Chuukese language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken on the Chuuk islands in Micronesia}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Chuukese
|altname =Trukese
|nativename={{lang|chk|Chuuk}}
|states=Federated States of Micronesia
|region=Chuuk
|speakers=51,330
|ethnicity=Chuukese
|date=2000 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Oceanic
|fam4=Micronesian
|fam5=Nuclear Micronesian
|fam6=Chuukic–Pohnpeic
|fam7=Chuukic
|nation={{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
|iso2=chk
|iso3=chk
|glotto=chuu1238
|glottorefname=Chuukese
|script=Latin script
}}
Chuukese ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|uː|ˈ|k|iː|z}}), also rendered Trukese ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ʌ|ˈ|k|iː|z}}),{{cite book |last1=Bauer |first1=Laurie |title=The linguistic student's handbook |date=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9780748627592 |edition=1}} is a Chuukic language of the Austronesian language family spoken primarily on the islands of Chuuk in the Caroline Islands in Micronesia. There are communities of speakers in Pohnpei, and Guam. Estimates show that there are about 45,900 speakers in Micronesia.
Classification
Chuukese is an Austronesian language of the Micronesian subbranch. It is one of the dialects making up the Chuukic subgroup of Micronesian languages, together with its close relatives like Woleaian, and Carolinian.{{cite book | last1 = Lynch | first1 = John | authorlink = John Lynch (linguist) | last2 = Ross | first2 = Malcolm | authorlink2 = Malcolm Ross (linguist) | last3 = Crowley | first3 = Terry | authorlink3 = Terry Crowley (linguist) | year = 2002 | title = The Oceanic languages | location = Richmond, Surrey | publisher = Curzon | isbn = 978-0-7007-1128-4 | oclc = 48929366 }}
Phonology
Chuukese has the unusual feature of permitting word-initial geminate (double) consonants. The common ancestor of Western Micronesian languages is believed to have had this feature, but most of its modern descendants have lost it.{{cite web
|title=Reflexes of initial gemination in Western Micronesian languages
|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles
|url=http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/AFLA12/abstracts/AFLA_0430_B_1200.pdf
|access-date=8 September 2005
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609145711/http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/AFLA12/abstracts/AFLA_0430_B_1200.pdf
|archive-date=June 9, 2012
|url-status=dead
}}
{{lang|chk|Truk}} and {{lang|chk|Chuuk}} are different in orthography, and both older {{grapheme|tr}} and current {{grapheme|ch}} transcribe the sound {{IPAblink|ʈʂ}}.
| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Chuukese consonants ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | Labial ! rowspan="2" | Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar/ ! rowspan="2" | Velar |
| plain
!lab. |
|---|
| rowspan="2" |Nasal
!plain |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|mʷ}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} |
| tense
|{{IPA link|mː}} |{{IPA link|mːʷ}} | | |{{IPA link|ŋː}} |
| colspan="2" |Plosive/Affricate
|{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|pʷ}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|ʈʂ}} |{{IPA link|k}} |
| rowspan="2" | Fricative
!plain | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|f}} |{{IPA link|s}} | | |
| tense
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|fː}} |{{IPA link|sː}} | | |
| colspan="2" |Trill
| colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|r}} | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|w}} |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|j}} | |
Consonants are doubled in Chuuk when they have a voiceless sound. Some consonant combinations are frequently denasalized between vowels when doubled.{{cite book |last1=Goodenough |first1=Ward Hunt |last2=Sugita |first2=Hiroshi |title=Trukese-English dictionary
| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Chuukese vowels ! ! Front ! Central !Back |
| High
| {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|ɨ}} | {{IPA link|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|ʌ}} | {{IPA link|o}} |
| Low
| {{IPA link|æ}} | {{IPA link|a}} | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
{{IPA|/ɨ/}} can be heard as either central {{IPAblink|ɨ}} or back {{IPAblink|ɯ}}.
Orthography
Chuukese is one of the few languages allowing for word initial double consonants:{{r|Gemination}}
| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| colspan="32" | Chuukese spelling | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | á | e | é | i | o | ó | u | ú
| f | ff | s | ss | k
| kk | m | mm | mw | mmw
| n | ng | nng | p | pp | pw | ppw | r | ch | t | tt | w | y |
| colspan="32" | IPA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{IPA|ɐ}} | {{IPA|a}} | {{IPA|e}} | {{IPA|ə}} | {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|o}} | {{IPA|ɑ}} | {{IPA|u}} | {{IPA|ɨ}}
| {{IPA|f}} | {{IPA|fː}} | {{IPA|s}} | {{IPA|sː}} | {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kː}} | {{IPA|m}} | {{IPA|mː}} | {{IPA|mˠ}} | {{IPA|mˠː}}
| {{IPA|nn̩}} | {{IPA|ŋ}} | {{IPA|ŋː}} | {{IPA|p}} | {{IPA|pː}}
| {{IPA|p~b}} | {{IPA|pː}} | {{IPA|r}} | {{IPA|tʂ}} | {{IPA|t̪}}
| {{IPA|t̪ː}} | {{IPA|w}} | {{IPA|j}} |
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=349 Chuukese Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database] ([https://archive.today/20130825193314/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=349 Archive])
- Howard, Jocelyne. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327070556/http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/mi_workshop/files/ChuukeseMedVocab.doc.pdf CHUUKESE TRANSLATIONS]." () University of Hawaii.
- Kaipuleohone have archive materials for Chuukese including [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/32623 written materials], [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4694 audio recordings], and additional audio recordings from Brian Diettrich's MA thesis.
- [https://www.pdx.edu/multicultural-topics-communication-sciences-disorders/chuukese-0 Portland State University Multicultural Topics in Communications Sciences & Disorders | Chuukese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519154103/https://www.pdx.edu/multicultural-topics-communication-sciences-disorders/chuukese-0 |date=2020-05-19 }}
{{Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
{{Micronesian languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Oceania topic|Languages of}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chuukese Language}}