Federated States of Micronesia
{{Short description|Country in Oceania}}
{{About|the sovereign state in Oceania|the geographical region it lies within|Micronesia}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| coordinates = {{Coord|6|55|N|158|11|E|type:city}}
| languages_type = Official language
| languages2_type = Recognized regional
languages
| conventional_long_name = Federated States of Micronesia
| image_flag = Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg
| image_coat = Seal of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg
| common_name = the Federated States of Micronesia
| symbol_type = Seal
| national_motto = "Peace, Unity, Liberty"
| national_anthem = "Patriots of Micronesia"
| image_map = Micronesia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg
| status = UN member state under a Compact of Free Association with the United States[https://www.doi.gov/oia/compacts-of-free-association Compacts of Free Association] - United States Department of the Interior
| capital = Palikir
| largest_settlement = Weno{{cite book |title=Summary Analysis of Key Indicators: from the FSM 2010 Census of Population and Housing |url=http://prism.spc.int/images/census_reports/FSM_2010_Census_Indicators_Final.pdf |publisher=Division of Statistics, Office of SBOC |location=Palikir |page=8 |access-date=16 March 2018 |via=Prism (SPC) |archive-date=April 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417043635/http://prism.spc.int/images/census_reports/FSM_2010_Census_Indicators_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}
| largest_settlement_type = city
| languages = English
| languages2 = {{hlist |Chuukese |Kosraean |Pohnpeian |Yapese}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 48.8% Chuukese
| 24.2% Pohnpeian
| 6.2% Kosraean
| 5.2% Yapese
| 4.5% Outer Yapese
| 1.8% Asian
| 1.5% Polynesian
| 6.4% other
| 1.4% unknown
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2016
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
- 95.3% Christianity
- 52.6% Roman Catholic
- 41.7% Protestant
- 1.0% other Christian
{{Tree list/end}}
|4.1% folk religions
|0.6% none / other
}}
| religion_year = 2016
| demonym = Micronesian
| government_type = Federal assembly-independent republic under a non-partisan democracy
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = Wesley Simina
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Aren Palik
| legislature = Congress
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| sovereignty_note = from the United States
| established_event1 = Republic proclaimed
| established_date1 = May 10, 1979
| established_event2 = Compact of Free Association
| established_date2 = November 3, 1986
| area_km2 = 702
| area_rank = 177th
| area_sq_mi = 271
| percent_water = negligible
| population_estimate = 104,468{{Cite web|url=https://www.fsmstatistics.fm/book1/|title=NA – FSM Statistics|access-date=June 10, 2020|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928224402/http://www.fsmstatistics.fm/book1/|url-status=live}}
| population_estimate_year = 2019
| population_estimate_rank = 181st
| population_density_km2 = 158.1
| population_density_rank = 75th
| population_density_sq_mi = 409.6
| GDP_PPP = $367 million
| GDP_PPP_year = 2019
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $383 million
| GDP_nominal_year = 2019
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,735
| Gini = 40.1
| Gini_year = 2013
| Gini_change =
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.634
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = {{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=March 19, 2024|access-date=March 19, 2024|archive-date=March 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}
| HDI_rank = 135th
| currency = United States dollar
| currency_code = USD
| time_zone =
| utc_offset = +10 and +11
| date_format = MM/DD/YYYY
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +691
| iso3166code = FM
| cctld = .fm
| footnote_a = Regional languages used at state and municipal levels.
}}
The Federated States of Micronesia ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Micronesia.ogg|ˌ|m|aɪ|k|r|oʊ|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə}}, abbreviated FSM), or simply Micronesia, is an island country in Micronesia, a region of Oceania. The federation encompasses the majority of the Caroline Islands (excluding Palau) and consists of four states—from west to east: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae—that span the western Pacific just north of the equator for a longitudinal distance of almost {{cvt|2700|km|mi}}. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands and a combined land area of approximately {{convert|702|km2|abbr=on|disp=or}}.
The entire island nation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about {{cvt|2900|km|mi}} north of eastern Australia, {{cvt|3,400|km|mi}} southeast of Japan, and some {{cvt|4000|km|0}} southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands.
