Neoptera

{{automatic taxobox

| fossil_range= {{Fossil range|Late Carboniferous|Present}}

| image = Agapostemon texanus.jpg

| image_upright = 1.2

| image_caption = Neopterans including bees (order Hymenoptera) can fold their wings over their abdomens.

| taxon = Neoptera

| authority = Martynov, 1923

| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups

| subdivision = * Eumetabola

}}

Neoptera (Ancient Greek néos ("new") + pterón ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых |journal=Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922 |date=1923 |pages=88–89 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1923.htm |trans-title=On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects}}{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции. |journal=Russian Zoological Journal |date=1924 |volume=4 |issue=1, 2 |pages=155–185 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1924a.htm |trans-title=There are two types of drug addicts and evolutionists}}

Pterygota

division Palaeoptera
order Odonata
order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera)
†order Dictyoneuridea
†order Megasecoptera
†order Meganisoptera
†order Protephemeroidea
division Neoptera
superorder Endopterygota
order Coleoptera
order Strepsiptera
order Neuroptera
order Raphidioptera
order Megaloptera
order Diptera
order Mecoptera
order Trichoptera
order Lepidoptera
order Hymenoptera
subdivision Polyneoptera
superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
order Orthoptera
order Plecoptera
order Dermaptera
order Embioptera
order Phasmatodea
superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera)
order Blattodea
order Mantodea
subdivision Paraneoptera
order Hemiptera
suborder Auchenorrhyncha
suborder Coleorrhyncha
suborder Heteroptera
suborder Sternorrhyncha
subdivision Oligoneoptera

The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.

Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
Metapterygota Börner 1909
Odonata Fabricius 1793
Neoptera Martynov 1923

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera,{{cite journal |last1=Wipfler |first1=Benjamin |last2=Letsch |first2=Harald |last3=Frandsen |first3=Paul B. |last4=Kapli |first4=Paschalia |last5=Mayer |first5=Christoph |last6=Bartel |first6=Daniela |last7=Buckley |first7=Thomas R. |last8=Donath |first8=Alexander |last9=Edgerly-Rooks |first9=Janice S. |last10=Fujita |first10=Mari |last11=Liu |first11=Shanlin |display-authors=5 |date=February 2019 |title=Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=3024–3029 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817794116 |pmid=30642969 |pmc=6386694 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3024W |doi-access=free }} Johnson et al 2018 for the Paraneoptera (where Psocomorpha contains Phthiraptera),{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Kevin P. |last2=Dietrich |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Friedrich |first3=Frank |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |last5=Wipfler |first5=Benjamin |last6=Peters |first6=Ralph S. |last7=Allen |first7=Julie M. |last8=Petersen |first8=Malte |last9=Donath |first9=Alexander |last10=Walden |first10=Kimberly K. O. |last11=Kozlov |first11=Alexey M. |last12=Podsiadlowski |first12=Lars |last13=Mayer |first13=Christoph |last14=Meusemann |first14=Karen |last15=Vasilikopoulos |first15=Alexandros |last16=Waterhouse |first16=Robert M. |last17=Cameron |first17=Stephen L. |last18=Weirauch |first18=Christiane |last19=Swanson |first19=Daniel R. |last20=Percy |first20=Diana M. |last21=Hardy |first21=Nate B. |last22=Terry |first22=Irene |last23=Liu |first23=Shanlin |last24=Zhou |first24=Xin |last25=Misof |first25=Bernhard |last26=Robertson |first26=Hugh M. |last27=Yoshizawa |first27=Kazunori |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=50 |date=2018-12-11 |pmid=30478043 |pmc=6294958 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1815820115 |pages=12775–12780 |doi-access=free}} and Kjer et al 2016 for the Holometabola.{{Cite journal |last1=Kjer |first1=Karl M. |last2=Simon |first2=Chris|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |last3=Yavorskaya |first3=Margarita |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |date=2016 |title=Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=13 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 |pmid=27558853 |pmc=5014063 }}

{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%

|label1=Neoptera

|1={{clade

|label1=Polyneoptera

|1={{clade

|1=Zoraptera (angel insects) 60px

|2=Dermaptera (earwigs) 60px

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|2={{clade

|1=Plecoptera (stoneflies) 70px

|2={{clade

|1=Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) 50px