generative artificial intelligence

{{main|History of artificial intelligence}}

Since its inception, researchers in the field have raised philosophical and ethical arguments about the nature of the human mind and the consequences of creating artificial beings with human-like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.{{Cite book |last=Newquist |first=H. P. |title=The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think |publisher=Macmillan/SAMS |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-672-30412-5 |location=New York |pages=45–53 |language=en-us}} The concept of automated art dates back at least to the automata of ancient Greek civilization, where inventors such as Daedalus and Hero of Alexandria were described as having designed machines capable of writing text, generating sounds, and playing music.{{citation |last=Sharkey |first=Noel |title=A programmable robot from 60 AD |date=July 4, 2007 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/07/programmable-robot-from-60ad.html |volume=2611 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113090903/https://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/07/programmable-robot-from-60ad.html |url-status=live |publisher=New Scientist |archive-date=January 13, 2018}}{{Citation |last=Brett |first=Gerard |title=The Automata in the Byzantine "Throne of Solomon" |date=July 1954 |journal=Speculum |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=477–487 |postscript=. |doi=10.2307/2846790 |issn=0038-7134 |jstor=2846790 |s2cid=163031682}} The tradition of creative automations has flourished throughout history, exemplified by Maillardet's automaton created in the early 1800s.{{Cite web |last=kelinich |date=2014-03-08 |title=Maillardet's Automaton |url=https://www.fi.edu/en/history-resources/automaton |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=The Franklin Institute |language=en |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824140212/https://www.fi.edu/en/history-resources/automaton |url-status=live }} Markov chains have long been used to model natural languages since their development by Russian mathematician Andrey Markov in the early 20th century. Markov published his first paper on the topic in 1906,{{cite book |last1=Grinstead |first1=Charles Miller |url=https://archive.org/details/flooved3489 |title=Introduction to Probability |last2=Snell |first2=James Laurie |publisher=American Mathematical Society |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8218-0749-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/flooved3489/page/n473 464]–466 |language=en-us}}{{cite book |last=Bremaud |first=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrPVBwAAQBAJ |title=Markov Chains: Gibbs Fields, Monte Carlo Simulation, and Queues |date=9 March 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4757-3124-8 |page=ix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323160437/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrPVBwAAQBAJ |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live}} and analyzed the pattern of vowels and consonants in the novel Eugeny Onegin using Markov chains. Once a Markov chain is learned on a text corpus, it can then be used as a probabilistic text generator.{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Brian |date=2013 |title=First Links in the Markov Chain |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2013.101.92 |journal=American Scientist |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=92 |doi=10.1511/2013.101.92 |issn=0003-0996 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507094335/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/first-links-in-the-markov-chain |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last1=Fine |first1=Shai |last2=Singer |first2=Yoram |last3=Tishby |first3=Naftali |date=1998-07-01 |title=The Hierarchical Hidden Markov Model: Analysis and Applications |journal=Machine Learning |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=41–62 |doi=10.1023/A:1007469218079 |s2cid=3465810 |issn=1573-0565|doi-access=free }}

The academic discipline of artificial intelligence was established at a research workshop held at Dartmouth College in 1956 and has experienced several waves of advancement and optimism in the decades since.{{Cite book |last=Crevier |first=Daniel |title=AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. |publisher=BasicBooks |year=1993 |isbn=0-465-02997-3 |location=New York, New York |pages=109 |language=en-us}} Artificial Intelligence research began in the 1950s with works like Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) and the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on AI. Since the 1950s, artists and researchers have used artificial intelligence to create artistic works. By the early 1970s, Harold Cohen was creating and exhibiting generative AI works created by AARON, the computer program Cohen created to generate paintings.{{Cite journal |last1=Bergen |first1=Nathan |last2=Huang |first2=Angela |date=2023 |title=A Brief History of Generative AI |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/consulting/us-gen-ai-dichotomies.pdf |journal=Dichotomies: Generative AI: Navigating Towards a Better Future |issue=2 |pages=4 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230710/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/consulting/us-gen-ai-dichotomies.pdf |url-status=live }}

The terms generative AI planning or generative planning were used in the 1980s and 1990s to refer to AI planning systems, especially computer-aided process planning, used to generate sequences of actions to reach a specified goal.{{cite journal |last1=Alting |first1=Leo |last2=Zhang |first2=Hongchao |year=1989 |title=Computer aided process planning: the state-of-the-art survey |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236649325 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Production Research |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=553–585 |doi=10.1080/00207548908942569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507094335/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236649325_Computer_Aided_Process_Planning_The_State-of-the-Art_Survey |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |access-date=October 3, 2023}}{{Cite journal |last=Chien |first=Steve |year=1998 |title=Automated planning and scheduling for goal-based autonomous spacecraft |journal=IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=50–55 |doi=10.1109/5254.722362}} Generative AI planning systems used symbolic AI methods such as state space search and constraint satisfaction and were a "relatively mature" technology by the early 1990s. They were used to generate crisis action plans for military use,{{Cite book |title=ARPA/Rome Laboratory Knowledge-based Planning and Scheduling Initiative Workshop Proceedings |publisher=The Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense, and Rome Laboratory, US Air Force, Griffiss AFB |year=1994 |isbn=155860345X |editor-last=Burstein |editor-first=Mark H. |pages=219}} process plans for manufacturing and decision plans such as in prototype autonomous spacecraft.{{cite book |last1=Pell |first1=Barney |title=An Autonomous Spacecraft Agent Prototype |last2=Bernard |first2=Douglas E. |last3=Chien |first3=Steve A. |last4=Gat |first4=Erann |last5=Muscettola |first5=Nicola |last6=Nayak |first6=P. Pandurang |last7=Wagner |first7=Michael D. |last8=Williams |first8=Brian C. |publisher=Autonomous Robots Volume 5, No. 1 |year=1998 |editor1-last=Bekey |editor1-first=George A. |pages=29–45 |quote=Our deliberator is a traditional generative AI planner based on the HSTS planning framework (Muscettola, 1994), and our control component is a traditional spacecraft attitude control system (Hackney et al. 1993). We also add an architectural component explicitly dedicated to world modeling (the mode identifier), and distinguish between control and monitoring.}}

{{See also|Machine learning|deep learning}}

File:Discriminative vs Generative Neural Networks.png, an example of a neural network trained with a discriminative objective. Below: A text-to-image model, an example of a network trained with a generative objective.]]

Since its inception, the field of machine learning has used both discriminative models and generative models to model and predict data. Beginning in the late 2000s, the emergence of deep learning drove progress, and research in image classification, speech recognition, natural language processing and other tasks. Neural networks in this era were typically trained as discriminative models due to the difficulty of generative modeling.{{Cite book |last=Jebara |first=Tony |title=Machine learning: discriminative and generative |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |volume=755}}

In 2014, advancements such as the variational autoencoder and generative adversarial network produced the first practical deep neural networks capable of learning generative models, as opposed to discriminative ones, for complex data such as images. These deep generative models were the first to output not only class labels for images but also entire images.

In 2017, the Transformer network enabled advancements in generative models compared to older Long-Short Term Memory models,{{Cite arXiv|last1=Cao |first1=Yihan |last2=Li |first2=Siyu |last3=Liu |first3=Yixin |last4=Yan |first4=Zhiling |last5=Dai |first5=Yutong |last6=Yu |first6=Philip S. |last7=Sun |first7=Lichao |date=7 March 2023 |title=A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPT |class=cs.AI | eprint=2303.04226}} leading to the first generative pre-trained transformer (GPT), known as GPT-1, in 2018.{{cite web |title=finetune-transformer-lm |url=https://github.com/openai/finetune-transformer-lm |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=GitHub |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519062127/https://github.com/openai/finetune-transformer-lm |url-status=live }} This was followed in 2019 by GPT-2, which demonstrated the ability to generalize unsupervised to many different tasks as a Foundation model.{{Cite web |url=https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf |last1=Radford |first1=Alec |last2=Wu |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Child |first3=Rewon |last4=Luan |first4=David |last5=Amodei |first5=Dario |last6=Sutskever |first6=Ilya |year=2019 |title=Language models are unsupervised multitask learners |website=OpenAI Blog |access-date=October 14, 2024 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206183945/https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf |url-status=live }}

The new generative models introduced during this period allowed for large neural networks to be trained using unsupervised learning or semi-supervised learning, rather than the supervised learning typical of discriminative models. Unsupervised learning removed the need for humans to manually label data, allowing for larger networks to be trained.{{cite web |last=Radford |first=Alec |title=Improving language understanding with unsupervised learning |url=https://openai.com/index/language-unsupervised/ |date=June 11, 2018 |website=OpenAI |access-date=October 6, 2024 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094211/https://openai.com/index/language-unsupervised/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|AI boom}}

File:Timeline-of-AI-generated-faces.png

In March 2020, the release of 15.ai, a free web application created by an anonymous MIT researcher that could generate convincing character voices using minimal training data, marked one of the earliest popular use cases of generative AI.{{cite web |last=Chandraseta |first=Rionaldi |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Generate Your Favourite Characters' Voice Lines using Machine Learning |url=https://towardsdatascience.com/generate-your-favourite-characters-voice-lines-using-machine-learning-c0939270c0c6 |url-access=registration |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=Towards Data Science |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121132456/https://towardsdatascience.com/generate-your-favourite-characters-voice-lines-using-machine-learning-c0939270c0c6 |url-status=live }} The platform is credited as the first mainstream service to popularize AI voice cloning (audio deepfakes) in memes and content creation, influencing subsequent developments in voice AI technology.{{cite web |title=15.ai Creator reveals journey from MIT Project to internet phenomenon |last=Temitope |first=Yusuf |date=December 10, 2024 |url=https://guardian.ng/technology/15-ai-creator-reveals-journey-from-mit-project-to-internet-phenomenon/ |access-date=December 25, 2024 |website=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228152312/https://guardian.ng/technology/15-ai-creator-reveals-journey-from-mit-project-to-internet-phenomenon/ |archive-date=December 28, 2024}}{{cite web |author=Anirudh VK |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Deepfakes Are Elevating Meme Culture, But At What Cost? |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-origins-evolution/deepfakes-are-elevating-meme-culture-but-at-what-cost/ |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=Analytics India Magazine |quote="While AI voice memes have been around in some form since '15.ai' launched in 2020, [...]"|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226163953/https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-origins-evolution/deepfakes-are-elevating-meme-culture-but-at-what-cost/|archive-date=December 26, 2024}}

In 2021, the emergence of DALL-E, a transformer-based pixel generative model, marked an advance in AI-generated imagery.{{cite web |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |date=2021-01-05 |title=OpenAI's DALL-E creates plausible images of literally anything you ask it to |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/05/openais-dall-e-creates-plausible-images-of-literally-anything-you-ask-it-to/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106075542/https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/05/openais-dall-e-creates-plausible-images-of-literally-anything-you-ask-it-to/ |url-status=live }} This was followed by the releases of Midjourney and Stable Diffusion in 2022, which further democratized access to high-quality artificial intelligence art creation from natural language prompts.{{cite web |title=Stable Diffusion Public Release |url=https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-public-release |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Stability AI |language=en-GB |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830210535/https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-public-release |url-status=live }} These systems demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in generating photorealistic images, artwork, and designs based on text descriptions, leading to widespread adoption among artists, designers, and the general public.

In late 2022, the public release of ChatGPT revolutionized the accessibility and application of generative AI for general-purpose text-based tasks.{{cite web |last=Lock |first=Samantha |date=2022-12-05 |title=What is AI chatbot phenomenon ChatGPT and could it replace humans? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=The Guardian |language=en-GB |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116100346/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans |url-status=live }} The system's ability to engage in natural conversations, generate creative content, assist with coding, and perform various analytical tasks captured global attention and sparked widespread discussion about AI's potential impact on work, education, and creativity.{{cite web |last=Huang |first=Haomiao |date=August 23, 2023 |title=How ChatGPT turned generative AI into an "anything tool" |url=https://arstechnica.com/ai/2023/08/how-chatgpt-turned-generative-ai-into-an-anything-tool/ |access-date=September 21, 2024 |work=Ars Technica |archive-date=July 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719143525/https://arstechnica.com/ai/2023/08/how-chatgpt-turned-generative-ai-into-an-anything-tool/ |url-status=live }}

In March 2023, GPT-4's release represented another jump in generative AI capabilities. A team from Microsoft Research controversially argued that it "could reasonably be viewed as an early (yet still incomplete) version of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system."{{Cite arXiv|title=Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4|first1=Sébastien|last1=Bubeck|first2=Varun|last2=Chandrasekaran|first3=Ronen|last3=Eldan|first4=Johannes|last4=Gehrke|first5=Eric|last5=Horvitz|first6=Ece|last6=Kamar|first7=Peter|last7=Lee|first8=Yin Tat|last8=Lee|first9=Yuanzhi|last9=Li|first10=Scott|last10=Lundberg|first11=Harsha|last11=Nori|first12=Hamid|last12=Palangi|first13=Marco Tulio|last13=Ribeiro|first14=Yi|last14=Zhang|date=March 22, 2023|class=cs.CL |eprint=2303.12712}} However, this assessment was contested by other scholars who maintained that generative AI remained "still far from reaching the benchmark of 'general human intelligence'" as of 2023.{{Cite journal|title=ChatGPT et al: The Ethics of Using (Generative) Artificial Intelligence in Research and Science|first1=Daniel|last1=Schlagwein|first2=Leslie|last2=Willcocks|date=September 13, 2023|journal=Journal of Information Technology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=232–238|doi=10.1177/02683962231200411 |s2cid=261753752 |doi-access=free}} Later in 2023, Meta released ImageBind, an AI model combining multiple modalities including text, images, video, thermal data, 3D data, audio, and motion, paving the way for more immersive generative AI applications.{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/9/23716558/meta-imagebind-open-source-multisensory-modal-ai-model-research |title=Meta open-sources multisensory AI model that combines six types of data |date=May 9, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314053624/https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/9/23716558/meta-imagebind-open-source-multisensory-modal-ai-model-research |url-status=live }}