The country's total land area is relatively small, but its waters occupy nearly {{convert|3|e6km2|e6mi2|abbr=unit}} of the Pacific Ocean, giving the country the 14th-largest exclusive economic zone in the world.{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2016/01/13/drops-in-the-ocean-frances-marine-territories?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Fbl%2Fdc%2Fst%2Fdropsintheocean|title=Drops in the ocean: France's marine territories|date=January 13, 2016|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202185124/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2016/01/13/drops-in-the-ocean-frances-marine-territories?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Fbl%2Fdc%2Fst%2Fdropsintheocean|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/583 |work=seaaroundus.org |title=Micronesia (Federated States of) |access-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306031152/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/583 |url-status=live }} The nation's capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei Island, and its largest city is Weno, an island municipality in the Chuuk Lagoon.
Each of its four states is centered on one or more main volcanic islands, and all but Kosrae include numerous outlying atolls. The FSM spreads across part of the Caroline Islands in the wider region of Micronesia, which region consists of thousands of small islands divided among several countries. The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States of Micronesia or to the region as a whole.
The FSM was a part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United States from 1947 to 1994. On May 10, 1979, the islands ratified a constitutional government and then became a sovereign state after attaining independence on November 3, 1986—under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Other neighboring island entities (also former members of the TTPI), also formed constitutional governments, becoming the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau. The FSM has a seat in the United Nations and has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983.
History
{{Main|History of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
= Early Settlement and Nan Madol =
The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over four thousand years ago.{{Cite web |title=About Federated States of Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia |url=https://visit-micronesia.fm/about-fsm/ |access-date=March 29, 2025 |language=en-US}} A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious culture centered on Yap Island.{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2012 |title=Federated States of Micronesia |url=https://www.pacificrisa.org/places/federated-states-of-micronesia/ |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=Pacific RISA - Managing Climate Risk in Pacific Islands |language=en-US}}File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg in the Marianas and Carolinas, {{Circa|1590}} Boxer Codex]]
Nan Madol, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, consisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located on the eastern periphery of the island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people from about AD 500 until 1500 when the centralized system collapsed.
= European Contact and Colonial Rule =
European explorers—first the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and then the Spanish—reached the Carolines in the sixteenth century. The Treaty of Tordesillas gave these lands to Spain and the Spanish incorporated the archipelago to the Spanish East Indies through the capital, Manila, and in the 19th century established several outposts and missions. In 1887, they founded the town of Santiago de la Ascensión in what today is Kolonia on the island of Pohnpei.
In the 1870s, Germany began extending its sphere of influence in the Caroline Islands, leading to the Carolines Question of 1885 in which Pope Leo XIII was asked to determine if Germany or Spain had authority over the islands. The result was a confirmation of Spanish authority over the islands, but Germany would have free access to the islands.{{cite book|author=Eirik Bjorge|title=The Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWcHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|date=July 17, 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-102576-1|page=149|access-date=December 21, 2022|archive-date=July 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062219/https://books.google.com/books?id=hWcHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|url-status=live}}
Following defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Spanish sold the archipelago to Germany in 1899 under the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. Germany incorporated it into German New Guinea. (A few remote islands, notably Kapingamarangi, were not specifically named in the treaty, but this remained unnoticed until the late 1940s and, while acknowledging the historical curiosity in 1949, Spain has made no modern claims to the islands.{{sfn|Pastor y Santos|1950|p=21}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/micronesia-federated-states-of/#transnational-issues|title=Micronesia, Federated States of|work=CIA World Factbook|access-date=July 24, 2021|archive-date=July 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722221127/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/micronesia-federated-states-of/#transnational-issues|url-status=live}})
During World War I, it was captured by Japan. Following the war, the League of Nations awarded a mandate for Japan to administer the islands as part of the South Seas Mandate.Foster, S., Hezel, F.X. "Micronesia." Encyclopedia Britannica, February 27, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/place/Micronesia-republic-Pacific-Ocean
= World War II and the Aftermath =
== Operation Hailstone ==
