Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union#History

{{History of Chechnya}}

The region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1810-1859.[https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/259042/ Исторические документы свидетельствуют о добровольном вхождении Ингушетии в состав России], kavkaz-uzel.eu, 17 March 2015. In 1810 a treaty facilitated Ingushetia's further integration into Russia.[https://hiddenshell.ru/en/istoriya-ingushei-gruzinskimi-istorikami-ingushi-poddanstvo-rossiiskoi/ History of the Ingush by Georgian historians. Ingush. Citizenship of the Russian Empire], hiddenshell.ru The Ingush needed an alliance with the Russians to protect their villages; at the same time, they hoped to gain political support in opposing the expansion of the Kabardian and Aksai princes. Finally, these agreements contributed to Ingushetia's economic development in the spread context of capitalist relations. The agreement of 23 August 1810 gave the Ingush the right to use the lands on the right side of the Terek River.Agieva, L. T., Dolgieva, M. B., Yandieva, T. U., & Teboev, I. A. (2022). [https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.12.8 Some Issues Of Socio-Economic Consequences Of Ingushetia's Accession To Russia]. In D. K. Bataev, S. A. Gapurov, A. D. Osmaev, V. K. Akaev, L. M. Idigova, M. R. Ovhadov, A. R. Salgiriev, & M. M. Betilmerzaeva (Eds.), Knowledge, Man and Civilization - ISCKMC 2022, vol 129. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 62-71). European Publisher.

In 1859 historical Chechnya was annexed to Russia as well, in the context of the long Caucasian War of 1817–64.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Doku-Umarov Chechnya], britannica.com

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, on January 20, 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia joined the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Partition of the Mountain ASSR began shortly after it was formed, and its Chechen District was separated on November 30, 1922, as Chechen Autonomous Oblast. On July 7, 1924, the remains of the Mountain ASSR were split into North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and Ingush Autonomous Oblast. On January 15, 1934, Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were joined into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which was elevated in status to that of an ASSR (Checheno-Ingush ASSR) on December 5, 1936.

During World War II, in 1942–43, the republic was partly occupied by Nazi Germany while 40,000{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Chechens fought in the Red Army. On March 7, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the republic was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the Axis powers and separatism.{{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Президиум Верховного Совета СССР

|ru_type=Указ

|ru_date=7 марта 1944 г

|ru_title=О ликвидации Чечено-Ингушской АССР и об административном устройстве её территории

|en_entity=Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

|en_type=Decree

|en_date=7 March 1944

|en_title=On Abolishment of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and on the Administrative Structure of Its Territory

}} The territory of the ASSR was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Oblast was formed), the Dagestan ASSR, the North Ossetian ASSR, and the Georgian SSR where the extra territory was known as the Akhalkhevi District until 1957.The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives Bondyrev, Davitashvili & Singh, p25

On January 9, 1957, Khruschev implemented a policy which allowed deportees and their families to return, and the republic was restored.{{Cite Russian law

|ru_entity=Президиум Верховного Совета СССР

|ru_type=Указ

|ru_date=9 января 1957 г

|ru_title=О восстановлении Чечено-Ингушской АССР и упразднении Грозненской области

|en_entity=Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

|en_type=Decree

|en_date=9 January 1957

|en_title=On Reinstatement of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and on Abolishment of Grozny Oblast

}}

{{See also|First Chechen War|Second Chechen War}}

{{Main article|Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic}}

On November 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Checheno-Ingush Republic,[https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=55 Декларация о государственном суверенитете Чечено-Ингушской республики] and on May 24, 1991, according to the amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called the Checheno-Ingush SSR.[http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183124/ Закон РСФСР от 24 мая 1991 года «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) РСФСР»] This decision before the dissolution of the USSR (December 1991) was not consistent with Art. 85 of the Constitution of the USSR, which retained the name of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.[http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1977/red_1977/1549448/ Конституция СССР в редакции от 26 декабря 1990 г.]