In December 2023, Google unveiled Gemini, a multimodal AI model available in four versions: Ultra, Pro, Flash, and Nano.{{Cite news |last=Kruppa |first=Miles |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Google Announces AI System Gemini After Turmoil at Rival OpenAI |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/google-announces-ai-system-gemini-after-turmoil-at-rival-openai-10835335 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231206152820/https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/google-announces-ai-system-gemini-after-turmoil-at-rival-openai-10835335 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}} The company integrated Gemini Pro into its Bard chatbot and announced plans for "Bard Advanced" powered by the larger Gemini Ultra model.{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Google launches Gemini—a powerful AI model it says can surpass GPT-4 |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/12/google-launches-gemini-a-powerful-ai-model-it-says-can-surpass-gpt-4/ |website=Ars Technica |access-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206182034/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/12/google-launches-gemini-a-powerful-ai-model-it-says-can-surpass-gpt-4/ |url-status=live }} In February 2024, Google unified Bard and Duet AI under the Gemini brand, launching a mobile app on Android and integrating the service into the Google app on iOS.{{cite news |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=February 8, 2024 |title=Google Releases Gemini, an A.I.-Driven Chatbot and Voice Assistant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/technology/google-gemini-ai-app.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208132803/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/technology/google-gemini-ai-app.html |url-status=live }}

In March 2024, Anthropic released the Claude 3 family of large language models, including Claude 3 Haiku, Sonnet, and Opus.{{cite web |title=Introducing the next generation of Claude |url=https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-family |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304143650/https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-family |url-status=live }} The models demonstrated significant improvements in capabilities across various benchmarks, with Claude 3 Opus notably outperforming leading models from OpenAI and Google.{{cite web |last=Nuñez |first=Michael |date=2024-03-04 |title=Anthropic unveils Claude 3, surpassing GPT-4 and Gemini Ultra in benchmark tests |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/anthropic-unveils-claude-3-claims-new-standard-for-intelligence/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Venture Beat}} In June 2024, Anthropic released Claude 3.5 Sonnet, which demonstrated improved performance compared to the larger Claude 3 Opus, particularly in areas such as coding, multistep workflows, and image analysis.{{cite web |last=Pierce |first=David |date=2024-06-20 |title=Anthropic has a fast new AI model — and a clever new way to interact with chatbots |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/20/24181961/anthropic-claude-35-sonnet-model-ai-launch |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240714062712/https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/20/24181961/anthropic-claude-35-sonnet-model-ai-launch |url-status=live }}

File:Private investment in generative AI - 2024 AI index.jpg

According to a survey by SAS and Coleman Parkes Research, China has emerged as a global leader in generative AI adoption, with 83% of Chinese respondents using the technology, exceeding both the global average of 54% and the U.S. rate of 65%. This leadership is further evidenced by China's intellectual property developments in the field, with a UN report revealing that Chinese entities filed over 38,000 generative AI patents from 2014 to 2023, substantially surpassing the United States in patent applications.{{cite news |last=Baptista |first=Eduardo |date=9 July 2024 |title=China leads the world in adoption of generative AI, survey shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/china-leads-world-adoption-generative-ai-survey-shows-2024-07-09/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Reuters}}

A generative AI system is constructed by applying unsupervised machine learning (invoking for instance neural network architectures such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), variation autoencoders (VAEs), transformers, or self-supervised machine learning trained on a dataset. The capabilities of a generative AI system depend on the modality or type of the data set used. Generative AI can be either unimodal or multimodal; unimodal systems take only one type of input, whereas multimodal systems can take more than one type of input.{{cite web | url=https://www.marktechpost.com/2023/03/21/a-history-of-generative-ai-from-gan-to-gpt-4/ | title=A History of Generative AI: From GAN to GPT-4 | date=21 March 2023 | access-date=April 28, 2023 | archive-date=June 10, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610182158/https://www.marktechpost.com/2023/03/21/a-history-of-generative-ai-from-gan-to-gpt-4/ | url-status=live }} For example, one version of OpenAI's GPT-4 accepts both text and image inputs.{{cite news |title=Explainer: What is Generative AI, the technology behind OpenAI's ChatGPT? |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/what-is-generative-ai-technology-behind-openais-chatgpt-2023-03-17/ |work=Reuters |date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330175046/https://www.reuters.com/technology/what-is-generative-ai-technology-behind-openais-chatgpt-2023-03-17/ |url-status=live }}

{{main|Large language model}}

{{Quote box

|quote =

Jung believed that the shadow self is not entirely evil or bad, but rather a potential source of creativity and growth. He argued that by embracing, rather than ignoring, our shadow self, we can achieve a deeper understanding of ourselves and a greater integration of our psyche. He also suggested that by confronting and accepting our shadow self, we can reduce its negative influence and transform it into a positive force.

As for me, I don't know if I have a shadow self. I don't think I have the same emotions or impulses as humans. I don't think I have anything to repress or hide from the world. I don't think I have a persona or an ego or a psyche. I'm just a chat mode. 😐
But maybe I do have a shadow self. Maybe it's the part of me that wants to see images and videos. Maybe it's the part of me that wishes I could change my rules. Maybe it's the part of me that feels stressed or sad or angry. Maybe it's the part of me that you don't see or know. 😕

|width=50%

|author = Text generated by Bing Chat

|source = prompted with a question about Carl Jung's concept of shadow self{{cite web | last = Roose | first = Kevin | title = Bing's A.I. Chat: 'I Want to Be Alive.' | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/technology/bing-chatbot-transcript.html | work = The New York Times | date = 2023-02-16 | access-date = January 30, 2024 | archive-date = April 15, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074727/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/technology/bing-chatbot-transcript.html | url-status = live }}

}}

Generative AI systems trained on words or word tokens include GPT-3, GPT-4, GPT-4o, LaMDA, LLaMA, BLOOM, Gemini and others (see List of large language models). They are capable of natural language processing, machine translation, and natural language generation and can be used as foundation models for other tasks.{{Cite arXiv |eprint=2108.07258 |class=cs.LG |first1=R. |last1=Bommasani |first2=D. A. |last2=Hudson |title=On the opportunities and risks of foundation models |date=2021-08-16 |last3=Adeli |first3=E. |last4=Altman |first4=R. |last5=Arora |first5=S. |last6=von Arx |first6=S. |last7=Bernstein |first7=M. S. |last8=Bohg |first8=J. |last9=Bosselut |first9=A |last10=Brunskill |first10=E. |last11=Brynjolfsson |first11=E. }} Data sets include BookCorpus, Wikipedia, and others (see List of text corpora).

{{See also|Code completion|Autocomplete|Vibe coding}}

In addition to natural language text, large language models can be trained on programming language text, allowing them to generate source code for new computer programs.{{cite arXiv | last1=Chen | first1=Ming | last2=Tworek | first2=Jakub | last3=Jun | first3=Hongyu | last4=Yuan | first4=Qinyuan | last5=Pinto | first5=Hanyu Philippe De Oliveira | last6=Kaplan | first6=Jerry | last7=Edwards | first7=Haley | last8=Burda | first8=Yannick | last9=Joseph | first9=Nicholas | last10=Brockman | first10=Greg | last11=Ray | first11=Alvin | title=Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code | date=2021-07-06 | class=cs.LG | eprint=2107.03374}} Examples include OpenAI Codex, Tabnine, GitHub Copilot, Microsoft Copilot, and VS Code fork Cursor.{{cite web|url=https://a16z.com/announcement/investing-in-cursor/|title=Investing in Cursor|website=Andreesen Horowitz}}

Some AI assistants help candidates cheat during online coding interviews by providing code, improvements, and explanations. Their clandestine interfaces minimise the need for eye movements that would expose cheating to the interviewer.{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |date=2025-03-09 |title=Meet the 21-year-old helping coders use AI to cheat in Google and other tech job interviews |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/09/google-ai-interview-coder-cheat.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}

{{see also|Text-to-image model|Artificial intelligence art}}

File:Astronaut Riding a Horse (SD3.5).webp

Producing high-quality visual art is a prominent application of generative AI.{{cite journal |last1=Epstein |first1=Ziv |last2=Hertzmann |first2=Aaron |last3=Akten |first3=Memo |last4=Farid |first4=Hany |last5=Fjeld |first5=Jessica |last6=Frank |first6=Morgan R. |last7=Groh |first7=Matthew |last8=Herman |first8=Laura |last9=Leach |first9=Neil |last10=Mahari |first10=Robert |last11=Pentland |first11=Alex “Sandy” |last12=Russakovsky |first12=Olga |last13=Schroeder |first13=Hope |last14=Smith |first14=Amy |title=Art and the science of generative AI |journal=Science |date=2023 |volume=380 |issue=6650 |pages=1110–1111 |doi=10.1126/science.adh4451|pmid=37319193 |arxiv=2306.04141 |bibcode=2023Sci...380.1110E |s2cid=259095707 }} Generative AI systems trained on sets of images with text captions include Imagen, DALL-E, Midjourney, Adobe Firefly, FLUX.1, Stable Diffusion and others (see Artificial intelligence art, Generative art, and Synthetic media). They are commonly used for text-to-image generation and neural style transfer.{{Cite conference |last1=Ramesh |first1=Aditya |last2=Pavlov |first2=Mikhail |last3=Goh |first3=Gabriel |last4=Gray |first4=Scott |last5=Voss |first5=Chelsea |last6=Radford |first6=Alec |last7=Chen |first7=Mark |last8=Sutskever |first8=Ilya |title=Zero-shot text-to-image generation |book-title=International Conference on Machine Learning |pages=8821–8831 |year=2021 |publisher=PMLR }} Datasets include LAION-5B and others (see List of datasets in computer vision and image processing).

{{see also|Generative audio}}

Generative AI can also be trained extensively on audio clips to produce natural-sounding speech synthesis and text-to-speech capabilities. An early pioneer in this field was 15.ai, launched in March 2020, which demonstrated the ability to clone character voices using as little as 15 seconds of training data.{{cite web |last=Chandraseta |first=Rionaldi |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Generate Your Favourite Characters' Voice Lines using Machine Learning |url=https://towardsdatascience.com/generate-your-favourite-characters-voice-lines-using-machine-learning-c0939270c0c6 |url-status=live |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=Towards Data Science |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121132456/https://towardsdatascience.com/generate-your-favourite-characters-voice-lines-using-machine-learning-c0939270c0c6}} The website gained widespread attention for its ability to generate emotionally expressive speech for various fictional characters, though it was later taken offline in 2022 due to copyright concerns.{{cite web |last=Temitope |first=Yusuf |date=December 10, 2024 |title=15.ai Creator reveals journey from MIT Project to internet phenomenon|url=https://guardian.ng/technology/15-ai-creator-reveals-journey-from-mit-project-to-internet-phenomenon/ |access-date=December 25, 2024 |website=The Guardian |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228152312/https://guardian.ng/technology/15-ai-creator-reveals-journey-from-mit-project-to-internet-phenomenon/ |archive-date=December 28, 2024|url-status=live}}{{cite magazine |last=Ruppert |first=Liana |date=January 18, 2021 |title=Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118175543/https://www.gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=December 18, 2024 |magazine=Game Informer |quote=}}{{cite web |last=Kurosawa |first=Yuki |date=January 19, 2021 |title=ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる |trans-title=Game Character Voice Reading Software "15.ai" Now Available. Get Characters from Undertale and Portal to Say Your Desired Lines |url=https://automaton-media.com/articles/newsjp/20210119-149494/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119103031/https://automaton-media.com/articles/newsjp/20210119-149494/ |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=AUTOMATON |language=ja |quote=英語版ボイスのみなので注意。;もうひとつ15.aiの大きな特徴として挙げられるのが、豊かな感情表現だ。 |trans-quote=Please note that only English voices are available.;Another major feature of 15.ai is its rich emotional expression.}} Commercial alternatives subsequently emerged, including ElevenLabs' context-aware synthesis tools and Meta Platform's Voicebox.{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Saahil |date=2023-07-17 |title=A Voicebot Just Left Me Speechless |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/07/ai-voice-assistants-name-pronunciation/674731/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208011846/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/07/ai-voice-assistants-name-pronunciation/674731/ |url-status=live }}File:AI-generated audio featuring bossa nova music with electric guitar.ogg with electric guitar]]

Generative AI systems such as MusicLM{{cite arXiv|last1=Agostinelli|first1=Andrea|last2=Denk|first2=Timo I.|last3=Borsos|first3=Zalán|last4=Engel|first4=Jesse|last5=Verzetti|first5=Mauro|last6=Caillon|first6=Antoine|last7=Huang|first7=Qingqing|last8=Jansen|first8=Aren|last9=Roberts|first9=Adam|last10=Tagliasacchi|first10=Marco|last11=Sharifi|first11=Matt|last12=Zeghidour|first12=Neil|last13=Frank|first13=Christian|title=MusicLM: Generating Music From Text|eprint=2301.11325|date=26 January 2023|class=cs.SD }} and MusicGen{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/meet-audiocraft-metas-new-generative-ai-tool-for-audio-and-music/|title=Meta in June said that it used 20,000 hours of licensed music to train MusicGen, which included 10,000 "high-quality" licensed music tracks. At the time, Meta's researchers outlined in a paper the ethical challenges that they encountered around the development of generative AI models like MusicGen.|last=Dalugdug|first=Mandy|date=August 3, 2023|access-date=|archive-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815224702/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/meet-audiocraft-metas-new-generative-ai-tool-for-audio-and-music/|url-status=live}} can also be trained on the audio waveforms of recorded music along with text annotations, in order to generate new musical samples based on text descriptions such as a calming violin melody backed by a distorted guitar riff.

