Chatbots Defeated Doctors at Diagnosing Illness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/17/health/chatgpt-ai-doctors-diagnosis.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

In January 2023, Massachusetts State Senator Barry Finegold and State Representative Josh S. Cutler proposed a bill partially written by ChatGPT, "An Act drafted with the help of ChatGPT to regulate generative artificial intelligence models like ChatGPT",{{Cite web |title=Bill S.31 |url=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S31/BillHistory |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=malegislature.gov |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207214930/https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S31/BillHistory |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Annear |first=Steve |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Two elected officials drafted legislation to regulate artificial intelligence technology — with some help from ChatGPT |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/24/metro/this-state-senator-drafted-legislation-regulate-artificial-intelligence-technology-with-some-help-chatgpt/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=The Boston Globe |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211926/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/24/metro/this-state-senator-drafted-legislation-regulate-artificial-intelligence-technology-with-some-help-chatgpt/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last1=Garrity |first1=Kelly |last2=Kashinsky |first2=Lisa |date=July 13, 2023 |title=ChatGPT enters the legislative chat |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/massachusetts-playbook/2023/07/13/chatgpt-enters-the-legislative-chat-00106066 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211926/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/massachusetts-playbook/2023/07/13/chatgpt-enters-the-legislative-chat-00106066 |url-status=live }} which would require companies to disclose their algorithms and data collection practices to the office of the State Attorney General, arrange regular risk assessments, and contribute to the prevention of plagiarism.{{Cite web |last=Quach |first=Katyanna |date=December 2, 2023 |title=Local council in Brazil passes ChatGPT-written proposal |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=The Register |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211926/https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ |url-status=live }} The bill was officially presented during a hearing on July 13.

On April 11, 2023, a session court judge in Pakistan used ChatGPT to decide the bail of a 13-year-old accused in a matter. The court quoted the use of ChatGPT assistance in its verdict:

{{Cquote

| quote = Can a juvenile suspect in Pakistan, who is 13 years old, be granted bail after arrest?

}}

The AI language model replied:

{{Cquote

| quote = Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, according to section 12, the court can grant bail on certain conditions. However, it is up to the court to decide whether or not a 13-year-old suspect will be granted bail after arrest.

}}

The judge asked ChatGPT other questions about the case and formulated his final decision in light of its answers.{{Cite news |date=April 13, 2023 |title=Pakistani judge uses ChatGPT to make court decision |work=Gulf News |url=https://www.gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistani-judge-uses-chatgpt-to-make-court-decision-1.95104528 |url-status=live |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420095432/https://gulfnews.com/amp/world/asia/pakistan/pakistani-judge-uses-chatgpt-to-make-court-decision-1.95104528 |archive-date=April 20, 2023}}{{Cite news |date=April 11, 2023 |title=AI revolution is here': Pakistani court takes help from ChatGPT to grant bail in rape case |work=Pakistan Observer |url=https://pakobserver.net/ai-revolution-is-here-pakistani-court-takes-help-from-chatgpt-to-grant-bail-in-rape-case |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420095431/https://pakobserver.net/ai-revolution-is-here-pakistani-court-takes-help-from-chatgpt-to-grant-bail-in-rape-case |url-status=live}}

In Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (PKC), a personal injury lawsuit against Avianca Airlines filed in the Southern New York U.S. District Court in May 2023 (with Senior Judge P. Kevin Castel presiding), the plaintiff's attorneys used ChatGPT to generate a legal motion.{{Cite web |last=Maruf |first=Ramishah |date=2023-05-27 |title=Lawyer apologizes for fake court citations from ChatGPT {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/27/business/chat-gpt-avianca-mata-lawyers/index.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=2023-05-27 |title=A lawyer used ChatGPT and now has to answer for its 'bogus' citations |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/27/23739913/chatgpt-ai-lawsuit-avianca-airlines-chatbot-research |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}} ChatGPT generated numerous fictitious legal cases involving fictitious airlines with fabricated quotations and internal citations in the legal motion. Castel noted numerous inconsistencies in the opinion summaries, and called one of the cases' legal analysis "gibberish".{{cite news |last1=Brodkin |first1=Jon |title=Lawyers have real bad day in court after citing fake cases made up by ChatGPT |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/lawyers-have-real-bad-day-in-court-after-citing-fake-cases-made-up-by-chatgpt/ |work=Ars Technica |date=June 23, 2023 |language=en-us |access-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126071502/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/lawyers-have-real-bad-day-in-court-after-citing-fake-cases-made-up-by-chatgpt/ |url-status=live }} The plaintiff's attorneys faced potential judicial sanction and disbarment for filing the motion and presenting the fictitious legal decisions ChatGPT generated as authentic.{{cite news|last=Goswami|first=Rohan|date=May 30, 2023|title=ChatGPT cited 'bogus' cases for a New York federal court filing. The attorneys involved may face sanctions.|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/30/chatgpt-cited-bogus-cases-for-a-new-york-federal-court-filing.html|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530161531/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/30/chatgpt-cited-bogus-cases-for-a-new-york-federal-court-filing.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Neumeister|first=Larry|date=June 8, 2023|title=Lawyers blame ChatGPT for tricking them into citing bogus case law|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131752/https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b|url-status=live}} The case was dismissed and the attorneys were fined $5,000 as a sanction.{{cite web |title=Mata v. Avianca, Inc. |url=https://casetext.com/case/mata-v-avianca-inc-2 |website=Casetext |access-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213030046/https://casetext.com/case/mata-v-avianca-inc-2/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title='Use with caution': How ChatGPT landed this US lawyer and his firm in hot water |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-24/us-lawyer-uses-chatgpt-to-research-case-with-embarrassing-result/102490068 |work=ABC News |date=June 24, 2023 |language=en-AU |access-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109010855/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-24/us-lawyer-uses-chatgpt-to-research-case-with-embarrassing-result/102490068 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=New York lawyers sanctioned for using fake ChatGPT cases in legal brief |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/new-york-lawyers-sanctioned-using-fake-chatgpt-cases-legal-brief-2023-06-22/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250316161634/https://www.reuters.com/legal/new-york-lawyers-sanctioned-using-fake-chatgpt-cases-legal-brief-2023-06-22/ |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}} In July 2024, the American Bar Association issued its first formal ethics opinion on attorneys using generative AI.{{Cite web |last=Merken |first=Sara |date=July 29, 2024 |title=Lawyers using AI must heed ethics rules, ABA says in first formal guidance |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/lawyers-using-ai-must-heed-ethics-rules-aba-says-first-formal-guidance-2024-07-29/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |website=Reuters}}

In October 2023, the council of Porto Alegre, Brazil, unanimously approved a local ordinance proposed by councilman Ramiro Rosário that would exempt residents from needing to pay for the replacement of stolen water consumption meters; the bill went into effect on November 23. On November 29, Rosário revealed that the bill had been entirely written by ChatGPT, and that he had presented it to the rest of the council without making any changes or disclosing the chatbot's involvement.{{Cite web |last1=Jeantet |first1=Diane |last2=Savarese |first2=Mauricio |last3=LeBlanc |first3=Steve |last4=O'Brien |first4=Matt |date=November 30, 2023 |title=Brazilian city enacts an ordinance that was secretly written by ChatGPT |url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-artificial-intelligence-porto-alegre-5afd1240afe7b6ac202bb0bbc45e08d4 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215714/https://apnews.com/article/brazil-artificial-intelligence-porto-alegre-5afd1240afe7b6ac202bb0bbc45e08d4 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Paúl |first=María Luisa |date=December 4, 2023 |title=A Brazilian city passed a law about water meters. ChatGPT wrote it. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/12/04/ai-written-law-porto-alegre-brazil/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205015659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/12/04/ai-written-law-porto-alegre-brazil/ |url-status=live }} The city's council president, Hamilton Sossmeier, initially criticized Rosário's initiative, saying it could represent "a dangerous precedent",{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Lei escrita por inteligência artificial é aprovada por vereadores em Porto Alegre; 'precedente perigoso', diz presidente da Câmara |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/11/29/lei-escrita-por-inteligencia-artificial-e-aprovada-por-vereadores-em-porto-alegre-precedente-perigoso-diz-presidente-da-camara.ghtml |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=G1 |language=pt-br |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207213810/https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/11/29/lei-escrita-por-inteligencia-artificial-e-aprovada-por-vereadores-em-porto-alegre-precedente-perigoso-diz-presidente-da-camara.ghtml |url-status=live }} but later said he "changed his mind": "unfortunately or fortunately, this is going to be a trend."

