China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

{{Short description|Chinese state-owned defense and aerospace company}}

{{Infobox company

| name = China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

| logo = China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation logo.png

| logo_size = 160px

| logo_alt = CASC Group Logo

| logo_caption =

| image = CASC Building (20211016150951).jpg

| image_caption = CASC headquarters

| former_name =

| trading_name = SpaceChina (中国航天)

| native_name = 中国航天科技集团有限公司

| type = State-owned enterprise

| traded_as =

| industry = aerospace, space industry

| genre =

| fate =

| predecessor = China Aerospace Corporation

| successor =

| founded = {{start date and age|1999|7|1}}

| founder =

| defunct =

| location_city = Haidian District, Beijing

| location_country = China

| locations =

| area_served = Worldwide

| key_people = Wu Yansheng (Chairman and President)

| products = Spacecraft
Missiles
Electronics

| production =

| services =

| revenue = CN¥294.02 billion{{cite web|url=http://english.spacechina.com/n17138/n17229/index.html|title=Company Profile - CASC|author=China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|access-date=30 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303231928/https://english.spacechina.com/n17138/n17229/index.html|url-status=live}}

| revenue_year = 2013

| operating_income =

| net_income =

| aum =

| assets =

| equity =

| owner = State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council

| members =

| num_employees = 174,000

| num_employees_year = 2014

| divisions =

| subsid =

| website = {{Official URL}}

}}

{{Infobox Chinese

| title = China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

| s = 中国航天科技集团有限公司

| t = 中國航天科技集團有限公司

| p = Zhōngguó Hángtiān Kējì Jítuán Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī

| order = st

}}

The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) is a main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has subsidiaries which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, and ground equipment. It also has a division for strategic and tactical missile systems.

History

CASC was officially established in July 1999 as part of a Chinese government reform drive, having previously been one part of the former China Aerospace Corporation. Various incarnations of the program date back to 1956.{{cite web|url=http://english.spacechina.com/n17138/n382513/index.html|title=History - CASC|author=China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|access-date=30 March 2024|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230102139/http://english.spacechina.com/n17138/n382513/index.html|url-status=live}}

Along with space and defense manufacture, CASC also produces machinery, chemicals, communications equipment, transportation equipment, computers, medical care products and environmental protection equipment.{{Cite web|last=Allen-Ebrahimian|first=Bethany|date=2020-06-24|title=Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies, 20 years after mandate|url=https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Axios|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625220923/https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html|url-status=live}} CASC provides commercial launch services to the international market. By the end of 2013, the corporation has registered capital of CN¥294.02 billion and employs 170,000 people.

In December 2017, the CASC was restructured from a state-owned enterprise (全民所有制企业) to a state-owned enterprise with limited liability (国有独资公司) with the approval of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC). The sole shareholder is SASAC, the company's headquarters are still in Beijing, the business areas remained the same and nothing changed for the staff either.{{Cite web |title=中国航天科技集团公司更名为中国航天科技集团有限公司_中国政库_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1915636 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.thepaper.cn |archive-date=2022-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617154640/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1915636 |url-status=live }}

In 2021, China's 14th five year plan included two low Earth orbit satellite constellations named “GW” featuring nearly 13,000 satellites was in development.{{cite web | url=https://spacenews.com/china-is-developing-plans-for-a-13000-satellite-communications-megaconstellation/ | title=China is developing plans for a 13,000-satellite megaconstellation | date=21 April 2021 }}

Subordinate entities

= R&D and production complexes =

China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)
China Energine International (Holdings) Limited
Academy of Aerospace Solid Propulsion Technology (AASPT)
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)
Academy of Aerospace Liquid Propulsion Technology (AALPT)
Sichuan Academy of Aerospace Technology (SAAT), maker of the Weishi rockets family{{cite news |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/ws-1.htm |title=WS-1 |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325161044/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/ws-1.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=四川航天技术研究院中国航天科技集团 |url=https://www.spacechina.com/n25/n142/n152/n12989/n13957/c25201/content.html |website=www.spacechina.com |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330201526/https://www.spacechina.com/n25/n142/n152/n12989/n13957/c25201/content.html |url-status=live }}
Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST)
China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology (CAAET)
China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA)