Truk Lagoon served as a significant base for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. In February 1944, the U.S. Navy launched Operation Hailstone, a massive air and surface attack on Truk Lagoon. Over two days, U.S. carrier aircraft and surface vessels targeted Japanese warships, merchant vessels, and shore installations, resulting in the sinking of numerous ships and the destruction of hundreds of aircraft. This operation severely diminished Japan's naval capabilities in the Pacific.Hornfischer, James (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: America at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group{{Cite book |last=Prados |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9NNPgAACAAJ |title=Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II |date=2001 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-55750-431-9 |language=en}}
== U.S. Administration under the United Nations ==
Following World War II, the islands of Micronesia were placed under the administration of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. This arrangement was formalized on 2 April 1947, with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 21, which approved the terms of trusteeship for the Pacific Islands formerly under Japanese mandate.{{Cite web |title=Security Council Resolution 21 - UNSCR |url=https://unscr.com/en/resolutions/21 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250312104346/http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/21 |archive-date=2025-03-12 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=unscr.com |language=en}}United Nations Security Council. (1947). Trusteeship of Strategic Areas (Resolution No. 21)
= Path to Independence =
On May 10, 1979, four of the Trust Territory districts ratified a new constitution to become the Federated States of Micronesia. Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands chose not to participate. The FSM signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States, which entered into force on November 3, 1986, marking Micronesia's emergence from trusteeship to independence. Independence was formally concluded under international law in 1990, when the United Nations officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683. The Compact was renewed in 2004.{{cite web|url=http://www.fsmlaw.org/compact/|title=Compact of Free Association|access-date=2 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126050555/http://www.fsmlaw.org/compact/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}{{Cite web |date=2015-06-11 |title=Federated States of Micronesia {{!}} U.S. Department of the Interior |url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/fsm |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.doi.gov |language=en}}
In February 2021, due to a bitter leadership dispute, the Federated States of Micronesia announced it would quit the Pacific Islands Forum in its formal process of withdrawal. However, in June 2022, the Suva Agreement was reached and the Federated States of Micronesia agreed to remain in the forum.{{Cite news |last=Dziedzic |first=Stephen |date=2022-06-07 |title=Pacific leaders strike a deal to keep Micronesian nations from splitting with Pacific Islands Forum |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-07/pacific-leaders-strike-deal-pacific-islands-forum/101133026 |access-date=2024-11-02 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}
Politics
{{main|Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
The Federated States of Micronesia is governed by the 1979 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers. This constitution structures the national government to be similar to—but not exactly like—that of the United States. The unicameral Congress has fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators—one from each state—serve four-year terms; the remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population and serve two-year terms. Congress elects the President and Vice President from among the four state-based senators to serve four-year terms in the executive branch. Their congressional seats are then filled by special elections.
An appointed cabinet supports the president and vice president. There are no formal political parties.
=Defense and foreign affairs=
{{Further|Compact of Free Association|Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
File:US Navy 080831-N-8878B-345 An MH-60S Sea Hawk helicopter flies over the waters of Micronesia.jpg helicopter (US Navy) flies over the waters of Chuuk, Micronesia.]]
In international politics, the Federated States of Micronesia has often voted with the United States concerning United Nations General Assembly resolutions.[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/82642.pdf General Assembly - Overall Votes - Comparison with U.S. vote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202183404/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/82642.pdf |date=December 2, 2019 }} lists Micronesia as in the country with the fourth high coincidence of votes. Micronesia has always been in the top four.
File:FSS Tosiwo Nakayama at Austal shipyards in Henderson, Western Australia, November 2021 03.jpg of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
The FSM is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the United States of America, which is wholly responsible for its defense. The FSM National Police operates a Maritime Wing Unit. The Compact of Free Association allows FSM citizens to join the U.S. military without having to obtain U.S. permanent residency or citizenship,{{cite web|url=http://www.us-army-info.com/pages/pdfs/enlistment_standards.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081001231147/http://www.us-army-info.com/pages/pdfs/enlistment_standards.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-10-01|title=U.S. Military Enlistment Standards}} allows for immigration and employment for Micronesians in the U.S., and establishes economic and technical aid programs.