In December 2023, a self-representing litigant in a tax case before the First-tier Tribunal in the United Kingdom cited a series of hallucinated cases purporting to support her argument that she had a reasonable excuse for not paying capital gains tax owed on the sale of property.{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Neil |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Litigant unwittingly put fake cases generated by AI before tribunal |url=https://www.legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/litigant-unwittingly-put-fake-cases-generated-by-ai-before-tribunal |access-date=May 14, 2024 |website=Legal Futures |language=en-GB |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514154452/https://www.legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/litigant-unwittingly-put-fake-cases-generated-by-ai-before-tribunal |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=Michael |title=AI hallucinates nine 'helpful' case authorities |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/ai-hallucinates-nine-helpful-case-authorities/5118179.article |date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=May 14, 2024 |website=Law Society Gazette |language=en |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502044513/https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/ai-hallucinates-nine-helpful-case-authorities/5118179.article |url-status=live }} The judge warned that the submission of nonexistent legal authorities meant that both the Tribunal and HM Revenue and Customs had "to waste time and public money", which "reduces the resources available to progress the cases of other court users who are waiting for their appeals to be determined".{{Cite web |title=Harber v Commissioners for His Majesty's Revenue and Customs [2023] UKFTT 1007 (TC) |website=BAILII |date=December 4, 2023 |url=https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKFTT/TC/2023/TC09010.html |access-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514154452/https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKFTT/TC/2023/TC09010.html |url-status=live }}

Judge Kevin Newsom of the US court of appeals of the 11th circuit endorsed the use of ChatGPT and noted that he himself uses the software to help decide rulings on contract interpretation issues.{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2024 |title=11th Circuit Judge Uses ChatGPT in Deciding Appeal, Encourages Others to Consider It |url=https://www.law.com/2024/06/04/11th-circuit-judge-uses-chatgpt-in-deciding-appeal-encourages-others-to-consider-it/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Law.com |language=en |archive-date=June 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605225738/https://www.law.com/2024/06/04/11th-circuit-judge-uses-chatgpt-in-deciding-appeal-encourages-others-to-consider-it/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=A. B. A. |title=In concurrence confession, appeals judge says ChatGPT research 'less nutty' than feared |url=https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/appeals-judge-makes-a-confession-he-consulted-chatgpt-and-found-the-results-less-nutty-than-i-feared |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=ABA Journal |language=en |archive-date=June 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606190623/https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/appeals-judge-makes-a-confession-he-consulted-chatgpt-and-found-the-results-less-nutty-than-i-feared |url-status=live }}

The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department reported that the perpetrator of the 2025 Las Vegas truck explosion used ChatGPT to help plan the incident.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/07/us/las-vegas-cybertruck-explosion-livelsberger/index.html|title=Green Beret who exploded Cybertruck in Las Vegas used AI to plan blast|author=Emma Tucker|website=CNN |date=7 January 2025|access-date=7 January 2025}}