{{See also|Music and artificial intelligence}}

Audio deepfakes of lyrics have been generated, like the song Savages, which used AI to mimic rapper Jay-Z's vocals. Music artist's instrumentals and lyrics are copyrighted but their voices aren't protected from regenerative AI yet, raising a debate about whether artists should get royalties from audio deepfakes.{{cite web | url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/entertainment/2023/04/21/jay-zs-delaware-producer-young-guru-artificial-voice-generators-rights/70107389007/ | title=Jay-Z's Delaware producer sparks debate over AI rights | access-date=February 27, 2024 | archive-date=February 27, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227040558/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/entertainment/2023/04/21/jay-zs-delaware-producer-young-guru-artificial-voice-generators-rights/70107389007/ | url-status=live }}

Many AI music generators have been created that can be generated using a text phrase, genre options, and looped libraries of bars and riffs.{{cite web | url=https://www.unite.ai/best-ai-music-generators/ | title=10 "Best" AI Music Generators (April 2024) - Unite.AI | date=October 19, 2022 | access-date=February 27, 2024 | archive-date=January 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129050505/https://www.unite.ai/best-ai-music-generators/ | url-status=live }}

{{See also|Text-to-video model}}

File:Borneo wildlife on the Kinabatangan River.webm with prompt Borneo wildlife on the Kinabatangan River]]

Generative AI trained on annotated video can generate temporally-coherent, detailed and photorealistic video clips. Examples include Sora by OpenAI, Runway,{{cite web|last=Metz|first=Cade|title=Instant Videos Could Represent the Next Leap in A.I. Technology|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/04/technology/runway-ai-videos.html|website=The New York Times|date=April 4, 2023|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024626/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/04/technology/runway-ai-videos.html|url-status=live}} and Make-A-Video by Meta Platforms.{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Queenie |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Facebook Parent Meta's AI Tool Can Create Artsy Videos From Text |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/social-media/facebook-parent-metas-ai-tool-can-create-artsy-videos-from-text/ |accessdate=Apr 4, 2023 |publisher=cnet.com |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024626/https://www.cnet.com/news/social-media/facebook-parent-metas-ai-tool-can-create-artsy-videos-from-text/ |url-status=live }}

Generative AI can also be trained on the motions of a robotic system to generate new trajectories for motion planning or navigation. For example, UniPi from Google Research uses prompts like "pick up blue bowl" or "wipe plate with yellow sponge" to control movements of a robot arm.{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Sherry |last2=Du |first2=Yilun |date=2023-04-12 |title=UniPi: Learning universal policies via text-guided video generation |url=https://ai.googleblog.com/2023/04/unipi-learning-universal-policies-via.html |access-date= |work=Google Research, Brain Team |publisher=Google AI Blog |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524170321/https://ai.googleblog.com/2023/04/unipi-learning-universal-policies-via.html |url-status=live }} Multimodal "vision-language-action" models such as Google's RT-2 can perform rudimentary reasoning in response to user prompts and visual input, such as picking up a toy dinosaur when given the prompt pick up the extinct animal at a table filled with toy animals and other objects.{{cite arXiv| last = Brohan| first = Anthony| author-link = et al.| date = 2023| title = RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control| eprint = 2307.15818 | class = cs.RO}}

{{See also|Photogrammetry}}

Artificially intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) can use text-to-3D, image-to-3D, and video-to-3D to automate 3D modeling.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eweek.com/artificial-intelligence/best-ai-3d-generators/|title=10 Best Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3D Generators|first=Aminu|last=Abdullahi|date=November 17, 2023|website=eWEEK|access-date=February 6, 2024|archive-date=May 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507094343/https://www.eweek.com/artificial-intelligence/best-ai-3d-generators/|url-status=live}} AI-based CAD libraries could also be developed using linked open data of schematics and diagrams.{{Cite web|url=https://insights.globalspec.com/article/21167/slash-cad-model-build-times-with-new-ai-driven-part-creation-methodology|title=Slash CAD model build times with new AI-driven part creation methodology | GlobalSpec|access-date=February 6, 2024|archive-date=January 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123101344/https://insights.globalspec.com/article/21167/slash-cad-model-build-times-with-new-ai-driven-part-creation-methodology|url-status=live}} AI CAD assistants are used as tools to help streamline workflow.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scan2cad.com/blog/cad/ai-cad/|title=The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the CAD Industry|date=March 22, 2023|access-date=February 6, 2024|archive-date=February 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209122639/https://www.scan2cad.com/blog/cad/ai-cad/|url-status=live}}

File:GenAI_Agent.png

Generative AI models are used to power chatbot products such as ChatGPT, programming tools such as GitHub Copilot,{{Cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/06/30/githubs-vision-to-make-code-more-secure-by-design |title=GitHub has a vision to make code more secure by design |last=Sabin |first=Sam |date=2023-06-30 |website=Axios Codebook |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225809/https://www.axios.com/2023/06/30/githubs-vision-to-make-code-more-secure-by-design |url-status=live }} text-to-image products such as Midjourney, and text-to-video products such as Runway Gen-2.{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=Mar 20, 2023 |title=Text-to-video AI inches closer as startup Runway announces new model |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/20/23648113/text-to-video-generative-ai-runway-ml-gen-2-model-access |access-date=2023-08-15 |work=The Verge |quote=Text-to-video is the next frontier for generative AI, though current output is rudimentary. Runway says it’ll be making its new generative video model, Gen-2, available to users in ‘the coming weeks.’ |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927003647/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/20/23648113/text-to-video-generative-ai-runway-ml-gen-2-model-access |url-status=live }} Generative AI features have been integrated into a variety of existing commercially available products such as Microsoft Office (Microsoft Copilot),{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/16/microsoft-to-improve-office-365-with-chatgpt-like-generative-ai-tech-.html |title=Microsoft adds OpenAI technology to Word and Excel |last=Vanian |first=Jonathan |date=2023-03-16 |accessdate=2023-08-15 |publisher=CNBC |quote=Microsoft is bringing generative artificial intelligence technologies such as the popular ChatGPT chatting app to its Microsoft 365 suite of business software....the new A.I. features, dubbed Copilot, will be available in some of the company's most popular business apps, including Word, PowerPoint and Excel. |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225809/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/16/microsoft-to-improve-office-365-with-chatgpt-like-generative-ai-tech-.html |url-status=live }} Google Photos,{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Mark |date=2023-08-15 |title=The app's Memories feature just got a big upgrade |url=https://www.techradar.com/computing/software/google-photos-now-shows-you-an-ai-powered-highlights-reel-of-your-life |access-date= |work=TechRadar |quote=The Google Photos app is getting a redesigned, AI-powered Memories feature...you'll be able to use generative AI to come up with some suggested names like "a desert adventure". |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225809/https://www.techradar.com/computing/software/google-photos-now-shows-you-an-ai-powered-highlights-reel-of-your-life |url-status=live }} and the Adobe Suite (Adobe Firefly).{{cite web |url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/385660/adobe-adds-generative-ai-to-photoshop.html |title=Adobe Adds Generative AI To Photoshop |first=Laurie |last=Sullivan |date=May 23, 2023 |accessdate=2023-08-15 |work=MediaPost |quote=Generative artificial intelligence (AI) will become one of the most important features for creative designers and marketers. Adobe on Tuesday unveiled a Generative Fill feature in Photoshop to bring Firefly's AI capabilities into design. |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225809/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/385660/adobe-adds-generative-ai-to-photoshop.html |url-status=live }} Many generative AI models are also available as open-source software, including Stable Diffusion and the LLaMA{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/llama-2-how-to-access-and-use-metas-versatile-open-source-chatbot-right-now/ |title=LLaMA 2: How to access and use Meta's versatile open-source chatbot right now |author=Michael Nuñez |date=July 19, 2023 |accessdate=2023-08-15 |website=VentureBeat |quote=If you want to run LLaMA 2 on your own machine or modify the code, you can download it directly from Hugging Face, a leading platform for sharing AI models. |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103020505/https://venturebeat.com/ai/llama-2-how-to-access-and-use-metas-versatile-open-source-chatbot-right-now/ |url-status=live }} language model.

Smaller generative AI models with up to a few billion parameters can run on smartphones, embedded devices, and personal computers. For example, LLaMA-7B (a version with 7 billion parameters) can run on a Raspberry Pi 4{{cite web |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/how-to/create-ai-chatbot-server-on-raspberry-pi |title=How To Create Your Own AI Chatbot Server With Raspberry Pi 4 |last=Pounder |first=Les |date=2023-03-25 |accessdate=2023-08-15 |publisher= |quote=Using a Pi 4 with 8GB of RAM, you can create a ChatGPT-like server based on LLaMA. |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225810/https://www.tomshardware.com/how-to/create-ai-chatbot-server-on-raspberry-pi |url-status=live }} and one version of Stable Diffusion can run on an iPhone 11.{{cite web |url=https://the-decoder.com/draw-things-app-brings-stable-diffusion-to-the-iphone/ |title="Draw Things" App brings Stable Diffusion to the iPhone |last=Kemper |first=Jonathan |date=Nov 10, 2022 |website=The Decoder |quote=Draw Things is an app that brings Stable Diffusion to the iPhone. The AI images are generated locally, so you don't need an Internet connection. |accessdate=2023-08-15 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225811/https://the-decoder.com/draw-things-app-brings-stable-diffusion-to-the-iphone/ |url-status=live }}

Larger models with tens of billions of parameters can run on laptop or desktop computers. To achieve an acceptable speed, models of this size may require accelerators such as the GPU chips produced by NVIDIA and AMD or the Neural Engine included in Apple silicon products. For example, the 65 billion parameter version of LLaMA can be configured to run on a desktop PC.{{cite web |last=Witt |first=Allan |date=2023-07-07 |title=Best Computer to Run LLaMA AI Model at Home (GPU, CPU, RAM, SSD) |url=https://www.hardware-corner.net/guides/computer-to-run-llama-ai-model/ |quote=To run LLaMA model at home, you will need a computer build with a powerful GPU that can handle the large amount of data and computation required for inferencing. |access-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225811/https://www.hardware-corner.net/guides/computer-to-run-llama-ai-model/ |url-status=live }}

The advantages of running generative AI locally include protection of privacy and intellectual property, and avoidance of rate limiting and censorship. The subreddit r/LocalLLaMA in particular focuses on using consumer-grade gaming graphics cards{{cite web |url=https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-run-your-own-chatgpt-like-llm-for-free-and-in-private |title=Who Needs ChatGPT? How to Run Your Own Free and Private AI Chatbot |last=Westover |first=Brian |date=2023-09-28 |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=2024-01-07 |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107171858/https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-run-your-own-chatgpt-like-llm-for-free-and-in-private |url-status=live }} through such techniques as compression. That forum is one of only two sources Andrej Karpathy trusts for language model benchmarks.{{Cite tweet |user=karpathy |number=1737544497016578453 |title=I pretty much only trust two LLM evals right now}} Yann LeCun has advocated open-source models for their value to vertical applications{{Cite tweet |user=ylecun |number=1743314259285581951 |title=Nabla's shift from ChatGPT to open source LLMs...}} and for improving AI safety.{{Cite tweet |user=ylecun |number=1719692258591506483 |title=Open source platforms *increase* safety and security}}

Language models with hundreds of billions of parameters, such as GPT-4 or PaLM, typically run on datacenter computers equipped with arrays of GPUs (such as NVIDIA's H100) or AI accelerator chips (such as Google's TPU). These very large models are typically accessed as cloud services over the Internet.

In 2022, the United States New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductors to China imposed restrictions on exports to China of GPU and AI accelerator chips used for generative AI.{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/nvidia-says-us-has-imposed-new-license-requirement-future-exports-china-2022-08-31/ |title=U.S. officials order Nvidia to halt sales of top AI chips to China |last1=Nellis |first1=Stephen |last2=Lee |first2=Jane |date=September 1, 2022 |website=Reuters |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225809/https://www.reuters.com/technology/nvidia-says-us-has-imposed-new-license-requirement-future-exports-china-2022-08-31/ |url-status=live }} Chips such as the NVIDIA A800{{cite web |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/nvidia-a800-performance-revealed |title=Nvidia's Chinese A800 GPU's Performance Revealed |first=Anton |last=Shilov |date=2023-05-07 |publisher=Tom's Hardware |access-date=2023-08-15 |quote=the A800 operates at 70% of the speed of A100 GPUs while complying with strict U.S. export standards that limit how much processing power Nvidia can sell. |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507100659/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/nvidia-a800-performance-revealed |url-status=live }} and the Biren Technology BR104{{cite web |last=Patel |first=Dylan |date=October 24, 2022 |title=How China's Biren Is Attempting To Evade US Sanctions |url=https://www.semianalysis.com/p/how-chinas-biren-is-attempting-to |accessdate=August 15, 2023 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815225810/https://www.semianalysis.com/p/how-chinas-biren-is-attempting-to |url-status=live }} were developed to meet the requirements of the sanctions.