The FSM has foreign relations with 56 countries, including the Holy See and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.{{Cite web|title=FSM Diplomatic Relations List|url=https://www.fsmgov.org/diprel.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.fsmgov.org|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813055455/https://fsmgov.org/diprel.html|url-status=live}} FSM was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991, in Resolution 703 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/2.{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/46/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903224742/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F46%2F2|url-status=dead|title=United Nations Official Document|archive-date=September 3, 2015|website=www.un.org}} The FSM was an active member of the Pacific Islands Forum.{{Cite web|title = Federated States of Micronesia|url = https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/fsm|website = U.S. Department of the Interior|date = June 11, 2015|access-date = 2016-12-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161023081319/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/fsm|archive-date = October 23, 2016|url-status = live|df = mdy-all}} However, in February 2021, FSM announced it would be formally withdrawing from the Forum in a joint statement with Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and Nauru after a dispute regarding Henry Puna's election as the Forum's secretary-general.{{cite web|date=9 February 2021|title=Five Micronesian countries leave Pacific Islands Forum|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/436039/five-micronesian-countries-leave-pacific-islands-forum|access-date=9 February 2021|publisher=RNZ |archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308131515/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/436039/five-micronesian-countries-leave-pacific-islands-forum|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=8 February 2021|title=Pacific Islands Forum in crisis as one-third of member nations quit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/09/pacific-islands-forum-in-crisis-as-one-third-of-member-nations-quit|access-date=9 February 2021|work=The Guardian|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209013116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/09/pacific-islands-forum-in-crisis-as-one-third-of-member-nations-quit|url-status=live}} In February 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, FSM severed its diplomatic relations with Russia and called the invasion "unjustified and brutal".{{cite web| url = https://gov.fm/index.php/component/content/article/35-pio-articles/news-and-updates/581-following-the-unjustified-brutal-invasion-of-ukraine-the-federated-states-of-micronesia-ceases-diplomatic-relations-with-the-russian-federation?Itemid=177| title = Following the Unjustified & Brutal Invasion of Ukraine, the Federated States of Micronesia Severs Diplomatic Relations with the Russian Federation| publisher = FSM Government| date = 25 February 2022| accessdate = 25 December 2023| archive-date = February 25, 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123541/https://gov.fm/index.php/component/content/article/35-pio-articles/news-and-updates/581-following-the-unjustified-brutal-invasion-of-ukraine-the-federated-states-of-micronesia-ceases-diplomatic-relations-with-the-russian-federation?Itemid=177| url-status = live}}
=Administrative divisions=
File:Map of the Federated States of Micronesia CIA.jpg
{{main|Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
The four states in the federation are, from west to east:
These states are further divided into municipalities.
Geography
{{main|Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2023}}
The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands extending {{convert|2900|km|0|abbr=on}} across the archipelago of the Caroline Islands east of the Philippines. The islands have a combined area of {{convert|702|km2|0|abbr=on}}.
The islands are grouped into four states, which are Yap, Chuuk (called Truk until January 1990), Pohnpei (known as "Ponape" until November 1984), and Kosrae (formerly Kusaie).{{Cite book|last=Keesing|first=Roger M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17383715|title=Melanesian Pidgin and the oceanic substrate|date=1988|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-1450-9|location=Stanford, Calif.|pages=15|oclc=17383715|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207165833/https://www.worldcat.org/title/melanesian-pidgin-and-the-oceanic-substrate/oclc/17383715|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55795909|title=The Europa world year book 2004.|date=2004|publisher=Europa|isbn=1-85743-253-3|location=London|oclc=55795909|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805204424/https://www.worldcat.org/title/europa-world-year-book-2004/oclc/55795909|url-status=live}} These four states are each represented by a white star on the national flag. The capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei.