On June 8, 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, a part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN).[http://www.igpi.ru/monitoring/1047645476/oct_97/chechen.html Чеченская Республика Ичкерия. Общий обзор] // IGPI.RU[https://versia.ru/v-1991-godu-usmirit-chechnyu-mozhno-bylo-silami-specnaza Десять дней, которые отменили мир] Following this, was proclaimed the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho),[https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=749 РЕШЕНИЕ ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО КОНГРЕССА (СЪЕЗДА) ЧЕЧЕНСКОГО НАРОДА (г. Грозный, 8 июня 1991 г.)][http://www.knowbysight.info/1_RSFSR/09176.asp Чеченская Республика Нохчи-чо] and the leaders of the Supreme Soviet of the republic were declared "usurpers".

The events of August 19–22, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of the mass movement was the executive committee of the OKChN headed by Dzhokhar Dudaev. After the failure of the GKChP, the executive committee of the OKChN and organizations of the national-radical wing came forward with a demand for the resignation of the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and the holding of new elections. On September 1–2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Soviet of the Autonomous Republic "deposed" and transferred all power in the Chechen part of the republic to the executive committee of the OKChN.

On September 6, 1991, Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures. Armed supporters of OKChN occupied the building of the TV center and the House of Radio, took by storm the House of Political Education, where the meeting of the Supreme Council was held. On this day, the Supreme Soviet met in full force, heads of local councils, clergy, and heads of enterprises were invited for consultations. Dudayev and other leaders of the OKChN decided to take the building by storm. More than 40 deputies of the Checheno-Ingush parliament were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, was thrown out of the window by the separatists, and then finished off in the hospital. Doku Zavgayev resigned from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia under pressure from protesters.Зайченко Григорий [https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/738 Чечено-Ингушетия: кунаки Ельцина взяли власть]

On September 15, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny. Under his leadership in the absence of a quorumКомиссия Говорухина. — С. 18. — М. : Издательство "Лавента", 1995. — 176 с. the last session of the Supreme Soviet of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to dissolve the parliament. As a result of negotiations between Khasbulatov and the leaders of the executive committee of the OKChN as a temporary authority for the period before the elections (scheduled for November 17) the Provisional Supreme Council of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR was formed of 32 deputies, reduced shortly to 13 deputies,Ойховиков Андрей, Сигал Лев [https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1097 Чечено-Ингушетия провозгласила независимость от России и Союза] then up to 9. Dudaev's ally Khusein Akhmadov was elected chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia. Assistant to Khasbulatov Yuri Cherny became the deputy chairman of the council.

By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Provisional High Council between supporters of the OKChN (4 members, headed by Khusein Akhmadov) and his opponents (5 members, headed by Yuri Cherny). Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Council, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the executive committee of the OKChN as the supreme authority, on October 1, announced the division of the Checheno-Ingush Republic into an independent Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho) and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR.

On October 5, 7 out of 9 members of the Provisional Supreme Council made a decision on the resignation of Akhmedov and on the abolition of illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the executive committee of the OKChN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Council sat, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR. On October 6, the executive committee of the OKChN announced the dissolution of the Provisional Supreme Council "for subversive and provocative activities". The Council did not comply with this decision and the very next day made a decision to resume activity in full force (32 deputies). Lawyer Badruddin Bakhmadov was elected as the new chairman.

On October 8, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR declared the Provisional Supreme Soviet to be the only legitimate body of state power on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia until the election of a new composition of the Supreme Soviet of the republic.[https://www.lawmix.ru/expertlaw/272985 Постановление Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 8 октября 1991 года № 1723-I «О политической ситуации в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»]

