Polyneoptera

{{Automatic taxobox

|image=Polyneoptera montage 2.0.jpg

|image_caption=All polyneoptera extant orders:

row 1: Zoraptera, Dermaptera

row 2: Plecoptera, Orthoptera

row 3: Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea

row 4: Phasmatodea, Embioptera

row 5: Mantodea, Blattodea

|taxon=Polyneoptera

|authority=Martynov, 1923{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых |journal=Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922 |date=1923 |pages=88–89 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1923.htm |trans-title=On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects}}

|display_parents=3

|subdivision_ranks = Orders

|subdivision = See text

|synonyms=

Gryllones
Orthoptères
Orthopteroid Orders
Orthopteroidea
Orthopterodea
Paurometabola
Polyneopterata
Plecopterodea

}}

The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no pupa, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.[https://www.royensoc.co.uk/entomology/sub-classes/endopterygota Entomology Endopterygota]. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).

When Carl Linnaeus started applying binomial names to animals in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758,{{cite book |author=Carl Linnaeus |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema Naturae |year=1758 |edition=10th |location=Stockholm}} there were few animals included in the scheme, and consequently few groups. As more and more new species were discovered and differences recognised, the original groups proposed by Linnaeus were split up.

Originally all polyneopteran insects were in the genus Gryllus, this genus now contains a group of closely related crickets. In the scheme used by Linnaeus the genus contained crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, katydids / bush crickets (Tettigoniidae), stick insects, and praying mantises. These groups, along with the cockroaches, which Linnaeus did treat differently, are all orthopteroid insects.Nichols, S.W. (1989)The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology. New York Entomological Society, New York. The newly discovered order Mantophasmatodea is also an orthopteroid order.

Taxonomy

= Extant =

The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:{{cite web|author=David Eades|url=http://polyneoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1158087|title=Polyneoptera|website=Polyneoptera Species File Online|version=Version 5.0/5.0|access-date=8 December 2023}}

Superorder Dictyoptera
Order Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
Order Mantodea (praying mantises)
Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)
Order Dermaptera (earwigs)
Order Embioptera (web-spinners)
Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Order Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers){{refn|group=note|name=Notoptera|The orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order, Notoptera.{{cite journal|last1=Arillo|first1=A.|last2=Engel|first2=M.S.|year=2006|title=Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3539|pages=1–10|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59821931}}}}
Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators){{refn|group=note|name=Notoptera}}
Order Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects)
Order Zoraptera (angel insects)

= Fossil =

The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:

Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives)
†Caloneurodea
†Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida){{cite journal|last1=Nel|first1=A.|last2=Poschmann|first2=M.J.|year=2021|title=A new representative of the "orthopteroid" insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=66|issue=3|pages=641–646|doi=10.4202/app.00879.2021|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Aristov |first1=D. |year=2014 |title=Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa |journal=Far Eastern Entomologist |volume=277 |pages=1–46 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266081994 }}
†Geraroptera
†Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic
order Incertae sedis
family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911
family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890{{cite journal |last1=Delclos |last2=Nel |last3=Azar |last4=Bechly |last5=Dunlop |last6=Engel |last7=Heads |title=The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

|year=2008 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|language=en |volume=247 |issue=3 |pages=353–381 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353}}

family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885
genus †Chenxiella Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
genus †Lobeatta Béthoux, 2005
genus †Longzhua Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011
genus †Nectoptilus Béthoux, 2005
genus †Sinopteron Prokop & Ren, 2007
Stem-group Phasmatodea
†family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968
†family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980
†family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918
†family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968
†family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928
Stem-group Dermaptera
†Protelytroptera
†"Grylloblattida" (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?)
†Geinitziidae
†Gorochoviidae
†Juraperlidae
†Bajanzhargalanidae
...
†Eoblattida
†Paoliida{{Cite journal |author1=Jakub Prokop |author2=Wieslaw Krzemiński |author3=Ewa Krzemińska |author4=Thomas Hörnschemeyer |author5=Jan-Michael Ilger |author6=Carsten Brauckmann |author7=Philippe Grandcolas |author8=André Nel |year=2014 |title=Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=601–622 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2013.823468|bibcode=2014JSPal..12..601P |s2cid=84407734 }}
†Protorthoptera
† family Magicivenidae{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Hongru |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |last5=Gao |first5=Taiping |date=January 2022 |editor-last=Labandeira |editor-first=Conrad |title=Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1402 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1402 |bibcode=2022PPal....8E1402Y |issn=2056-2799|url-access=subscription }}

Phylogeny

The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:{{cite journal |last1=Wipfler|first1=Benjamin|last2=Letsch|first2=Harald|last3=Frandsen|first3=Paul B.|last4=Kapli|first4=Paschalia|last5=Mayer|first5=Christoph|last6=Bartel|first6=Daniela|last7=Buckley|first7=Thomas R.|last8=Donath|first8=Alexander|last9=Edgerly-Rooks|first9=Janice S.|last10=Fujita|first10=Mari|last11=Liu|first11=Shanlin |date=February 2019 |title=Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=3024–3029 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817794116 |pmid=30642969 |pmc=6386694 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3024W |doi-access=free }}

{{clade

|label1=Polyneoptera

|1={{clade

|1=Zoraptera (angel insects) 60px

|2=Dermaptera (earwigs) 60px

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Plecoptera (stoneflies) 70px

|2={{clade

|1=Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) 50px

|2={{clade

|1={{clade