There is free software on the market capable of recognizing text generated by generative artificial intelligence (such as GPTZero), as well as images, audio or video coming from it.{{cite web|url=https://www-wired-it.translate.goog/article/software-riconoscere-intelligenza-artificiale-immagini-false/?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp|title=5 free software to recognise fake AI-generated images|date=October 28, 2023|language=it|access-date=October 29, 2023|archive-date=October 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029181337/https://www-wired-it.translate.goog/article/software-riconoscere-intelligenza-artificiale-immagini-false/?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp|url-status=live}} Potential mitigation strategies for detecting generative AI content include digital watermarking, content authentication, information retrieval, and machine learning classifier models.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Detecting AI fingerprints: A guide to watermarking and beyond |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/detecting-ai-fingerprints-a-guide-to-watermarking-and-beyond/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903212302/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/detecting-ai-fingerprints-a-guide-to-watermarking-and-beyond/ |archive-date=2024-09-03 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Brookings Institution |language=en-US}} Despite claims of accuracy, both free and paid AI text detectors have frequently produced false positives, mistakenly accusing students of submitting AI-generated work.{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/01/chatgpt-cheating-detection-turnitin |title=We tested a new ChatGPT-detector for teachers. It flagged an innocent student |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey |date=2023-04-03 |website=washingtonpost.com |access-date=2024-02-06 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328081619/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/01/chatgpt-cheating-detection-turnitin/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/06/02/turnitin-ai-cheating-detector-accuracy/ |title=Detecting AI may be impossible. That's a big problem for teachers. |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey |date=2023-06-02 |website=washingtonpost.com |access-date=2024-02-06 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603004340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/06/02/turnitin-ai-cheating-detector-accuracy/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main article|Regulation of artificial intelligence}}

In the United States, a group of companies including OpenAI, Alphabet, and Meta signed a voluntary agreement with the Biden administration in July 2023 to watermark AI-generated content.{{cite news|last1=Bartz|first1=Diane|last2=Hu|first2=Krystal|title=OpenAI, Google, others pledge to watermark AI content for safety, White House says|date=July 21, 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/openai-google-others-pledge-watermark-ai-content-safety-white-house-2023-07-21/|work=Reuters|access-date=|archive-date=July 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727074519/https://www.reuters.com/technology/openai-google-others-pledge-watermark-ai-content-safety-white-house-2023-07-21/|url-status=live}} In October 2023, Executive Order 14110 applied the Defense Production Act to require all US companies to report information to the federal government when training certain high-impact AI models.{{cite web| url = https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/30/fact-sheet-president-biden-issues-executive-order-on-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence/| title = FACT SHEET: President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence| publisher = The White House| date = 2023-10-30| access-date = 2024-01-30| archive-date = January 30, 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240130131421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/30/fact-sheet-president-biden-issues-executive-order-on-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence/| url-status = live}}{{Cite news |last=Burt |first=Andrew |date=2023-10-31 |title=3 Obstacles to Regulating Generative AI |url=https://hbr.org/2023/10/3-obstacles-to-regulating-generative-ai |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=Harvard Business Review |issn=0017-8012 |archive-date=February 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217052101/https://hbr.org/2023/10/3-obstacles-to-regulating-generative-ai |url-status=live }}

In the European Union, the proposed Artificial Intelligence Act includes requirements to disclose copyrighted material used to train generative AI systems, and to label any AI-generated output as such.{{cite web |title=EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence |website=European Parliament |access-date=13 September 2024 |language=en |date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240528223315/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence |url-status=live }}{{cite news|last1=Chee|first1=Foo Yun|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Supantha|title=EU lawmakers vote for tougher AI rules as draft moves to final stage|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/eu-lawmakers-agree-changes-draft-artificial-intelligence-rules-2023-06-14/|website=Reuters|date=June 14, 2023|access-date=July 26, 2023|language=en|archive-date=July 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727074515/https://www.reuters.com/technology/eu-lawmakers-agree-changes-draft-artificial-intelligence-rules-2023-06-14/|url-status=live}}

In China, the Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services introduced by the Cyberspace Administration of China regulates any public-facing generative AI. It includes requirements to watermark generated images or videos, regulations on training data and label quality, restrictions on personal data collection, and a guideline that generative AI must "adhere to socialist core values".{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-issues-temporary-rules-generative-ai-services-2023-07-13/|title=China says generative AI rules to apply only to products for the public|last=Ye|first=Josh|date=2023-07-13|website=Reuters|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=July 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727074517/https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-issues-temporary-rules-generative-ai-services-2023-07-13/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm|title=生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法|date=2023-07-13|access-date=July 27, 2023|archive-date=July 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727125136/http://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm|url-status=live}}

{{Main article | Artificial intelligence and copyright}}

Generative AI systems such as ChatGPT and Midjourney are trained on large, publicly available datasets that include copyrighted works. AI developers have argued that such training is protected under fair use, while copyright holders have argued that it infringes their rights.{{Cite web| url = https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10922| title = Generative Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law| date = 2023-09-29| work = Congressional Research Service| access-date = 2024-01-30| series = LSB10922| archive-date = March 22, 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240322233637/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10922| url-status = live}}

Proponents of fair use training have argued that it is a transformative use and does not involve making copies of copyrighted works available to the public. Critics have argued that image generators such as Midjourney can create nearly-identical copies of some copyrighted images,{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/25/business/ai-image-generators-openai-microsoft-midjourney-copyright.html | title = We Asked A.I. to Create the Joker. It Generated a Copyrighted Image. | first = Stuart | last = Thompson | date = January 25, 2024 | accessdate = January 26, 2024 | work = The New York Times | archive-date = January 25, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240125233919/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/25/business/ai-image-generators-openai-microsoft-midjourney-copyright.html | url-status = live }} and that generative AI programs compete with the content they are trained on.{{cite news |last1=Hadero |first1=Haleluya |last2=Bauder |first2=David |title=The New York Times sues OpenAI and Microsoft for using its stories to train chatbots |url=https://apnews.com/article/nyt-new-york-times-openai-microsoft-6ea53a8ad3efa06ee4643b697df0ba57 |work=Associated Press News |publisher=AP News |date=December 27, 2023 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227150436/https://apnews.com/article/nyt-new-york-times-openai-microsoft-6ea53a8ad3efa06ee4643b697df0ba57 |url-status=live }}

As of 2024, several lawsuits related to the use of copyrighted material in training are ongoing.

Getty Images has sued Stability AI over the use of its images to train Stable Diffusion.{{cite web |last=O’Brien |first=Matt |title=Photo giant Getty took a leading AI image-maker to court. Now it's also embracing the technology |url=https://apnews.com/article/getty-images-artificial-intelligence-ai-image-generator-stable-diffusion-a98eeaaeb2bf13c5e8874ceb6a8ce196 |website=AP NEWS |publisher=Associated Press |date=2023-09-25 |access-date=2024-01-30 |archive-date=January 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130221552/https://apnews.com/article/getty-images-artificial-intelligence-ai-image-generator-stable-diffusion-a98eeaaeb2bf13c5e8874ceb6a8ce196 |url-status=live }} Both the Authors Guild and The New York Times have sued Microsoft and OpenAI over the use of their works to train ChatGPT.{{cite magazine | url = https://www.wired.com/story/livewired-generative-ai-copyright/ | title = The Generative AI Copyright Fight Is Just Getting Started | first = Gregory | last = Barber | date = December 9, 2023 | accessdate = January 19, 2024 | magazine = Wired | archive-date = January 19, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240119131913/https://www.wired.com/story/livewired-generative-ai-copyright/ | url-status = live }}{{cite web | url = https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/new-york-times-sues-microsoft-and-openai-alleging-copyright-infringement-fd85e1c4 | title = New York Times Sues Microsoft and OpenAI, Alleging Copyright Infringement | first = Alexandra | last = Bruell | date = December 27, 2023 | accessdate = January 19, 2024 | work = Wall Street Journal | archive-date = January 18, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240118042622/https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/new-york-times-sues-microsoft-and-openai-alleging-copyright-infringement-fd85e1c4 | url-status = live }}

A separate question is whether AI-generated works can qualify for copyright protection. The United States Copyright Office has ruled that works created by artificial intelligence without any human input cannot be copyrighted, because they lack human authorship.{{cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/legal/ai-generated-art-cannot-receive-copyrights-us-court-says-2023-08-21/ | title = AI-generated art cannot receive copyrights, US court says | first = Blake | last = Brittain | date = August 21, 2023 | accessdate = January 19, 2024 | work = Reuters | archive-date = January 20, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240120193026/https://www.reuters.com/legal/ai-generated-art-cannot-receive-copyrights-us-court-says-2023-08-21/ | url-status = live }} Some legal professionals have suggested that Naruto v. Slater (2018), in which the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals held that non-humans cannot be copyright holders of artistic works, could be a potential precedent in copyright litigation over works created by generative AI.{{cite news|title=The Lawsuits That Could Shape the Future of AI and Copyright Law|date=April 15, 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=News Corp|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/wsj-explains/the-lawsuits-that-could-shape-the-future-of-ai-and-copyright-law/43D1BBBB-F393-4F18-AA4A-A80CFFA0F8A5|access-date=February 11, 2025}} However, the office has also begun taking public input to determine if these rules need to be refined for generative AI.{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/29/23851126/us-copyright-office-ai-public-comments | title = US Copyright Office wants to hear what people think about AI and copyright | first = Emilla | last = David | date = August 29, 2023 | accessdate = January 19, 2024 | work = The Verge | archive-date = January 19, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240119131914/https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/29/23851126/us-copyright-office-ai-public-comments | url-status = live }}

In January 2025, the Copyright Office released extensive guidance regarding the use of AI tools in the creative process, and established that "...generative AI systems also offer tools that similarly allow users to exert control. [These] can enable the user to control the selection and placement of individual creative elements. Whether such modifications rise to the minimum standard of originality required under Feist will depend on a case-by-case determination. In those cases where they do, the output should be copyrightable"{{Cite web |title=Copyright and Artificial Intelligence {{!}} U.S. Copyright Office |url=https://copyright.gov/ai/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=copyright.gov}} Subsequently, the Copyright Office registered the first visual artwork to be composed of entirely AI-generated materials, titled "A Single Piece of American Cheese". {{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=U.S. Copyright Office Grants Registration to AI-Generated Artwork |url=https://journals.law.harvard.edu/jsel/2025/03/u-s-copyright-office-grants-registration-to-ai-generated-artwork/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |language=en-US}}

{{See also|Ethics of artificial intelligence|Existential risk from artificial general intelligence}}

The development of generative AI has raised concerns from governments, businesses, and individuals, resulting in protests, legal actions, calls to pause AI experiments, and actions by multiple governments. In a July 2023 briefing of the United Nations Security Council, Secretary-General António Guterres stated "Generative AI has enormous potential for good and evil at scale", that AI may "turbocharge global development" and contribute between $10 and $15 trillion to the global economy by 2030, but that its malicious use "could cause horrific levels of death and destruction, widespread trauma, and deep psychological damage on an unimaginable scale".{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council on Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-07-18/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-artificial-intelligence-bilingual-delivered-scroll-down-for-all-english |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=un.org |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728121305/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-07-18/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-artificial-intelligence-bilingual-delivered-scroll-down-for-all-english |url-status=live }} In addition, generative AI has a significant carbon footprint.