Two terrestrial ecoregions lie within the country's borders: Carolines tropical moist forests and Yap tropical dry forests.{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}} It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.55/10, ranking it 37th globally out of 172 countries.{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}
= Biodiversity =
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, hosting approximately 3,025 animal species and 1,553 plant species.{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Myung Soo |last2=Yoo |first2=Shinnam |last3=Cho |first3=Yoonhee |last4=Park |first4=Ki Hyeong |last5=Kim |first5=Nam Kyu |last6=Lee |first6=Hyi-Seung |last7=Lim |first7=Young Woon |date=2021 |title=Investigation of the Fungal Diversity of the Federated States of Micronesia and the Construction of an Updated Fungal Inventory |journal=Mycobiology |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=551–558 |doi=10.1080/12298093.2021.2012327 |issn=1229-8093 |pmc=8725818 |pmid=35035247}}The diversity of terrestrial plants and animals within the FSM varies from east to west due to differences in climate, geology, topography, and geographical isolation.{{Cite web |title=Terrestrial Biodiversity of FSM - Dataset - Pacific Data Hub |url=https://pacificdata.org/data/dataset/terrestrial-biodiversity-of-fsm3eb73467-e1cf-483f-83f2-6f7b68be5879 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=pacificdata.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Terrestrial Biodiversity of the FSM |url=https://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/FSM/17.pdf}}{{Cite web |title=Federated States of Micronesia Environment Data Portal - Organisations - Pacific Data Hub |url=https://pacificdata.org/data/organization/fsm-data?license_id=sprep-public-license&member_countries=fm&tags=flora-and-fauna |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=pacificdata.org |language=en}}
Over 457 plant species have been introduced to the islands of the FSM by early Micronesians and subsequent settlers.{{Cite web |title=Convention on biological diversity |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/fm/fm-nr-01-en.pdf}} The FSM comprises 607 islands extending 2,900 km across the Caroline Islands, with a combined area of 702 km². The FSM has 58 Key Biodiversity Areas.
The region is characterized by thousands of isolated small coral atolls and higher volcanic islands, contributing to its high biodiversity.{{Cite web |title=Federated States of Micronesia (sprep) |url=https://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/FSM/66.pdf}} The FSM's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan outlines efforts to protect and conserve its rich biodiversity.{{Cite web |title=FSM National Biodiversity Strategy |url=https://www.theprif.org/sites/theprif.org/files/2020-08/FSM%20NBSAP%20-%2026%20Oct%202018.pdf}} The FSM's marine biodiversity is under pressure due to growing population demands, leading to increased degradation of marine resources.{{Cite web |title=Marine Biodiversity of the FSM |url=https://www.comfsm.fm/bchm/MarineBio.pdf}}
= Climate =
File:Operation Christmas Drop 16 161207-F-IX728-306.jpg
The Federated States of Micronesia has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af). The weather is warm, humid and rainy all year round. The islands are located north of the equator and are affected by constant trade winds, which temper the climate. Minimum temperatures range all year round between 22 and 25 °C, and maximum temperatures between 30 and 32 °C.{{Cite web |title=That's how warm it is in the Federated States of Micronesia: 30.6 °C on average per year and over 1750 hours of sunshine! |url=https://www.worlddata.info/oceania/micronesia/climate.php |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en}} The abundant precipitations oscillate between 2500 and 5000 mm per year, although in the faces oriented to the wind they can surpass 6000 mm. Mount Nahnalaud, only 750 m high, on the island of Pohnpei, receives an average of 10,160 mm, being one of the rainiest places on earth, with almost always overcast skies.{{Cite web |title=Micronesia climate: average weather, temperature, rain - Climates to Travel |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/micronesia |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.climatestotravel.com}} In general, the rains are produced by showers and storms of short duration but very intense. The driest places are the flat atolls, where rainfall can drop below 3,000 mm. The driest months are January and February, with no less than 250 mm and 20 days of rain.