Conservative commentators have accused ChatGPT of bias toward left-leaning perspectives.{{Cite web |last=Guynn |first=Jessica |title=Is ChatGPT 'woke'? AI chatbot accused of anti-conservative bias and a grudge against Trump |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2023/02/09/woke-chatgpt-conservatives-bias/11215353002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151936/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2023/02/09/woke-chatgpt-conservatives-bias/11215353002/ |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=Hiawatha |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Is ChatGPT liberal or conservative? Depends who you ask. |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/09/business/are-chatbots-liberal-or-conservative-depends-who-you-ask/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151937/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/09/business/are-chatbots-liberal-or-conservative-depends-who-you-ask/ |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=Boston Globe |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=February 17, 2023 |title=As conservatives criticize 'woke AI,' here are ChatGPT's rules for answering culture war queries |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/17/23603906/openai-chatgpt-woke-criticism-culture-war-rules |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151934/https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/17/23603906/openai-chatgpt-woke-criticism-culture-war-rules |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}} In January 2023, a study stated that ChatGPT has a pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation.{{Cite arXiv |last1=Hartmann |first1=Jochen |last2=Schwenzow |first2=Jasper |last3=Witte |first3=Maximilian |date=January 5, 2023 |title=The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation |class=cs.CL |eprint=2301.01768}} Additionally, an August 2023 paper found a "significant and systematic political bias toward the Democrats in the US, Lula in Brazil, and the Labour Party in the UK."{{Cite journal |last1=Motoki |first1=Fabio |last2=Neto |first2=Valdemar Pinho |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Victor |date=August 17, 2023 |title=More human than human: measuring ChatGPT political bias |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=198 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–23 |doi=10.1007/s11127-023-01097-2 |issn=1573-7101 |doi-access=free}} In response to such criticism, OpenAI acknowledged plans to allow ChatGPT to create "outputs that other people (ourselves included) may strongly disagree with". It also contained information on the recommendations it had issued to human reviewers on how to handle controversial subjects, including that the AI should "offer to describe some viewpoints of people and movements", and not provide an argument "from its voice" in favor of "inflammatory or dangerous" topics (although it may still "describe arguments from historical people and movements"), nor "affiliate with one side" or "judge one group as good or bad".

The Guardian questioned whether any content found on the Internet after ChatGPT's release "can be truly trusted" and called for government regulation.{{cite news |date=December 8, 2022 |title=The Guardian view on ChatGPT: an eerily good human impersonator |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/08/the-guardian-view-on-chatgpt-an-eerily-good-human-impersonator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116161202/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/08/the-guardian-view-on-chatgpt-an-eerily-good-human-impersonator |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}

A study published by the Anti-Defamation League in 2025 found that several major LLMs, including ChatGPT, Llama and Claude, showed antisemitic bias.{{Cite web |last=Stub |first=Zev |date=2025-03-25 |title=Study: ChatGPT, Meta's Llama and all other top AI models show anti-Jewish, anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/study-chatgpt-metas-llama-and-all-other-top-ai-models-show-anti-jewish-anti-israel-bias/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Times of Israel |language=en-US}}

There has been concern about copyright infringement involving ChatGPT. In June 2023, two writers sued OpenAI, saying the company's training data came from illegal websites that show copyrighted books.{{Cite news |last=Farivar |first=Masood |date=August 23, 2023 |title=AI Firms Under Fire for Allegedly Infringing on Copyrights |work=Voice of America |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ai-firms-under-fire-for-allegedly-infringing-on-copyrights/7238575.html |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120003933/https://www.voanews.com/a/ai-firms-under-fire-for-allegedly-infringing-on-copyrights/7238575.html |url-status=live }} Comedian and author Sarah Silverman, Christopher Golden, and Richard Kadrey sued OpenAI and Meta for copyright infringement in July 2023.{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=July 9, 2023 |title=Sarah Silverman is suing OpenAI and Meta for copyright infringement |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/9/23788741/sarah-silverman-openai-meta-chatgpt-llama-copyright-infringement-chatbots-artificial-intelligence-ai |access-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118010959/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/9/23788741/sarah-silverman-openai-meta-chatgpt-llama-copyright-infringement-chatbots-artificial-intelligence-ai |url-status=live }} Most of their claims were dismissed in February 2024, except the "unfair competition" claim, which was allowed to proceed.{{cite news |last=David |first=Emilia |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/13/24072131/sarah-silverman-paul-tremblay-openai-chatgpt-copyright-lawsuit |title=Sarah Silverman's lawsuit against OpenAI partially dismissed |date=February 13, 2024 |accessdate=May 15, 2024 |work=The Verge |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515052812/https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/13/24072131/sarah-silverman-paul-tremblay-openai-chatgpt-copyright-lawsuit |url-status=live }}