On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKChN in the Chechen part of the republic, presidential and parliamentary elections were held for the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho). Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected President of the self-proclaimed republic.Глебов Роман [https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1251 Выборы в Чеченской республике] The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. On November 2, 1991, by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, these elections were declared illegal.[http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901606038 Постановление Съезда народных депутатов РСФСР от 2 ноября 1991 года № 1847-I «О признании незаконными выборов, проведенных 27 октября 1991 года в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»] The structures of previous power remained for several months after the September coup of Dudayev. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of Checheno-Ingushetia were abolished only by the end of 1991.[https://www.pravda.ru/accidents/06-09-2001/832840-0/ ДЕСЯТЬ ЛЕТ НАЗАД БЫЛ РАЗОГНАН ВЕРХОВНЫЙ СОВЕТ ЧЕЧЕНО-ИНГУШЕТИИ. ДЖОХАР ДУДАЕВ ВОСПОЛЬЗОВАЛСЯ БЕЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ]{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

On November 7, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia.[http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/390 Указ Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 года № 178 «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»] However, practical measures to implement it have failed. Two planes with special forces that landed at the airfield in Khankala were blocked by Chechen separatists.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170119162608fw_/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/chechen/itogi/xp90.htm РОССИЯ-ЧЕЧНЯ: цепь ошибок и преступлений] Leaders of anti-Dudayev parties and movements went over to the side of Chechen separatists. The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis.

On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps.

On November 11, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR refused to approve the decree of President Yeltsin on the introduction of a state of emergency in Checheno-Ingushetia.[http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901606876 Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 11 ноября 1991 года N 1855-I "Об Указе Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 г. «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»]

November 30 – December 1, 1991 in three Ingush regions of Checheno-Ingushetia – Malgobek, Nazran and Sunzhensky – a referendum was held on the creation of the Ingush Republic within the RSFSR. 75% of the Ingush population took part in the referendum, 90% were in favor.

As a result of the Chechen Revolution the Checheno-Ingushetia was de facto divided into the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and Ingushetia, which remained outside the territorial-administrative division.{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

On May 16, 1992, according to the amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the de facto disintegrated Checheno-Ingush SSR received the name Checheno-Ingush Republic.[http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183094/ Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики»] // «Российская газета», 16 мая 1992 года, № 111 (447), с. 3–5

On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopted the Law on the Education of the Ingush Republic.{{cite web | url = http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901607658 | title = Закон РФ от 04 июня 1992 года № 2927-1 "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации"}} The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the supreme authority of Russia – the Congress of People's Deputies.{{cite web | url = http://docs.cntd.ru/document/499058691 | title = Постановление Верховного Совета РФ от 04 июня 1992 г. "О порядке введения в действие Закона Российской Федерации "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации""}} On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the formation of the Ingush Republic by its resolution[http://www.szrf.ru/szrf/doc.phtml?nb=110&issid=1101992052000&docid=700 Постановление Съезда народных депутатов Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. № 4070-I «О Законе Российской Федерации "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации"»]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and made a corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1978, which officially divided the Checheno-Ingush Republic into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic.[http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183098/ Закон Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. N 4071-I «О внесении изменений в статью 71 Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Федерации – России»] This amendment was published on December 29, 1992, in the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" and entered into force on January 9, 1993, after 10 days from the date of official publication.[http://www.politika.su/doc/zak90a.html Законы РСФСР/РФ 1990—1993 и поправки к ним до весны 1995]

• Vital statistics

:Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

• Ethnic groups

1. Combined results of Chechnya and Ingushetia

File:Ingush Autonomous Oblast.jpg|Map of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast

File:Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast (1934–1936).svg|Map of Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast

• History of Chechnya
• List of leaders of Communist Chechnya
• Checheno-Ingush Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• National liberation struggle of the Ingush people

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/genko-a-n-iz-kulturnogo-proshlogo-ingushej-1930/|title=Из культурного прошлого ингушей|last=Генко|first=А. Н|publisher=Издательство Академии наук СССР|year=1930|location=Ленинград|language=ru|trans-title=|pages=681–761}}

{{Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic}}

Category:Autonomous republics of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Category:Politics of Chechnya

Category:History of Chechnya

Category:Politics of Ingushetia

Category:History of Ingushetia

Category:1922 establishments in Russia

Category:States and territories established in 1922

Category:States and territories established in 1936

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