Climate patterns in the FSM are also affected by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, leading to considerable variability in weather conditions from year to year. During El Niño events, the region may experience increased rainfall and storm activity, while La Niña events can bring drier conditions and potential droughts.{{Cite web |title=Current and Future climate of the FSM |url=https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/7_PACCSAP-FSM-11pp_WEB.pdf}}
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Palikir (Köppen Af)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| collapsed = Yes
| Jan high C = 29.9
| Feb high C = 30.0
| Mar high C = 30.2
| Apr high C = 30.2
| May high C = 30.3
| Jun high C = 30.4
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 30.8
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 30.9
| Nov high C = 30.7
| Dec high C = 30.3
| Jan mean C = 26.8
| Feb mean C = 26.9
| Mar mean C = 27.1
| Apr mean C = 26.9
| May mean C = 26.9
| Jun mean C = 26.8
| Jul mean C = 26.6
| Aug mean C = 26.7
| Sep mean C = 26.8
| Oct mean C = 26.8
| Nov mean C = 26.8
| Dec mean C = 27.0
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 23.8
| Feb low C = 23.9
| Mar low C = 24.0
| Apr low C = 23.7
| May low C = 23.6
| Jun low C = 23.3
| Jul low C = 22.7
| Aug low C = 22.6
| Sep low C = 22.7
| Oct low C = 22.7
| Nov low C = 22.9
| Dec low C = 23.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm=377
|Feb precipitation mm=279
|Mar precipitation mm=353
|Apr precipitation mm=462
|May precipitation mm=502
|Jun precipitation mm=464
|Jul precipitation mm=504
|Aug precipitation mm=515
|Sep precipitation mm=464
|Oct precipitation mm=469
|Nov precipitation mm=421
|Dec precipitation mm=392
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org{{cite web
|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/50424/
|title = Climate: Palikir
|publisher = Climate-Data.org
|access-date = 30 July 2020
|archive-date = July 19, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062219/https://en.climate-data.org/oceania/federated-states-of-micronesia/pohnpei/palikir-50424/
|url-status = live
}}
}}
Transportation
{{main|Transportation in the Federated States of Micronesia}}
The Federated States of Micronesia is served by four international airports.
- Pohnpei International Airport, on the main island of Pohnpei State.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/pohnpei.html|title=Federated States Of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Pohnpei International Airport (PNI) (PTPN), Pohnpei Island, Micronesia|date=7 August 2018|website=Federated States of Micronesia Division of Civil Aviation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808032630/http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/pohnpei.html|archive-date=August 8, 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=7 August 2018}}
- Chuuk International Airport, located on the main island of Chuuk State.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/chuuk.html|title=Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Chuuk International Airport (TKK) (PTKK) Weno Island, Micronesia|date=7 August 2018|website=Federated States of Micronesia Division of Civil Aviation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808033120/http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/chuuk.html|archive-date=August 8, 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=7 August 2018}}
- Kosrae International Airport, located on the main island of Kosrae State.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/kosrae.html|title=Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Kosrae International Airport (KSA) (PTSA), Kosrae Island, Micronesia|date=7 August 2018|website=Federated States of Micronesia Division of Civil Aviation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808033533/http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/kosrae.html|archive-date=August 8, 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=7 August 2018}}
- Yap International Airport, located on the main island of Yap State.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/yap.html|title=Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Yap International Airport (YAP) (PTYA), Wa'ab, Micronesia|date=7 August 2018|website=Federated States of Micronesia Department of Civil Aviation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808034020/http://www.ict.fm/civilaviation/yap.html|archive-date=8 August 2018|access-date=7 August 2018}}
Economy
{{main|Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
File:Fishing at Chuuk, Micronesia in 1931.png
Economic activity in the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. Long line fishing of tuna is also viable with foreign vessels from China that operated in the 1990s. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the U.S. is the primary source of revenue, with the U.S. pledged to spend $1.3 billion in the islands in 1986–2001; when the Compact was amended in 2004, the United States committed to providing $110 million in development aid through 2023.{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1839.htm|title=US Relations with the Federated States of Micronesia|publisher=United States Department of State|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=June 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190535/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1839.htm|url-status=live}} The CIA World Factbook lists high dependence on U.S. aid as one of the main concerns of the FSM. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/sid/SIDS-states/profiles/fed_st_micronesia.htm |title=Federated States of Micronesia |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130043513/http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/sid/SIDS-states/profiles/fed_st_micronesia.htm |archive-date=November 30, 2012 }}
Society
=Demographics=
{{main|Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
File:Ulithi-Dancers.jpg atoll]]
The indigenous population of the nation, which is predominantly Micronesian, consists of various ethnolinguistic groups. It has a nearly 100% Pacific Islander and Asian population: Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4%. A sizable minority also have some Japanese ancestry, which is a result of intermarriages between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period.[http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr12120a.htm President Emanuel Mori Meets With Japan Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015858/http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr12120a.htm|date=September 24, 2015}}; [http://www.aesonline.org/3056 AESonline.org] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070616091249/http://www.aesonline.org/3056|date=June 16, 2007}} Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, December 12, 2007
There is also a growing expatriate population of Americans, Australians, Europeans, and residents from China and the Philippines since the 1990s. English has become the common language of the government, and for secondary and tertiary education. Outside of the main capital towns of the four FSM states, the local languages are primarily spoken. In the Catholic mission of Pohnpei, among the Mercedarian missionaries, considered an institution in the country, Spanish is also spoken. Growth remains high at more than 3% annually, offset somewhat by net emigration.