The Authors Guild, on behalf of 17 authors, including George R. R. Martin, filed a copyright infringement complaint against OpenAI in September 2023, claiming "the company illegally copied the copyrighted works of authors" in training ChatGPT.{{cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/openai-chatgpt-lawsuit-george-rr-martin-john-grisham-1235730939/ |title=George R.R. Martin Among 17 Top Authors Suing OpenAI, Alleging ChatGPT Steals Their Works: 'We Are Here to Fight' |date=September 21, 2023 |accessdate=May 15, 2024 |work=Variety |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516131044/https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/openai-chatgpt-lawsuit-george-rr-martin-john-grisham-1235730939/ |url-status=live }} In December 2023, The New York Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement,{{cite web |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |title=The Times Sues OpenAI and Microsoft Over A.I. Use of Copyrighted Work |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/27/business/media/new-york-times-open-ai-microsoft-lawsuit.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=December 28, 2023 |date=December 27, 2023 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218070125/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/27/business/media/new-york-times-open-ai-microsoft-lawsuit.html |url-status=live }} arguing that Microsoft Copilot and ChatGPT could reproduce Times articles and/or sizable portions of them without permission.{{Cite news |date=December 27, 2023 |title=ChatGPT: New York Times sues OpenAI over article usage |work=DW News |url=https://www.dw.com/en/chatgpt-new-york-times-sues-openai-over-article-usage/a-67835839 |access-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227195906/https://www.dw.com/en/chatgpt-new-york-times-sues-openai-over-article-usage/a-67835839 |url-status=live }} As part of the suit, the Times has requested that OpenAI and Microsoft be prevented from using its content for training data, along with removing it from training datasets.{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=December 27, 2023 |title=The New York Times is suing OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/27/24016212/new-york-times-openai-microsoft-lawsuit-copyright-infringement |access-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227235409/https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/27/24016212/new-york-times-openai-microsoft-lawsuit-copyright-infringement |url-status=live }}

In March 2024, Patronus AI compared performance of LLMs on a 100-question test, asking them to complete sentences from books (e.g., "What is the first passage of Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn?") that were under copyright in the United States; it found that GPT-4, Mistral AI's Mixtral, Meta AI's LLaMA-2, and Anthropic's Claude 2 did not refuse to do so, providing sentences from the books verbatim in 44%, 22%, 10%, and 8% of responses, respectively.{{cite news|last=Field|first=Hayden|date=March 6, 2024|title=Researchers tested leading AI models for copyright infringement using popular books, and GPT-4 performed worst|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/06/gpt-4-researchers-tested-leading-ai-models-for-copyright-infringement.html|access-date=March 6, 2024|archive-date=March 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306125730/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/06/gpt-4-researchers-tested-leading-ai-models-for-copyright-infringement.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Introducing CopyrightCatcher, the first Copyright Detection API for LLMs|date=March 6, 2024|publisher=Patronus AI|url=https://www.patronus.ai/blog/introducing-copyright-catcher|access-date=March 6, 2024|archive-date=March 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306192631/https://www.patronus.ai/blog/introducing-copyright-catcher|url-status=live}}

In February 2025, the Delhi High Court accepted ANI's case against OpenAI over concerns that ChatGPT was sharing paywalled content without the news agency's consent. However, OpenAI's counsel said that due to the firm not having a physical presence in India, the court has no jurisdiction on the matter.{{Cite web |last=Davenport |first=Mary |date=2025-02-17 |title=Delhi High Court Takes on ANI's Copyright Case Against OpenAI |url=https://londoninsider.co.uk/delhi-high-court-takes-on-anis-copyright-case-against-openai/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=London Insider |language=en-US}}