= Specialized companies =

China Satellite Communications{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-04/10/content_7667601.htm |title=China Satcom taken over amid telecom reshuffle |work=China Daily |access-date=21 June 2011 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115014/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-04/10/content_7667601.htm |url-status=live }}
APT Satellite International{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
APT Satellite Holdings
China Great Wall Industry Corporation Limited (CGWIC){{Cite news |last1=Cadell |first1=Cate |last2=Perez del Carpio |first2=Marcelo |date=November 21, 2023 |title=A growing global footprint for China's space program worries Pentagon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/china-space-program-south-america-defense/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126043422/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/china-space-program-south-america-defense/ |url-status=live }}
China Aerospace International Holdings
Beijing Shenzhou Aerospace Software Technology Co, Ltd.
China Spacesat Co. Ltd.{{Cite web |title=Chinese space resource utilization firm Origin Space signs deal for space telescope – Science Metro |url=https://sciencemetro.com/space/chinese-space-resource-utilization-firm-origin-space-signs-deal-for-space-telescope/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102232552/https://sciencemetro.com/space/chinese-space-resource-utilization-firm-origin-space-signs-deal-for-space-telescope/ |url-status=live }}
China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co, Ltd
China Aerospace Investment Holdings{{cite web|url=http://caih.spacechina.com/n9467/n9551/n123445/123781.html|script-title=zh:易穎有限公司|date=12 April 2012|access-date=19 July 2017|publisher=China Aerospace Investment Holdings|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055148/http://caih.spacechina.com/n9467/n9551/n123445/123781.html|archive-date=11 January 2019|url-status=dead}}
Easy Smart Limited ({{lang|zh-hans|易颖有限公司}})

= Directly subordinated units =

The "directly subordinated units"{{clarify|date=December 2014}} of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation are:

China Astronautics Standards Institute
China Astronautics Publishing House
Space Archives
Aerospace Communication Center
China Space News
Chinese Society of Astronautics
Aerospace Talent Development & Exchange Center
Aerospace Printing Office
Aerospace Long-March International,{{cite web|url=http://www.abyltd.com.tr/alit.pdf|title=Brief introduction of CASC|publisher=ABY International Trade Ltd.|access-date=2024-03-25|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307071251/http://www.abyltd.com.tr/alit.pdf|url-status=live}} a sales unit

International reception

= United States =

{{Further|United States sanctions against China|Military-civil fusion}}

In 2006 the US Department of the Treasury accused Great Wall Industry and its partners of playing a lead role in the development of the Fateh missile system, as Iran had no previous experience with solid-fueled ballistic missiles.{{cite web|url=https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/141007_Iran_Rocket_Missile_forces.pdf|title=Iran's Rocket and Missile Forces and Strategic Options|author=Anthony H. Cordesman, with the assistance of Scott Modell, Aaron Lin, and Michael Peacock|date=7 October 2014|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018131618/https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/141007_Iran_Rocket_Missile_forces.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20Reports/Ref%200134%20-%20Iranian%20Ballistic%20Missiles.pdf|author=Chris Smith and Matthew Wallin|date=August 2013|title=Iranian Ballistic Missiles|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025073437/https://www.americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20Reports/Ref%200134%20-%20Iranian%20Ballistic%20Missiles.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=live}}

In November 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting U.S. companies and individuals owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included CASC.{{Cite news|last=Chen|first=Shawna|date=November 12, 2020|title=Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military|work=Axios|url=https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html|access-date=November 12, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028203620/https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last1=Pamuk|first1=Humeyra|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Ali|first3=Idrees|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3|access-date=2020-11-12|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175811/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113000328/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html|url-status=live}} In August 2022, CASC's 9th Academy 771 and 772 Research Institutes were added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.{{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Jane |date=2022-08-24 |title=Commerce Announces Addition of 7 Chinese Tech Institutions to Entity List |url=https://executivegov.com/2022/08/commerce-announces-addition-of-7-chinese-tech-institutions-to-entity-list/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=executivegov.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825150532/https://executivegov.com/2022/08/commerce-announces-addition-of-7-chinese-tech-institutions-to-entity-list/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last= |date=2022-08-23 |title=U.S. adds seven China-related entities to export control list |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-adds-seven-china-related-entities-export-control-list-2022-08-23/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825211614/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-adds-seven-china-related-entities-export-control-list-2022-08-23/ |url-status=live }}