=Languages=
File:Beach on Weno island (Chuuk, Micronesia).jpg
English is the official and common language. Aside from English, the following Austronesian languages are spoken:{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/FM/languages|title=Micronesia|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=February 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095420/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FM/languages|url-status=live}}
| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ !Rank !Language !Language family !Number of speakers |
| 1
| rowspan="4" |Micronesian |45,900 |
| 2
|30,000 |
| 3
|8,000 |
| 4
|5,900 |
| 5
|5,130 |
| 6
|Micronesian |3,000 |
| 7
|3,000 |
| 8
| rowspan="6" |Micronesian |3,000 |
| 9
|1,700 |
| 10
|1,500 |
| 11
|1,400 |
| 12
|1,300 |
| 13
|940 |
| 14
|Polynesian |700 |
| 15
| rowspan="2" |Micronesian |700 |
| 16
|500 |
| 17
|Admiralty Islands? |50 |
| 18
|30 |
=Religion=
{{main|Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia}}
File:Catholic Belltower, Kolonia.jpg
The people of the Federated States of Micronesia are 97% Christian.{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/micronesia/|title="2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Micronesia". United States Department of State.|access-date=October 28, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326125307/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/micronesia/|url-status=live}} More than half of the population follows the Catholic Church (55%) and about 42% follow various Protestant Christian groups. In general this is due to Spanish and German colonial history. Spanish rule meant that a large part of the population remained Catholic. During the German colonial period, until 1914, Catholic and Protestant missionaries from the German Empire were deployed. Several Protestant denominations, as well as the Roman Catholic Church, are present in every Micronesian state.[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90145.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Micronesia, Federated States of] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731054843/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90145.htm |date=July 31, 2020}}. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Most Protestant groups trace their roots to American Congregationalist missionaries. On the island of Kosrae, the population is approximately 7,800; 95 percent are Protestants. On Pohnpei, the population of 35,000 is evenly divided between Protestants and Catholics. Most immigrants are Filipino Catholics who have joined local Catholic churches, e.g. Our Lady of Mercy Catholic Church in Pohnpei.
On Chuuk and Yap, an estimated 60 percent are Catholic and 40 percent are Protestant. Religious groups with small followings include Baptists, Assemblies of God, Salvation Army, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the Baháʼí Faith. There is a small group of Buddhists on Pohnpei, and a small group of Ahmadiyya Muslims in both Pohnpei and Kosrae. Attendance at religious services is generally high; churches are well supported by their congregations and play a significant role in civil society.
In the 1890s, on the island of Pohnpei, intermissionary conflicts and the conversion of clan leaders resulted in religious divisions along clan lines which persist today. More Protestants live on the western side of the island, while more Catholics live on the eastern side. Missionaries of many religious traditions are present and operate freely. The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. The US government received no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice in 2007.