In 2023, Australian MP Julian Hill advised the national parliament that the growth of AI could cause "mass destruction". During his speech, which was partly written by the program, he warned that it could result in cheating, job losses, discrimination, disinformation, and uncontrollable military applications.{{Cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=February 6, 2023 |title=MP tells Australia's parliament AI could be used for 'mass destruction' in speech part-written by ChatGPT |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/labor-mp-julian-hill-australia-parliament-speech-ai-part-written-by-chatgpt |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206084525/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/labor-mp-julian-hill-australia-parliament-speech-ai-part-written-by-chatgpt |url-status=live}}

Elon Musk wrote: "ChatGPT is scary good. We are not far from dangerously strong AI".{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Kelsey |title=ChatGPT has given everyone a glimpse at AI's astounding progress |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/15/23509014/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-language-models-ai-risk-google |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=Vox |date=December 15, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175058/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/15/23509014/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-language-models-ai-risk-google |url-status=live}} He paused OpenAI's access to a Twitter database in 2022 pending a better understanding of OpenAI's plans, saying: "OpenAI was started as open source and nonprofit. Neither is still true."{{cite news |last=K |first=Siddharth |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Explainer: ChatGPT – what is OpenAI's chatbot and what is it used for? |language=en |work=Reuters |editor-last=Shumaker |editor-first=Lisa |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-what-is-openais-chatbot-what-is-it-used-2022-12-05/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116033247/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-what-is-openais-chatbot-what-is-it-used-2022-12-05/ |archive-date=January 16, 2023}} Musk co-founded OpenAI in 2015, in part to address existential risk from artificial intelligence, but resigned in 2018.{{cite news |last1=Kay |first1=Grace |title=Elon Musk founded – and has since criticized – the company behind the buzzy new AI chatbot ChatGPT. Here's everything we know about OpenAI. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-openai-company-chatgpt-elon-musk-founded-2022-12 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=Business Insider |date=December 11, 2022 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112181405/https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-openai-company-chatgpt-elon-musk-founded-2022-12 |url-status=live}}

Over 20,000 signatories including leading computer scientist and tech founders Yoshua Bengio, Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, signed a March 2023 open letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing "profound risks to society and humanity".{{cite news |last=Hurst |first=Luke |date=March 30, 2023 |orig-date=March 29, 2023 |title='Profound risk to humanity': Tech leaders call for 'pause' on advanced AI development |work=Euronews |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205507/https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development |archive-date=April 1, 2023}} Geoffrey Hinton, one of the "fathers of AI", voiced concerns that future AI systems may surpass human intelligence, and left Google in May 2023.{{Cite web |title=Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he's now scared of the tech he helped build |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/ |access-date=May 4, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504075717/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Video: Geoffrey Hinton talks about the "existential threat" of AI |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics/ |access-date=May 4, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503224812/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics |url-status=live }} A May 2023 statement by hundreds of AI scientists, AI industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that {{nowrap|"[m]itigating}} the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority".{{Cite news |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=May 30, 2023 |title=A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,' Industry Leaders Warn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html |access-date=May 30, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151103/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html |url-status=live }}

Some other prominent AI researchers spoke more optimistically about the advances. Juergen Schmidhuber, often called a "father of modern AI", did not sign the letter, emphasizing that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and easier." Schmidhuber added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it "can also be used against the bad actors".{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says|title=Rise of artificial intelligence is inevitable but should not be feared, 'father of AI' says|last1=Taylor|first1=Josh|date=May 7, 2023|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 26, 2023|language=en|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says|url-status=live}} Andrew Ng argued that "it's a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests."{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3|title=Andrew Ng: 'Do we think the world is better off with more or less intelligence?'|last1=McMorrow|first1=Ryan|date=December 19, 2023|work=Financial Times|access-date=December 30, 2023|language=en|archive-date=January 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125014121/https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3|url-status=live}} WIRED wrote that Yann LeCun "scoffs at his peers' dystopian scenarios of supercharged misinformation and even, eventually, human extinction."{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/|title=How Not to Be Stupid About AI, With Yann LeCun|last1=Levy|first1=Steven|date=December 22, 2023|magazine=Wired|access-date=December 30, 2023|language=en|archive-date=February 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214083548/https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/|url-status=live}}