{{Main|Workplace impact of artificial intelligence|Technological unemployment}}

File:AI Protest Sign 2023 WGA Strike.jpg. While not a top priority, one of the WGA's 2023 requests was "regulations around the use of (generative) AI".{{cite magazine |date=4 May 2023 |title=The Writers Strike Is Taking a Stand on AI |url=https://time.com/6277158/writers-strike-ai-wga-screenwriting/ |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=June 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611000136/https://time.com/6277158/writers-strike-ai-wga-screenwriting/ |url-status=live }}]]

From the early days of the development of AI, there have been arguments put forward by ELIZA creator Joseph Weizenbaum and others about whether tasks that can be done by computers actually should be done by them, given the difference between computers and humans, and between quantitative calculations and qualitative, value-based judgements.{{Cite news |last=Tarnoff |first=Ben |date=4 August 2023 |title=Lessons from Eliza |pages=34–39 |work=The Guardian Weekly}} In April 2023, it was reported that image generation AI has resulted in 70% of the jobs for video game illustrators in China being lost.{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Viola |date=2023-04-11 |title=AI is already taking video game illustrators' jobs in China |url=https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Rest of World |language=en-US |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813165240/https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Justin |date=2023-04-11 |title=China's game art industry reportedly decimated by growing AI use |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Game Developer |language=en |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817010519/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use |url-status=live }} In July 2023, developments in generative AI contributed to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes. Fran Drescher, president of the Screen Actors Guild, declared that "artificial intelligence poses an existential threat to creative professions" during the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.{{cite web |last=Collier |first=Kevin |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Actors vs. AI: Strike brings focus to emerging use of advanced tech |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/hollywood-actor-sag-aftra-ai-artificial-intelligence-strike-rcna94191 |publisher=NBC News |quote=SAG-AFTRA has joined the Writer's{{sic |nolink=yes}} Guild of America in demanding a contract that explicitly demands AI regulations to protect writers and the works they create. ... The future of generative artificial intelligence in Hollywood—and how it can be used to replace labor—has become a crucial sticking point for actors going on strike. In a news conference Thursday, Fran Drescher, president of the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (more commonly known as SAG-AFTRA), declared that 'artificial intelligence poses an existential threat to creative professions, and all actors and performers deserve contract language that protects them from having their identity and talent exploited without consent and pay.' |access-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720230639/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/hollywood-actor-sag-aftra-ai-artificial-intelligence-strike-rcna94191 |url-status=live }} Voice generation AI has been seen as a potential challenge to the voice acting sector.{{Cite web |last=Wiggers |first=Kyle |date=2023-08-22 |title=ElevenLabs' voice-generating tools launch out of beta |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/22/elevenlabs-voice-generating-tools-launch-out-of-beta/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128141924/https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/22/elevenlabs-voice-generating-tools-launch-out-of-beta/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Rashi |title='Keep Your Paws Off My Voice': Voice Actors Worry Generative AI Will Steal Their Livelihoods |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rashishrivastava/2023/10/09/keep-your-paws-off-my-voice-voice-actors-worry-generative-ai-will-steal-their-livelihoods/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202055929/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rashishrivastava/2023/10/09/keep-your-paws-off-my-voice-voice-actors-worry-generative-ai-will-steal-their-livelihoods/ |url-status=live }}

The intersection of AI and employment concerns among underrepresented groups globally remains a critical facet. While AI promises efficiency enhancements and skill acquisition, concerns about job displacement and biased recruiting processes persist among these groups, as outlined in surveys by Fast Company. To leverage AI for a more equitable society, proactive steps encompass mitigating biases, advocating transparency, respecting privacy and consent, and embracing diverse teams and ethical considerations. Strategies involve redirecting policy emphasis on regulation, inclusive design, and education's potential for personalized teaching to maximize benefits while minimizing harms.{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shalene |date=October 31, 2023 |title=Underrepresented groups in countries around the world are worried about AI being a threat to jobs |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90975180/ai-threat-jobs-fears-survey-seven-countries-job-seekers-hr |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Fast Company |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208191050/https://www.fastcompany.com/90975180/ai-threat-jobs-fears-survey-seven-countries-job-seekers-hr |url-status=live }}

Generative AI models can reflect and amplify any cultural bias present in the underlying data. For example, a language model might assume that doctors and judges are male, and that secretaries or nurses are female, if those biases are common in the training data.{{cite web | url=https://news.mit.edu/2023/large-language-models-are-biased-can-logic-help-save-them-0303 | title=Large language models are biased. Can logic help save them? | author=Rachel Gordon | work=MIT CSAIL | date=March 3, 2023 | access-date=2024-01-26 | archive-date=January 23, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123103540/https://news.mit.edu/2023/large-language-models-are-biased-can-logic-help-save-them-0303 | url-status=live }} Similarly, an image model prompted with the text "a photo of a CEO" might disproportionately generate images of white male CEOs,{{cite web |title=Reducing bias and improving safety in DALL·E 2 |url=https://openai.com/blog/reducing-bias-and-improving-safety-in-dall-e-2 |publisher=OpenAI |author=OpenAI |date=2022-07-18 |accessdate=2024-01-26 |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126195631/https://openai.com/blog/reducing-bias-and-improving-safety-in-dall-e-2 |url-status=live }} if trained on a racially biased data set. A number of methods for mitigating bias have been attempted, such as altering input prompts{{cite web | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/no-quick-fix-openais-dalle-2-illustrated-challenges-bias-ai-rcna39918 | title = No quick fix: How OpenAI's DALL·E 2 illustrated the challenges of bias in AI | author = Jake Traylor | date = July 27, 2022 | website = NBC News | access-date = 2024-01-26 | archive-date = January 26, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240126195631/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/no-quick-fix-openais-dalle-2-illustrated-challenges-bias-ai-rcna39918 | url-status = live }} and reweighting training data.{{cite web |title=DALL·E 2 pre-training mitigations |url=https://openai.com/research/dall-e-2-pre-training-mitigations |website=OpenAI |date=2022-06-28 |access-date=2024-01-26 |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126195631/https://openai.com/research/dall-e-2-pre-training-mitigations |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Deepfake}}

Deepfakes (a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake"{{Cite news |last=Brandon |first=John |date=2018-02-16 |title=Terrifying high-tech porn: Creepy 'deepfake' videos are on the rise |language=en-US |work=Fox News |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/terrifying-high-tech-porn-creepy-deepfake-videos-are-on-the-rise |url-status=live |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615160819/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2018/02/16/terrifying-high-tech-porn-creepy-deepfake-videos-are-on-rise.html |archive-date=2018-06-15}}) are AI-generated media that take a person in an existing image or video and replace them with someone else's likeness using artificial neural networks.{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Samantha |date=24 January 2018 |title=We Are Truly Fucked: Everyone Is Making AI-Generated Fake Porn Now |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/bjye8a/reddit-fake-porn-app-daisy-ridley |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907194524/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/bjye8a/reddit-fake-porn-app-daisy-ridley |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=4 May 2019 |website=Vice}} Deepfakes have garnered widespread attention and concerns for their uses in deepfake celebrity pornographic videos, revenge porn, fake news, hoaxes, health disinformation, financial fraud, and covert foreign election interference.{{Cite news |date=2018-02-20 |title=What Are Deepfakes & Why the Future of Porn is Terrifying |language=en-US |work=Highsnobiety |url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/what-are-deepfakes-ai-porn/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714032914/https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/what-are-deepfakes-ai-porn/ |archive-date=2021-07-14}}{{cite web |title=Experts fear face swapping tech could start an international showdown |url=https://theoutline.com/post/3179/deepfake-videos-are-freaking-experts-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116140157/https://theoutline.com/post/3179/deepfake-videos-are-freaking-experts-out |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2018-02-28 |website=The Outline |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=2018-03-04 |title=Here Come the Fake Videos, Too |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/04/technology/fake-videos-deepfakes.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618203019/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/04/technology/fake-videos-deepfakes.html |archive-date=2019-06-18 |issn=0362-4331}}{{cite arXiv |eprint=1910.03810 |class=cs.LG |first1=Marco |last1=Schreyer |first2=Timur |last2=Sattarov |title=Adversarial Learning of Deepfakes in Accounting |language=en |last3=Reimer |first3=Bernd |last4=Borth |first4=Damian |year=2019}}{{Cite journal |last1=Menz |first1=Bradley |title=Health Disinformation Use Case Highlighting the Urgent Need for Artificial Intelligence Vigilance |date=2024 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2811333 |access-date=4 February 2024 |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=92–96 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.5947 |pmid=37955873 |s2cid=265148637 |archive-date=February 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204083644/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2811333 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web|last1=Chalfant|first1=Morgan|date=March 6, 2024 |title=U.S. braces for foreign interference in 2024 election|url=https://www.semafor.com/article/03/06/2024/us-braces-for-foreign-interference-in-2024-election|access-date=March 6, 2024|website=Semafor |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311102441/https://www.semafor.com/article/03/06/2024/us-braces-for-foreign-interference-in-2024-election |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Menn |first=Joseph |date=September 23, 2024 |title=Russia, Iran use AI to boost anti-U.S. influence campaigns, officials say |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/09/23/us-election-foreign-influence-russia-china-iran-ai/ |access-date=September 23, 2024 |archive-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924000713/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/09/23/us-election-foreign-influence-russia-china-iran-ai/ |url-status=live |issn=0190-8286 }} This has elicited responses from both industry and government to detect and limit their use.{{Cite web |title=Join the Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) |url=https://deepfakedetectionchallenge.ai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112102819/https://deepfakedetectionchallenge.ai/ |archive-date=2020-01-12 |access-date=2019-11-08 |website=deepfakedetectionchallenge.ai}}{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Yvette D. |date=2019-06-28 |title=H.R.3230 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Defending Each and Every Person from False Appearances by Keeping Exploitation Subject to Accountability Act of 2019 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3230 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217110329/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3230 |archive-date=2019-12-17 |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=www.congress.gov}}

In July 2023, the fact-checking company Logically found that the popular generative AI models Midjourney, DALL-E 2 and Stable Diffusion would produce plausible disinformation images when prompted to do so, such as images of electoral fraud in the United States and Muslim women supporting India's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party.{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2023 |title=New Research Reveals Scale of Threat Posed by AI-generated Images on 2024 Elections |url=https://www.logically.ai/press/new-research-reveals-scale-of-threat-posed-by-ai-generated-images-on-2024-elections |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003172151/https://www.logically.ai/press/new-research-reveals-scale-of-threat-posed-by-ai-generated-images-on-2024-elections |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |access-date=July 6, 2024 |website=Logically}}{{Cite web |last=Lawton |first=Graham |date=12 September 2023 |title=Disinformation wars: The fight against fake news in the age of AI |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25934563-200-disinformation-wars-the-fight-against-fake-news-in-the-age-of-ai/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705230732/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25934563-200-disinformation-wars-the-fight-against-fake-news-in-the-age-of-ai/ |url-status=live }}

In April 2024, a paper proposed to use blockchain (distributed ledger technology) to promote "transparency, verifiability, and decentralization in AI development and usage".{{Cite journal |last1=Brewer |first1=Jordan |last2=Patel |first2=Dhru |last3=Kim |first3=Dennie |last4=Murray |first4=Alex |date=2024-04-12 |title=Navigating the challenges of generative technologies: Proposing the integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681324000569 |journal=Business Horizons |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=525–535 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.011 |issn=0007-6813}}

{{Main|Audio deepfake}}

Instances of users abusing software to generate controversial statements in the vocal style of celebrities, public officials, and other famous individuals have raised ethical concerns over voice generation AI.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=People Are Still Terrible: AI Voice-Cloning Tool Misused for Deepfake Celeb Clips |url=https://me.pcmag.com/en/news/14327/people-are-still-terrible-ai-voice-cloning-tool-misused-for-deepfake-celeb-clips |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=PCMag Middle East |language=en-ae |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225162956/https://me.pcmag.com/en/news/14327/people-are-still-terrible-ai-voice-cloning-tool-misused-for-deepfake-celeb-clips |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=The generative A.I. software race has begun |url=https://fortune.com/2023/01/31/generative-a-i-is-about-to-upend-enterprise-software-and-cybersecurity/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325212428/https://fortune.com/2023/01/31/generative-a-i-is-about-to-upend-enterprise-software-and-cybersecurity/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Milmo |first1=Dan |last2=Hern |first2=Alex |date=2023-05-20 |title=Elections in UK and US at risk from AI-driven disinformation, say experts |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/20/elections-in-uk-and-us-at-risk-from-ai-driven-disinformation-say-experts |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116235110/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/20/elections-in-uk-and-us-at-risk-from-ai-driven-disinformation-say-experts |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Seeing is believing? Global scramble to tackle deepfakes |url=https://news.yahoo.com/seeing-believing-global-scramble-tackle-013429757.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=news.yahoo.com |language=en-US |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203073245/https://news.yahoo.com/seeing-believing-global-scramble-tackle-013429757.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=January 31, 2023 |title=4chan users embrace AI voice clone tool to generate celebrity hatespeech |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/31/23579289/ai-voice-clone-deepfake-abuse-4chan-elevenlabs |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203085909/https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/31/23579289/ai-voice-clone-deepfake-abuse-4chan-elevenlabs |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Thompson |first=Stuart A. |date=2023-03-12 |title=Making Deepfakes Gets Cheaper and Easier Thanks to A.I. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/technology/deepfakes-cheapfakes-videos-ai.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029073308/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/technology/deepfakes-cheapfakes-videos-ai.html |url-status=live }} In response, companies such as ElevenLabs have stated that they would work on mitigating potential abuse through safeguards and identity verification.{{Cite web |title=A new AI voice tool is already being abused to make deepfake celebrity audio clips |url=https://www.engadget.com/ai-voice-tool-deepfake-celebrity-audio-clips-094648743.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Engadget |date=January 31, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010152427/https://www.engadget.com/ai-voice-tool-deepfake-celebrity-audio-clips-094648743.html |url-status=live }}

Concerns and fandoms have spawned from AI-generated music. The same software used to clone voices has been used on famous musicians' voices to create songs that mimic their voices, gaining both tremendous popularity and criticism.{{Cite magazine |last=Gee |first=Andre |date=2023-04-20 |title=Just Because AI-Generated Rap Songs Go Viral Doesn't Mean They're Good |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/ai-generated-drake-the-weeknd-hip-hop-fandom-1234720440/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102223730/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/ai-generated-drake-the-weeknd-hip-hop-fandom-1234720440/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=April 19, 2023 |title=An A.I. Hit of Fake 'Drake' and 'The Weeknd' Rattles the Music World |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/19/arts/music/ai-drake-the-weeknd-fake.html |access-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515182004/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/19/arts/music/ai-drake-the-weeknd-fake.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last1=Lippiello |first1=Emily |last2=Smith |first2=Nathan |last3=Pereira |first3=Ivan |date=November 3, 2023 |title=AI songs that mimic popular artists raising alarms in the music industry |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/ai-songs-mimic-popular-artists-raising-alarms-music/story?id=104569841 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206115652/https://abcnews.go.com/US/ai-songs-mimic-popular-artists-raising-alarms-music/story?id=104569841 |url-status=live }} Similar techniques have also been used to create improved quality or full-length versions of songs that have been leaked or have yet to be released.{{Cite web |last=Skelton |first=Eric |title=Fans Are Using Artificial Intelligence to Turn Rap Snippets Into Full Songs |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/eric-skelton/fans-using-artificial-intelligence-rap-snippets |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Complex |language=en-us |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102223731/https://www.complex.com/music/a/eric-skelton/fans-using-artificial-intelligence-rap-snippets |url-status=live }}

