Chresmodidae
{{Taxobox
| name = Chresmodidae
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Middle Jurassic|Cenomanian}}{{cite web|url=https://www.fossilworks.org|title=Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|work=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021}}
| image = Chresmodidae - Chresmoda obscura.JPG
| image_caption = Fossil specimen of Chresmoda obscura from Germany, on display at Galerie de paléontologie et d'anatomie comparée in Paris
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis = Insecta
| subclassis = Pterygota
| infraclassis = Neoptera
| superordo = Polyneoptera
| unranked_ordo = Archaeorthoptera
| familia = Chresmodidae
| familia_authority = Haase 1890
}}{{Short description|Extinct family of insects}}
Chresmodidae is an extinct family of Mesozoic insects within the superorder Polyneoptera.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://eol.org/pages/25449489/overview|title=Chresmodidae - Information on Chresmodidae - Encyclopedia of Life|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Life|accessdate=11 May 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://polyneoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1158164|title=family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727115601/http://polyneoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1158164|archive-date=27 July 2021|work=speciesfile.org|accessdate=10 September 2022}}Delclos X, Nel A, Azar D, Bechly G, Dunlop JA, Engel MS, Heads SW [https://archive.today/20140615150834/http://biodiversity.ku.edu/enigmatic-mesozoic-insect-taxon-chresmodidae-polyneoptera-new-palaeobiological-and-phylogenetic-data The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil]
Genera
- Chresmoda Late Jurassic-Cenomanian, Worldwide
- Jurachresmoda Zhang, Ren & Shih, 2008 Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation{{Cite journal|last1=ZHANG|first1=XIN-WEN|last2=REN|first2=DONG|last3=PANG|first3=HONG|last4=SHIH|first4=CHUNG-KUN|date=2008-05-05|title=A water-skiing chresmodid from the Middle Jurassic in Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China (Polyneoptera: Orthopterida)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1762|issue=1|pages=53|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1762.1.3|issn=1175-5334}}
- Sinochresmoda Zhang, Ren & Pang, 2008 Early Cretaceous, Yixian Formation{{Cite journal|last1=ZHANG|first1=XIN-WEN|last2=REN|first2=DONG|last3=PANG|first3=HONG|last4=SHIH|first4=CHUNG-KUN|date=2008-02-13|title=A new genus and species of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Gryllones) from Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, Inner Mongolia, China|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1702|issue=1|pages=26|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1702.1.2|issn=1175-5334}}
Prochresmoda from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan is not currently considered part of the group and is considered to be more closely related to Triassophasma and Palaeochresmoda.{{Cite journal|last1=Nel|first1=André|last2=Marchal-Papier|first2=Francine|last3=Béthoux|first3=Olivier|last4=Gall|first4=Jean-Claude|date=January 2004|title=A "stick insect-like" from the Triassic of the Vosges (France) ("pre-Tertiary Phasmatodea")|journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France|series=Nouvelle Série|language=fr|volume=40|issue=1|pages=31–36|doi=10.1080/00379271.2004.10697402|issn=0037-9271}}
Their affinities within the Polyneoptera have long been considered uncertain.{{Citation |last=Shi |first=Chaofan |title=Chresmodidae - Water-Walking Insects |date=2019-03-15 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119427957.ch12 |work=Rhythms of Insect Evolution |pages=157–163 |editor-last=Ren |editor-first=Dong |access-date=2023-08-07 |place=Chichester, UK |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119427957.ch12 |isbn=978-1-119-42795-7 |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Ren |first3=Dong |editor2-last=Shih |editor2-first=Chung Kun |editor3-last=Gao |editor3-first=Taiping |editor4-last=Yao |editor4-first=Yunzhi}} Some authors have suggested that they represent a derived group of cockroaches.{{Citation |last=Vršanský |first=Peter |title=New Assemblages of the Bakhar Locality |date=2020 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-59407-7_4 |work=Cockroaches from Jurassic sediments of the Bakhar Formation in Mongolia |pages=33–62 |access-date=2023-08-07 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-59407-7_4 |isbn=978-3-030-59406-0}}
Description
Chresmodidae are large enigmatic insects with very long specialized legs, probably adapted for skating on the water surface, similar to extant water skaters. They can reach a size of about {{convert|17|cm}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=2106|title=Fossil mit der ID: 2106 - Chresmoda obscura GERMAR, 1839 - Die Fossilien von Solnhofen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909224311/https://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=2106|archive-date=9 September 2022|work=solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de|accessdate=10 September 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=1551|title=Fossil mit der ID: 1551 - Chresmoda obscura GERMAR, 1839 - Die Fossilien von Solnhofen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820121910/https://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=1551|archive-date=20 August 2022|work=solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de|accessdate=10 September 2022}} and even {{convert|19|cm}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=1780|title=Fossil mit der ID: 1780 - Chresmoda obscura GERMAR, 1839 - Die Fossilien von Solnhofen|work=solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820121925/https://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=1780|archive-date=20 August 2022|accessdate=10 September 2022}}
These Polyneoptera of uncertain position have been considered aquatic, living on the water surface, probably predaceous on nektonic small animals.A. G. Ponomarenko [http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/pdfs/87A_135144_Ponomarenko.pdf Fossil insects from the Tithonian «Solnhofener Plattenkalke» in the Museum of Natural History, Vienna]A. Nel, D. Azar, X. Martinez-Delclos and E. Makhoul [https://archive.today/20140615150510/http://www.academia.edu/2681229/A_new_Upper_Cretaceous_species_of_Chresmoda_from_Lebanon-a_latest_representative_of_Chresmodidae_Insecta_Polyneoptera_inc._sed._first_record_of_homeotic_mutations_in_the_fossil_record_of_insects A new Upper Cretaceous species of Chresmoda from Lebanon - a latest representative of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Polyneoptera inc. sed.): first record of homeotic mutations in the fossil record of insects]
They lived during the Cretaceous of Brazil, China, Lebanon, Spain, United Kingdom, as well as in the Jurassic of Germany and China, from ~166.0 to 94.3 Ma.
References
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Category:Prehistoric insect families
Category:Triassic first appearances