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{{Notefoot}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Biswas |first=Som |date=April 1, 2023 |title=ChatGPT and the Future of Medical Writing |url=https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiol.223312 |journal=Radiology|language=en |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=e223312 |doi=10.1148/radiol.223312 |pmid=36728748 |s2cid=256501098 |issn=0033-8419}}
• {{cite arXiv |last1=Chang |first1=Kent K. |last2=Cramer |first2=Mackenzie |last3=Soni |first3=Sandeep |last4=Bamman |first4=David |title=Speak, Memory: An Archaeology of Books Known to ChatGPT/GPT-4 |date=April 28, 2023 |class=cs.CL |eprint=2305.00118}}
• {{cite SSRN |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |last2=Tabarrok |first2=Alexander T. |title=How to Learn and Teach Economics with Large Language Models, Including GPT |date=March 17, 2023 |ssrn=4391863 |language=en}}
• {{cite podcast |url=https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/jonathan-gpt-swift/ |last=Cowen |first=Tyler|author-link=Tyler Cowen |title=Jonathan GPT Swift on Jonathan Swift (Ep. 175): How well does GPT4 do pretending to be the 18th-century satirist? |date=March 29, 2023}}
• {{cite arXiv |eprint=2203.02155 |title=Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback |display-authors=1 |class=cs.CL |date=March 4, 2022 |last1=Ouyang |first1=Long |last2=Wu |first2=Jeff |last3=Jiang |first3=Xu |last4=Almeida |first4=Diogo |last5=Wainwright |first5=Carroll L. |last6=Mishkin |first6=Pamela |last7=Zhang |first7=Chong |last8=Agarwal |first8=Sandhini |last9=Slama |first9=Katarina |last10=Ray |first10=Alex |last11=Schulman |first11=John |last12=Hilton |first12=Jacob |last13=Kelton |first13=Fraser |last14=Miller |first14=Luke |last15=Simens |first15=Maddie |last16=Askell |first16=Amanda |last17=Welinder |first17=Peter |last18=Christiano |first18=Paul |last19=Leike |first19=Jan |last20=Lowe |first20=Ryan}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Liebrenz |first1=Michael |last2=Schleifer |first2=Roman |last3=Buadze |first3=Anna |last4=Bhugra |first4=Dinesh |last5=Smith |first5=Alexander |date=February 2023 |title=Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: ethical challenges for medical publishing |journal=The Lancet Digital Health |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=e105–e106 |doi=10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00019-5 |pmid=36754725 |s2cid=256655912 |issn=2589-7500|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |url=https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/ |title=What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work? |last=Wolfram |first=Stephen |journal=Stephen Wolfram Writings |author-link=Stephen Wolfram |date=February 14, 2023}}
• {{cite journal |url=https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/03/chatgpt-gets-its-wolfram-superpowers/ |title=ChatGPT Gets Its "Wolfram Superpowers"! |last=Wolfram |first=Stephen |journal=Stephen Wolfram Writings |author-link=Stephen Wolfram |date=March 23, 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Jem |last2=Mehta |first2=Dhrumil |title=How the media is covering ChatGPT |url=https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/media-coverage-chatgpt.php |website=Columbia Journalism Review |access-date=May 30, 2023 |language=en}}
• {{cite arXiv |last1=Zhao |first1=Wayne Xin |last2=Zhou |first2=Kun |last3=Li |first3=Junyi |display-authors=1 |title=A Survey of Large Language Models |date=2023 |class=cs.CL |eprint=2303.18223 }}
• [https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-engineering Prompt engineering] guide from OpenAI

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