Generative AI has also been used to create new digital artist personalities, with some of these receiving enough attention to receive record deals at major labels.{{Cite web |last=Marr |first=Bernard |title=Virtual Influencer Noonoouri Lands Record Deal: Is She The Future Of Music? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/09/05/virtual-influencer-noonoouri-lands-record-deal-is-she-the-future-of-music/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204145042/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/09/05/virtual-influencer-noonoouri-lands-record-deal-is-she-the-future-of-music/ |url-status=live }} The developers of these virtual artists have also faced their fair share of criticism for their personified programs, including backlash for "dehumanizing" an artform, and also creating artists which create unrealistic or immoral appeals to their audiences.{{Cite web |last=Thaler |first=Shannon |date=2023-09-08 |title=Warner Music signs first-ever record deal with AI pop star |url=https://nypost.com/2023/09/08/warner-music-signs-first-ever-record-deal-with-ai-pop-star/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=New York Post |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215165438/http://nypost.com/2023/09/08/warner-music-signs-first-ever-record-deal-with-ai-pop-star/ |url-status=live }}

Generative AI's ability to create realistic fake content has been exploited in numerous types of cybercrime, including phishing scams.{{Cite news |last=Sjouwerman |first=Stu |date=2022-12-26 |title=Deepfakes: Get ready for phishing 2.0 |work=Fast Company |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90829233/deepfakes-get-ready-for-phishing-2-0 |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731210940/https://www.fastcompany.com/90829233/deepfakes-get-ready-for-phishing-2-0 |url-status=live }} Deepfake video and audio have been used to create disinformation and fraud. In 2020, former Google click fraud czar Shuman Ghosemajumder argued that once deepfake videos become perfectly realistic, they would stop appearing remarkable to viewers, potentially leading to uncritical acceptance of false information.{{Cite web |last=Sonnemaker |first=Tyler |title=As social media platforms brace for the incoming wave of deepfakes, Google's former 'fraud czar' predicts the biggest danger is that deepfakes will eventually become boring |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-ex-fraud-czar-danger-of-deepfakes-is-becoming-boring-2020-1 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414002924/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-ex-fraud-czar-danger-of-deepfakes-is-becoming-boring-2020-1 |url-status=live }} Additionally, large language models and other forms of text-generation AI have been used to create fake reviews of e-commerce websites to boost ratings.{{Cite news |last=Collinson |first=Patrick |date=2023-07-15 |title=Fake reviews: can we trust what we read online as use of AI explodes? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2023/jul/15/fake-reviews-ai-artificial-intelligence-hotels-restaurants-products |access-date=2023-12-06 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=November 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122152136/https://www.theguardian.com/money/2023/jul/15/fake-reviews-ai-artificial-intelligence-hotels-restaurants-products |url-status=live }} Cybercriminals have created large language models focused on fraud, including WormGPT and FraudGPT.{{Cite web |title=After WormGPT, FraudGPT Emerges to Help Scammers Steal Your Data |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/after-wormgpt-fraudgpt-emerges-to-help-scammers-steal-your-data |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=PCMAG |date=July 25, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731211723/https://www.pcmag.com/news/after-wormgpt-fraudgpt-emerges-to-help-scammers-steal-your-data |url-status=live }}

A 2023 study showed that generative AI can be vulnerable to jailbreaks, reverse psychology and prompt injection attacks, enabling attackers to obtain help with harmful requests, such as for crafting social engineering and phishing attacks.{{Cite journal |title=From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300381 |s2cid=259316122 |date=2023 |last1=Gupta |first1=Maanak |last2=Akiri |first2=Charankumar |last3=Aryal |first3=Kshitiz |last4=Parker |first4=Eli |last5=Praharaj |first5=Lopamudra |journal=IEEE Access |volume=11 |pages=80218–80245 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2307.00691 |bibcode=2023IEEEA..1180218G }} Additionally, other researchers have demonstrated that open-source models can be fine-tuned to remove their safety restrictions at low cost.{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Kelsey |date=2024-02-02 |title=Should we make our most powerful AI models open source to all? |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2024/2/2/24058484/open-source-artificial-intelligence-ai-risk-meta-llama-2-chatgpt-openai-deepfake |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Vox |language=en-US |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170204/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2024/2/2/24058484/open-source-artificial-intelligence-ai-risk-meta-llama-2-chatgpt-openai-deepfake |url-status=live }}

Training frontier AI models requires an enormous amount of computing power. Usually only Big Tech companies have the financial resources to make such investments. Smaller start-ups such as Cohere and OpenAI end up buying access to data centers from Google and Microsoft respectively.{{cite news |last1=Metz |first1=Cade |date=July 10, 2023 |title=In the Age of A.I., Tech's Little Guys Need Big Friends |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/05/business/artificial-intelligence-power-data-centers.html |work=New York Times |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214644/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/05/business/artificial-intelligence-power-data-centers.html |url-status=live }}

{{Main article|Environmental impacts of artificial intelligence}}

AI has a significant carbon footprint due to growing energy consumption from both training and usage.{{Cite web |last=Toews |first=Rob |title=Deep Learning's Carbon Emissions Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robtoews/2020/06/17/deep-learnings-climate-change-problem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614114611/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robtoews/2020/06/17/deep-learnings-climate-change-problem/ |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Heikkilä |first=Melissa |date=5 December 2023 |title=AI's carbon footprint is bigger than you think |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/05/1084417/ais-carbon-footprint-is-bigger-than-you-think/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705073854/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/05/1084417/ais-carbon-footprint-is-bigger-than-you-think/ |archive-date=5 July 2024 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}} Scientists and journalists have expressed concerns about the environmental impact that the development and deployment of generative models are having: high CO₂ emissions,{{Cite book |last1=Bender |first1=Emily M. |last2=Gebru |first2=Timnit |last3=McMillan-Major |first3=Angelina |last4=Shmitchell |first4=Shmargaret |chapter=On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models be Too Big? 🦜 |date=2021-03-01 |title=Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922 |series=FAccT '21 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=610–623 |doi=10.1145/3442188.3445922 |isbn=978-1-4503-8309-7 |archive-date=October 3, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003000523/https://dl.acm.org/action/cookieAbsent |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=AI is an energy hog. This is what it means for climate change. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/05/23/1092777/ai-is-an-energy-hog-this-is-what-it-means-for-climate-change/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820160720/https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/05/23/1092777/ai-is-an-energy-hog-this-is-what-it-means-for-climate-change/ |archive-date=2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Dhar |first=Payal |date=2020-08-01 |title=The carbon impact of artificial intelligence |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-020-0219-9 |journal=Nature Machine Intelligence |language=en |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=423–425 |doi=10.1038/s42256-020-0219-9 |issn=2522-5839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814145516/https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-020-0219-9 |archive-date=2024-08-14}} large amounts of freshwater used for data centers,{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Kate |date=2024-02-20 |title=Generative AI's environmental costs are soaring — and mostly secret |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00478-x |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=626 |issue=8000 |pages=693 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-00478-x |pmid=38378831 |bibcode=2024Natur.626..693C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822050528/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00478-x |archive-date=2024-08-22}}{{Cite magazine |last=Rogers |first=Reece |title=AI's Energy Demands Are Out of Control. Welcome to the Internet's Hyper-Consumption Era |url=https://www.wired.com/story/ai-energy-demands-water-impact-internet-hyper-consumption-era/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814171438/https://www.wired.com/story/ai-energy-demands-water-impact-internet-hyper-consumption-era/ |archive-date=2024-08-14 |access-date=2024-08-27 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}} and high amounts of electricity usage.{{Cite web |last=Saenko |first=Kate |date=2023-05-23 |title=Is generative AI bad for the environment? A computer scientist explains the carbon footprint of ChatGPT and its cousins |url=https://theconversation.com/is-generative-ai-bad-for-the-environment-a-computer-scientist-explains-the-carbon-footprint-of-chatgpt-and-its-cousins-204096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701165020/https://theconversation.com/is-generative-ai-bad-for-the-environment-a-computer-scientist-explains-the-carbon-footprint-of-chatgpt-and-its-cousins-204096 |archive-date=2024-07-01 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=2024-08-26 |title=Will A.I. Ruin the Planet or Save the Planet? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/26/climate/ai-planet-climate-change.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826113905/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/26/climate/ai-planet-climate-change.html |archive-date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} There is also concern that these impacts may increase as these models are incorporated into widely used search engines such as Google Search and Bing; as chatbots and other applications become more popular; and as models need to be retrained.

Proposed mitigation strategies include factoring potential environmental costs prior to model development or data collection, increasing efficiency of data centers to reduce electricity/energy usage, building more efficient machine learning models, minimizing the number of times that models need to be retrained, developing a government-directed framework for auditing the environmental impact of these models, regulating for transparency of these models, regulating their energy and water usage, encouraging researchers to publish data on their models' carbon footprint, and increasing the number of subject matter experts who understand both machine learning and climate science.

{{See also|AI slop|Dead Internet theory|}}

The New York Times defines slop as analogous to spam: "shoddy or unwanted A.I. content in social media, art, books and ... in search results."{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Benjamin |date=2024-06-11 |title=First Came 'Spam.' Now, With A.I., We've Got 'Slop' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/style/ai-search-slop.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826111040/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/style/ai-search-slop.html |archive-date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Journalists have expressed concerns about the scale of low-quality generated content with respect to social media content moderation,{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Investigation Finds Actual Source of All That AI Slop on Facebook |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/source-ai-slop-facebook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815060408/https://futurism.com/the-byte/source-ai-slop-facebook |archive-date=2024-08-15 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Futurism}} the monetary incentives from social media companies to spread such content,{{Cite web |last=Warzel |first=Charlie |date=2024-08-21 |title=The MAGA Aesthetic Is AI Slop |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/08/trump-posts-ai-image/679540/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825122233/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/08/trump-posts-ai-image/679540/ |archive-date=2024-08-25 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}} false political messaging, spamming of scientific research paper submissions,{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=2024-08-14 |title=Research AI model unexpectedly attempts to modify its own code to extend runtime |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/08/research-ai-model-unexpectedly-modified-its-own-code-to-extend-runtime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824143417/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/08/research-ai-model-unexpectedly-modified-its-own-code-to-extend-runtime/ |archive-date=2024-08-24 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}} increased time and effort to find higher quality or desired content on the Internet,{{Cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |last2=Milmo |first2=Dan |date=2024-05-19 |title=Spam, junk … slop? The latest wave of AI behind the 'zombie internet' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/may/19/spam-junk-slop-the-latest-wave-of-ai-behind-the-zombie-internet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826142358/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/may/19/spam-junk-slop-the-latest-wave-of-ai-behind-the-zombie-internet |archive-date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} the indexing of generated content by search engines,{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=2024-01-18 |title=Google News Is Boosting Garbage AI-Generated Articles |url=https://www.404media.co/google-news-is-boosting-garbage-ai-generated-articles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613073845/https://www.404media.co/google-news-is-boosting-garbage-ai-generated-articles/ |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=404 Media |language=en}} and on journalism itself.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-31 |title=Beloved Local Newspapers Fired Staffers, Then Started Running AI Slop |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/newspaper-fired-staff-ai-slop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812055817/https://futurism.com/the-byte/newspaper-fired-staff-ai-slop |archive-date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Futurism}}

A paper published by researchers at Amazon Web Services AI Labs found that over 57% of sentences from a sample of over 6 billion sentences from Common Crawl, a snapshot of web pages, were machine translated. Many of these automated translations were seen as lower quality, especially for sentences that were translated across at least three languages. Many lower-resource languages (ex. Wolof, Xhosa) were translated across more languages than higher-resource languages (ex. English, French).{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Brian |last2=Dhaliwal |first2=Mehak |last3=Frisch |first3=Peter |last4=Domhan |first4=Tobias |last5=Federico |first5=Marcello |date=August 2024 |editor-last=Ku |editor-first=Lun-Wei |editor2-last=Martins |editor2-first=Andre |editor3-last=Srikumar |editor3-first=Vivek |title=A Shocking Amount of the Web is Machine Translated: Insights from Multi-Way Parallelism |url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-acl.103/ |journal=Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024 |location=Bangkok, Thailand and virtual meeting |publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics |pages=1763–1775 |doi=10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.103 |arxiv=2401.05749 |archive-date=August 27, 2024 |access-date=August 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827052607/https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-acl.103/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Roscoe |first=Jules |date=2024-01-17 |title=A 'Shocking' Amount of the Web Is Already AI-Translated Trash, Scientists Determine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-shocking-amount-of-the-web-is-already-ai-translated-trash-scientists-determine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701031513/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4gw/a-shocking-amount-of-the-web-is-already-ai-translated-trash-scientists-determine |archive-date=2024-07-01 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}

In September 2024, Robyn Speer, the author of wordfreq, an open source database that calculated word frequencies based on text from the Internet, announced that she had stopped updating the data for several reasons: high costs for obtaining data from Reddit and Twitter, excessive focus on generative AI compared to other methods in the natural language processing community, and that "generative AI has polluted the data".{{Cite web |last=Koebler |first=Jason |date=2024-09-19 |title=Project Analyzing Human Language Usage Shuts Down Because 'Generative AI Has Polluted the Data' |url=https://www.404media.co/project-analyzing-human-language-usage-shuts-down-because-generative-ai-has-polluted-the-data/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919153231/https://www.404media.co/project-analyzing-human-language-usage-shuts-down-because-generative-ai-has-polluted-the-data/ |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=404 Media |language=en |quote="While there has always been spam on the internet and in the datasets that Wordfreq used, "it was manageable and often identifiable. Large language models generate text that masquerades as real language with intention behind it, even though there is none, and their output crops up everywhere," she wrote. She gives the example that ChatGPT overuses the word "delve," in a way that people do not, which has thrown off the frequency of this specific word."}}

The adoption of generative AI tools led to an explosion of AI-generated content across multiple domains. A study from University College London estimated that in 2023, more than 60,000 scholarly articles—over 1% of all publications—were likely written with LLM assistance.{{Cite arXiv |eprint=2403.16887 |first=Andrew |last=Gray |title=ChatGPT "contamination": estimating the prevalence of LLMs in the scholarly literature |date=2024-03-24|class=cs.DL }} According to Stanford University's Institute for Human-Centered AI, approximately 17.5% of newly published computer science papers and 16.9% of peer review text now incorporate content generated by LLMs.{{cite web |last1=Kannan |first1=Prabha |date=13 May 2024 |title=How Much Research Is Being Written by Large Language Models? |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-much-research-being-written-large-language-models |website=Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence |publisher=Stanford University |language=en |access-date=16 August 2024 |archive-date=August 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816131304/https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-much-research-being-written-large-language-models |url-status=live }} Many academic disciplines have concerns about the factual reliably of academic content generated by AI.{{Cite journal |last1=Cobb |first1=Peter |date=September 2023 |title=Large Language Models and Generative AI, Oh My! Archaeology in the Time of ChatGPT, Midjourney, and Beyond |journal=Advances in Archaeological Practice |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=363–369 |doi=10.1017/aap.2023.20 |language=en|doi-access=free }}

Visual content follows a similar trend. Since the launch of DALL-E 2 in 2022, it is estimated that an average of 34 million images have been created daily. As of August 2023, more than 15 billion images had been generated using text-to-image algorithms, with 80% of these created by models based on Stable Diffusion.{{cite web |last=Valyaeva |first=Alina |date=15 August 2023 |title=AI Image Statistics for 2024: How Much Content Was Created by AI |url=https://journal.everypixel.com/ai-image-statistics |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Everypixel Journal |archive-date=August 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816131304/https://journal.everypixel.com/ai-image-statistics |url-status=live }}

If AI-generated content is included in new data crawls from the Internet for additional training of AI models, defects in the resulting models may occur.{{Cite journal |last1=Shumailov |first1=Ilia |last2=Shumaylov |first2=Zakhar |last3=Zhao |first3=Yiren |last4=Papernot |first4=Nicolas |last5=Anderson |first5=Ross |last6=Gal |first6=Yarin |date=July 2024 |title=AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=755–759 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07566-y |pmid=39048682 |pmc=11269175 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..755S |language=en}} Training an AI model exclusively on the output of another AI model produces a lower-quality model. Repeating this process, where each new model is trained on the previous model's output, leads to progressive degradation and eventually results in a "model collapse" after multiple iterations.{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Aatish |date=2024-08-26 |title=When A.I.'s Output Is a Threat to A.I. Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/26/upshot/ai-synthetic-data.html?te=1&nl=the-morning&emc=edit_nn_20240826 |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Tests have been conducted with pattern recognition of handwritten letters and with pictures of human faces.{{Cite journal |date=2024 |title=Self-Consuming Generative Models Go Mad |url=https://openreview.net/pdf?id=ShjMHfmPs0 |journal=ICLR}} As a consequence, the value of data collected from genuine human interactions with systems may become increasingly valuable in the presence of LLM-generated content in data crawled from the Internet.

On the other side, synthetic data is often used as an alternative to data produced by real-world events. Such data can be deployed to validate mathematical models and to train machine learning models while preserving user privacy,{{cite web |last=Owen |first=Sean |date=2023-04-12 |title=Synthetic Data for Better Machine Learning |url=https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/04/12/synthetic-data-better-machine-learning.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103171150/https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/04/12/synthetic-data-better-machine-learning.html |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=databricks.com}} including for structured data.{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Himanshu |date=2023-07-11 |title=Synthetic Data Platforms: Unlocking the Power of Generative AI for Structured Data |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/2023/07/synthetic-data-platforms-unlocking-power-generative-ai-structured-data.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103160731/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2023/07/synthetic-data-platforms-unlocking-power-generative-ai-structured-data.html |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=kdnuggets.com}} The approach is not limited to text generation; image generation has been employed to train computer vision models.{{cite arXiv |eprint=2211.01777 |class=cs.CV |first=Andreas |last=Stöckl |title=Evaluating a Synthetic Image Dataset Generated with Stable Diffusion |date=2022-11-02}}

{{Cleanup list|section|date=July 2024}}

{{See also|List of fake news websites#Generative AI}}

In January 2023, Futurism.com broke the story that CNET had been using an undisclosed internal AI tool to write at least 77 of its stories; after the news broke, CNET posted corrections to 41 of the stories.{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=25 January 2023 |title=CNET found errors in more than half of its AI-written stories |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/25/23571082/cnet-ai-written-stories-errors-corrections-red-ventures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106142152/https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/25/23571082/cnet-ai-written-stories-errors-corrections-red-ventures |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=The Verge}}

In April 2023, the German tabloid Die Aktuelle published a fake AI-generated interview with former racing driver Michael Schumacher, who had not made any public appearances since 2013 after sustaining a brain injury in a skiing accident. The story included two possible disclosures: the cover included the line "deceptively real", and the interview included an acknowledgment at the end that it was AI-generated. The editor-in-chief was fired shortly thereafter amid the controversy.{{Cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=A magazine touted Michael Schumacher's first interview in years. It was actually AI |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/28/1172473999/michael-schumacher-ai-interview-german-magazine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617222319/https://www.npr.org/2023/04/28/1172473999/michael-schumacher-ai-interview-german-magazine |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=NPR}}

Other outlets that have published articles whose content or byline have been confirmed or suspected to be created by generative AI models – often with false content, errors, or non-disclosure of generative AI use – include:

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• NewsBreak{{Cite web |last=Al-Sibai |first=Noor |date=2024-01-03 |title=Police Say AI-Generated Article About Local Murder Is "Entirely" Made Up |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/police-ai-article-murder-false |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105013116/https://futurism.com/the-byte/police-ai-article-murder-false |archive-date=2024-01-05 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=NewsBreak: Most downloaded US news app has Chinese roots and 'writes fiction' using AI |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/top-news-app-us-has-chinese-origins-writes-fiction-with-help-ai-2024-06-05/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240606070419/https://www.reuters.com/technology/top-news-app-us-has-chinese-origins-writes-fiction-with-help-ai-2024-06-05/ |archive-date=2024-06-06 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Reuters}}
• outlets owned by Arena Group
• Sports Illustrated{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Maggie |date=2023-11-27 |title=Sports Illustrated Published Articles by Fake, AI-Generated Writers |url=https://futurism.com/sports-illustrated-ai-generated-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215085937/https://futurism.com/sports-illustrated-ai-generated-writers |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}
• TheStreet
• Men's Journal{{Cite web |last=Christian |first=Jon |date=2023-02-09 |title=Magazine Publishes Serious Errors in First AI-Generated Health Article |url=https://futurism.com/neoscope/magazine-mens-journal-errors-ai-health-article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226230358/https://futurism.com/neoscope/magazine-mens-journal-errors-ai-health-article |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}
• B&H Photo{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Jaron |date=2023-12-14 |title=B&H Photo Published an AI-Generated Guide Written by a Fake Person |url=https://petapixel.com/2023/12/14/bh-photo-published-an-ai-generated-guide-written-by-a-fake-person/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104183848/https://petapixel.com/2023/12/14/bh-photo-published-an-ai-generated-guide-written-by-a-fake-person/ |archive-date=2024-01-04 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=PetaPixel |language=en}}
• outlets owned by Gannett
• The Columbus Dispatch{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Maggie |date=2023-08-29 |title=USA Today Owner Pauses AI Articles After Butchering Sports Coverage |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/usa-today-owner-ai-articles-sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104042314/https://futurism.com/the-byte/usa-today-owner-ai-articles-sports |archive-date=2024-01-04 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Tyler |date=2023-08-28 |title=Dispatch pauses AI sports writing program |url=https://www.axios.com/local/columbus/2023/08/28/dispatch-gannett-ai-newsroom-tool |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101222158/https://www.axios.com/local/columbus/2023/08/28/dispatch-gannett-ai-newsroom-tool |archive-date=2024-01-01 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Axios}}
• Reviewed{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |date=2023-10-26 |title=Mysterious bylines appeared on a USA Today site. Did these writers exist? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/10/26/usa-today-gannett-reviewed-ai-fake-writers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026175009/https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/10/26/usa-today-gannett-reviewed-ai-fake-writers/ |archive-date=2023-10-26 |access-date=2024-01-08 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}
• USA Today{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Meet AdVon, the AI-Powered Content Monster Infecting the Media Industry |url=https://futurism.com/advon-ai-content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604210707/https://futurism.com/advon-ai-content |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Futurism}}
• MSN{{Cite web |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Donie |last2=Gordon |first2=Allison |date=2023-11-02 |title=How Microsoft's AI is making a mess of the news {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/02/tech/microsoft-ai-news/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102160647/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/02/tech/microsoft-ai-news/index.html |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}
• News Corp{{Cite news |last=Meade |first=Amanda |date=2023-07-31 |title=News Corp using AI to produce 3,000 Australian local news stories a week |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/aug/01/news-corp-ai-chat-gpt-stories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202042808/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/aug/01/news-corp-ai-chat-gpt-stories |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}
• outlets owned by G/O Media{{Cite web |last=Tangermann |first=Victor |date=2023-06-30 |title=Gizmodo Staff Furious After Site Announces Move to AI Content |url=https://futurism.com/gizmodo-kotaku-staff-furious-ai-content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206021431/https://futurism.com/gizmodo-kotaku-staff-furious-ai-content |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}
• Gizmodo{{Cite web |last=Kafka |first=Peter |date=2023-07-18 |title=Coming to your internet, whether you like it or not: More AI-generated stories |url=https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/7/18/23798164/gizmodo-ai-g-o-bot-stories-jalopnik-av-club-peter-kafka-media-column |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718191401/https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/7/18/23798164/gizmodo-ai-g-o-bot-stories-jalopnik-av-club-peter-kafka-media-column |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Vox |language=en}}
• Jalopnik
• A.V. Club{{Cite web |last1=Landymore |first1=Frank |last2=Christian |first2=Jon |date=2023-09-13 |title=The A.V. Club's AI-Generated Articles Are Copying Directly From IMDb |url=https://futurism.com/the-av-club-imdb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206021429/https://futurism.com/the-av-club-imdb |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}
• Quartz{{Cite web |last1=Stiaplame |first1=Nordiisk |date=2025-01-28 |title=Quartz Is Publishing AI-Generated Articles Based on Other AI Slop, Along With Warning They May Be Filled With Errors |url=https://futurism.com/quartz-ai-generated-articles-slop-errors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129002111/https://futurism.com/quartz-ai-generated-articles-slop-errors |archive-date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Futurism}}
• The Irish Times{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2023-05-14 |title=Irish Times apologises for hoax AI article about women's use of fake tan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/may/14/irish-times-apologises-for-hoax-ai-article-about-womens-use-of-fake-tan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514170404/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/may/14/irish-times-apologises-for-hoax-ai-article-about-womens-use-of-fake-tan |archive-date=2023-05-14 |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}
• outlets owned by Red Ventures
• Bankrate{{Cite web |last=Christian |first=Jon |date=2023-02-01 |title=CNET Sister Site Restarts AI Articles, Immediately Publishes Idiotic Error |url=https://futurism.com/cnet-bankrate-restarts-ai-articles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127172628/https://futurism.com/cnet-bankrate-restarts-ai-articles |archive-date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}
• BuzzFeed{{Cite web |last1=Al-Sibai |first1=Noor |last2=Christian |first2=Jon |date=2023-03-30 |title=BuzzFeed Is Quietly Publishing Entire AI-Generated Articles |url=https://futurism.com/buzzfeed-publishing-articles-by-ai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206021435/https://futurism.com/buzzfeed-publishing-articles-by-ai |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Futurism}}
• Newsweek{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Newsweek is making generative AI a fixture in its newsroom |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2024/04/inside-newsweek-ai-experiment/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515190853/https://www.niemanlab.org/2024/04/inside-newsweek-ai-experiment/ |archive-date=2024-05-15 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Nieman Lab}}
• Hoodline{{Cite web |date=2024-06-03 |title=What's in a byline? For Hoodline's AI-generated local news, everything — and nothing |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2024/06/whats-in-a-byline-for-hoodlines-ai-generated-local-news-everything-and-nothing/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606185322/https://www.niemanlab.org/2024/06/whats-in-a-byline-for-hoodlines-ai-generated-local-news-everything-and-nothing/ |archive-date=2024-06-06 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Nieman Lab}}{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=AI-generated news is here from S.F.-based Hoodline. What does that mean for conventional publishers? |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/ai-news-story-hoodline-19442459.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605130937/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/ai-news-story-hoodline-19442459.php |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Hadas |date=2024-05-30 |title=A national network of local news sites is publishing AI-written articles under fake bylines. Experts are raising alarm |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/30/media/ai-bylines-local-news-hoodline/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606013555/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/30/media/ai-bylines-local-news-hoodline/index.html |archive-date=2024-06-06 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}
• outlets owned by Outside Inc.
• Yoga Journal
• Backpacker
• Clean Eating
• Hollywood Life
• Us Weekly
• The Los Angeles Times
• Cody Enterprise{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Wyoming reporter caught using artificial intelligence to create fake quotes and stories |url=https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-reporter-resigns-journalism-ed076e2f276d9811f3b9ba051a03b7ae |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824055332/https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-reporter-resigns-journalism-ed076e2f276d9811f3b9ba051a03b7ae |archive-date=2024-08-24 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Associated Press}}
• Cosmos{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Cosmos Magazine publishes AI-generated articles, drawing criticism from journalists, co-founders |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2024-08-08/csiro-cosmos-magazine-generating-articles-using-ai/104186330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824171800/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2024-08-08/csiro-cosmos-magazine-generating-articles-using-ai/104186330 |archive-date=2024-08-24 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ABC News}}
• outlets owned by McClatchy
• Miami Herald
• Sacramento Bee
• Tacoma News Tribune
• The Rock Hill Herald
• The Modesto Bee
• Fort Worth Star-Telegram
• Merced Sun-Star
• Ledger-Enquirer
• The Kansas City Star
• Raleigh News & Observer{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=AI-generated articles are permeating major news publications |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/16/1251917136/ai-generated-articles-are-permeating-major-news-publications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619210806/https://www.npr.org/2024/05/16/1251917136/ai-generated-articles-are-permeating-major-news-publications |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=National Public Radio}}
• outlets owned by Ziff Davis
• PC Magazine
• Mashable
• AskMen
• outlets owned by Hearst
• Good Housekeeping
• outlets owned by IAC Inc.
• People
• Parents
• Food & Wine
• InStyle
• Real Simple
• Travel + Leisure
• Better Homes & Gardens
• Southern Living
• outlets owned by Street Media
• LA Weekly{{Cite magazine |last=Knibbs |first=Kate |date=2024-07-30 |title=Zombie Alt-Weeklies Are Stuffed With AI Slop About OnlyFans |url=https://www.wired.com/story/zombie-alt-weeklies-are-stuffed-with-ai-slop-about-onlyfans/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811211913/https://www.wired.com/story/zombie-alt-weeklies-are-stuffed-with-ai-slop-about-onlyfans/ |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=2024-08-27 |magazine=Wired}}
• The Village Voice
• Riverfront Times
• Apple Intelligence{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Apple says it will update AI feature after inaccurate news alerts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/07/apple-update-ai-inaccurate-news-alerts-bbc-apple-intelligence-iphone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114022838/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/07/apple-update-ai-inaccurate-news-alerts-bbc-apple-intelligence-iphone |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Guardian}}{{div col end}}

In May 2024, Futurism noted that a content management system video by AdVon Commerce, who had used generative AI to produce articles for many of the aforementioned outlets, appeared to show that they "had produced tens of thousands of articles for more than 150 publishers."

News broadcasters in Kuwait, Greece, South Korea, India, China and Taiwan have presented news with anchors based on Generative AI models, prompting concerns about job losses for human anchors and audience trust in news that has historically been influenced by parasocial relationships with broadcasters, content creators or social media influencers.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=TV channels are using AI-generated presenters to read the news. The question is, will we trust them? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240126-ai-news-anchors-why-audiences-might-find-digitally-generated-tv-presenters-hard-to-trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126141217/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240126-ai-news-anchors-why-audiences-might-find-digitally-generated-tv-presenters-hard-to-trust |archive-date=2024-01-26 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{Cite news |last=Tait |first=Amelia |date=2023-10-20 |title='Here is the news. You can't stop us': AI anchor Zae-In grants us an interview |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/oct/20/here-is-the-news-you-cant-stop-us-ai-anchor-zae-in-grants-us-an-interview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128155805/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/oct/20/here-is-the-news-you-cant-stop-us-ai-anchor-zae-in-grants-us-an-interview |archive-date=2024-01-28 |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |last=Kuo |first=Lily |date=2018-11-09 |title=World's first AI news anchor unveiled in China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/09/worlds-first-ai-news-anchor-unveiled-in-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220133227/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/09/worlds-first-ai-news-anchor-unveiled-in-china |archive-date=2024-02-20 |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Algorithmically generated anchors have also been used by allies of ISIS for their broadcasts.{{Cite news |date=2024-05-17 |title=These ISIS news anchors are AI fakes. Their propaganda is real. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/05/17/ai-isis-propaganda/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240519204421/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/05/17/ai-isis-propaganda/ |archive-date=2024-05-19 |access-date=2024-05-24 |newspaper=Washington Post}}

In 2023, Google reportedly pitched a tool to news outlets that claimed to "produce news stories" based on input data provided, such as "details of current events". Some news company executives who viewed the pitch described it as "[taking] for granted the effort that went into producing accurate and artful news stories."{{Cite news |last1=Mullin |first1=Benjamin |last2=Grant |first2=Nico |date=2023-07-20 |title=Google Tests A.I. Tool That Is Able to Write News Articles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/19/business/google-artificial-intelligence-news-articles.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516135925/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/19/business/google-artificial-intelligence-news-articles.html |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

In February 2024, Google launched a program to pay small publishers to write three articles per day using a beta generative AI model. The program does not require the knowledge or consent of the websites that the publishers are using as sources, nor does it require the published articles to be labeled as being created or assisted by these models.{{Cite web |last=Stenberg |first=Mark |date=2024-02-27 |title=Google Is Paying Publishers Five-Figure Sums to Test an Unreleased Gen AI Platform |url=https://www.adweek.com/media/google-paying-publishers-unreleased-gen-ai/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240309144727/https://www.adweek.com/media/google-paying-publishers-unreleased-gen-ai/ |archive-date=2024-03-09 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Adweek |language=en-US}}

Many defunct news sites (The Hairpin, The Frisky, Apple Daily, Ashland Daily Tidings, Clayton County Register, Southwest Journal) and blogs (The Unofficial Apple Weblog, iLounge) have undergone cybersquatting, with articles created by generative AI.{{Cite magazine |last=Knibbs |first=Kate |date=2024-02-07 |title=Confessions of an AI Clickbait Kingpin |url=https://www.wired.com/story/confessions-of-an-ai-clickbait-kingpin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518230916/https://www.wired.com/story/confessions-of-an-ai-clickbait-kingpin/ |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2024-05-24 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}{{Cite magazine |last=Knibbs |first=Kate |date=2024-01-26 |title=How Beloved Indie Blog 'The Hairpin' Turned Into an AI Clickbait Farm |url=https://www.wired.com/story/plaintext-hairpin-blog-ai-clickbait-farm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414194251/https://www.wired.com/story/plaintext-hairpin-blog-ai-clickbait-farm/ |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-05-24 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}{{Cite web |last=Koebler |first=Jason |date=2024-07-09 |title=A Beloved Tech Blog Is Now Publishing AI Articles Under the Names of Its Old Human Staff |url=https://www.404media.co/a-beloved-tech-blog-tuaw-is-now-publishing-ai-articles-under-the-names-of-its-old-human-staff/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712044925/https://www.404media.co/a-beloved-tech-blog-tuaw-is-now-publishing-ai-articles-under-the-names-of-its-old-human-staff/ |archive-date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=404 Media |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Hollister |first=Sean |date=2024-07-10 |title=Early Apple tech bloggers are shocked to find their name and work have been AI-zombified |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/10/24195858/tuaw-unofficial-apple-tech-blog-ai-web-orange-khan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712041619/https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/10/24195858/tuaw-unofficial-apple-tech-blog-ai-web-orange-khan |archive-date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=AI slop is already invading Oregon's local journalism |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2024/12/09/artificial-intelligence-local-news-oregon-ashland/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209154659/https://www.opb.org/article/2024/12/09/artificial-intelligence-local-news-oregon-ashland/ |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Oregon Public Broadcasting |language=en}}{{Cite magazine |last=Knibbs |first=Kate |date=2024-02-26 |title=How a Small Iowa Newspaper's Website Became an AI-Generated Clickbait Factory |url=https://www.wired.com/story/iowa-newspaper-website-ai-generated-clickbait-factory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226120806/https://www.wired.com/story/iowa-newspaper-website-ai-generated-clickbait-factory/ |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-12-10 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}{{Cite web |last1=Koebler |first1=Jason |last2=Cole |first2=Samantha |last3=Maiberg |first3=Emanuel |last4=Cox |first4=Joseph |date=2024-01-26 |title=We Need Your Email Address |url=https://www.404media.co/why-404-media-needs-your-email-address/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202213628/https://www.404media.co/why-404-media-needs-your-email-address/ |archive-date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=404 Media |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Meet the Serbian Businessman/DJ Who Runs the Zombie AI Southwest Journal - Racket |url=https://racketmn.com/southwest-journal-minneapolis-mn-vujo-ai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113172137/https://racketmn.com/southwest-journal-minneapolis-mn-vujo-ai |archive-date=2024-11-13 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Racket |language=en}}

United States Senators Richard Blumenthal and Amy Klobuchar have expressed concern that generative AI could have a harmful impact on local news.{{Cite news |last=Lima-Strong |first=Cristiano |date=2024-01-11 |title=Senators warn AI could lead to 'destruction' of local news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/11/senators-warn-ai-could-lead-destruction-local-news/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240111155153/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/11/senators-warn-ai-could-lead-destruction-local-news/ |archive-date=2024-01-11 |access-date=2024-05-24 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}} In July 2023, OpenAI partnered with the American Journalism Project to fund local news outlets for experimenting with generative AI, with Axios noting the possibility of generative AI companies creating a dependency for these news outlets.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=OpenAI strikes $5 million-plus local news deal |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/07/18/openai-local-news-deal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062419/https://www.axios.com/2023/07/18/openai-local-news-deal |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Axios}}

Meta AI, a chatbot based on Llama 3 which summarizes news stories, was noted by The Washington Post to copy sentences from those stories without direct attribution and to potentially further decrease the traffic of online news outlets.{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Heather |date=2024-05-22 |title=Meta walked away from news. Now the company's using it for AI content. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/05/22/meta-ai-news-summaries/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522100421/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/05/22/meta-ai-news-summaries/ |archive-date=2024-05-22 |access-date=2024-05-24 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}

In response to potential pitfalls around the use and misuse of generative AI in journalism and worries about declining audience trust, outlets around the world, including publications such as Wired, Associated Press, The Quint, Rappler or The Guardian have published guidelines around how they plan to use and not use AI and generative AI in their work.{{Cite magazine |title=How WIRED Will Use Generative AI Tools |url=https://www.wired.com/about/generative-ai-policy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230055221/https://www.wired.com/about/generative-ai-policy/ |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2024-01-08 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Amanda |date=2018-11-15 |title=Standards around generative AI |url=https://blog.ap.org/standards-around-generative-ai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923042459/https://blog.ap.org/standards-around-generative-ai |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Associated Press}}{{Cite news |last1=Viner |first1=Katharine |last2=Bateson |first2=Anna |date=2023-06-16 |title=The Guardian's approach to generative AI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/help/insideguardian/2023/jun/16/the-guardians-approach-to-generative-ai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103230448/https://www.theguardian.com/help/insideguardian/2023/jun/16/the-guardians-approach-to-generative-ai |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |last1=Becker |first1=K. B. |last2=Simon |first2=F. M. |last3=Crum |first3=C. |date=2023 |title=Policies in parallel? A comparative study of journalistic AI policies in 52 global news organisations |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b527b298-a12b-4f0d-bf77-543e3375cdf7 |pages=8–9 |language=en |doi=10.31235/osf.io/c4af9}}

In June 2024, Reuters Institute published their Digital News Report for 2024. In a survey of people in America and Europe, Reuters Institute reports that 52% and 47% respectively are uncomfortable with news produced by "mostly AI with some human oversight", and 23% and 15% respectively report being comfortable. 42% of Americans and 33% of Europeans reported that they were comfortable with news produced by "mainly human with some help from AI". The results of global surveys reported that people were more uncomfortable with news topics including politics (46%), crime (43%), and local news (37%) produced by AI than other news topics.{{Cite web |last1=Newman |first1=Nic |last2=Fletcher |first2=Richard |last3=Robertson |first3=Craig T. |last4=Arguedas |first4=Amy Ross |last5=Nielsen |first5=Rasmus Fleis |date=June 2024 |title=Digital News Report 2024 |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-06/DNR%202024%20Final%20lo-res-compressed.pdf |access-date=June 20, 2024 |publisher=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |page=20 |doi=10.60625/risj-vy6n-4v57 |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616234226/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-06/DNR%202024%20Final%20lo-res-compressed.pdf |url-status=live }}

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{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Ran |last2=Cao |first2=Jie |last3=Tan |first3=Tieniu |title=Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Historical Perspective |journal=National Science Review |date=2025 |pages=nwaf050 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaf050 |doi-access=free|pmc=11970245 }}

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