= Health =
{{Main|Health in the Federated States of Micronesia}}
Life expectancy was 66 for men and 69 for women in 2018.{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, male (years) - Micronesia, Fed. Sts. {{!}} Data |publisher=The World Bank |date= |access-date=27 February 2021 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=FM&most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816010726/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=FM&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, female (years) - Micronesia, Fed. Sts. {{!}} Data |publisher=The World Bank |date= |access-date=27 February 2021 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?locations=FM&most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419223437/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?locations=FM&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}
Pingelap in Pohnpei State is notable for the prevalence of an extreme form of color blindness called Achromatopsia, and known locally as maskun. Approximately 5% of the atoll's 3,000 inhabitants are afflicted.{{cite journal |vauthors=Brody JA, Hussels I, Brink E, Torres J |title=Hereditary blindness among Pingelapese people of Eastern Caroline Islands |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7659 |pages=1253–7 |year=1970 |pmid=4192495 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(70)91740-X}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Hussels IE, Morton NE |title=Pingelap and Mokil Atolls: achromatopsia |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=304–9 |year=1972 |pmid=4555088 |pmc=1762260}}
Sport
{{category see also|Sports in the Federated States of Micronesia}}
=Baseball=
=Association football=
The sport of association football in the Federated States of Micronesia is run by the Federated States of Micronesia Football Association. They control the Micronesian Games, the nation's football championship and the Micronesia national football team.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
=FSMAA=
The Federated States of Micronesia Athletic Association is the governing body for the country's sports and athletics.{{Cite web| title = Federated States of Micronesia Athletic Association| url = http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/oceania#FSM| publisher = IAAF| access-date = January 28, 2014| archive-date = February 1, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190900/http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/oceania#FSM| url-status = live}}{{Cite web| title = FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION| url = http://www.athletics-oceania.com/?id=45| publisher = Oceania Athletics Association| access-date = January 28, 2014| archive-date = February 2, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202125553/http://www.athletics-oceania.com/?id=45| url-status = live}}
Culture
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg) in the village of Gachpar]]
Each of the four states has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common cultural and economic bonds that are centuries old. Cultural similarities include the importance of the traditional extended family and clan systems and are found on all the islands.
The island of Yap is notable for its "stone money" (Rai stones), large disks usually of calcite, up to {{convert|4|m|ft|sp=us}} in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The islanders, aware of the owner of a piece, do not necessarily move them when ownership changes. There are five major types: Mmbul, Gaw, Ray, Yar, and Reng, the last being only {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter. Their value is based on both size and history, many of them having been brought from other islands, as far as New Guinea, but most coming in ancient times from Palau. Approximately 6,500 of them are scattered around the island.
Pohnpei is home to Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but the site is currently listed as In Danger due to natural causes.{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1503|title=Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=7 August 2018|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807221707/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1503|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2018}} The government is working on the conservation of the site.
=Music=
{{Main|Music and dances of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
File:Yapese men dancers in traditional dress celebrating Yap Day.jpg
File:Ponape Handicraft Shop.jpg
Traditional dances on the main islands includes "stick dancing" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap{{cite web|work=Jane's Oceania Page|url=http://www.janesoceania.com/micronesia_music_anthology/|access-date=September 27, 2005 |title=Micronesia Music Anthology|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101073112/http://www.janesoceania.com/micronesia_music_anthology/|archive-date=January 1, 2006}} and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are performed either by women or men and boys, but never both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.{{cite web|work=Jane's Oceania Page|url=http://www.janesoceania.com/micronesia_yap/index.htm|access-date=September 27, 2005 |title=Aspects of Yap|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050227045237/http://www.janesoceania.com/micronesia_yap/index.htm|archive-date=February 27, 2005}}
=Newspapers=
The following papers have been published in the FSM:
- Pohnpei{{cite web |title=Pacific Islands Newspapers : Pohnpei State (FSM) |url=https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687892 |website=University of Hawaii at Manoa |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135230/https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687892 |url-status=live }}
- The Kaselehlie Press — from 2001. English. Published biweekly.
- Senyavin Times — from 1967 to the 1970s. Bilingual (Pohnpeian and English).
- Chuuk{{cite web |title=Pacific Islands Newspapers : Chuuk State (FSM) |url=https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687896 |website=University of Hawaii at Manoa |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133733/https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687896 |url-status=live }}
- Truk Chronicle — from 1979 to the 1980s. Published biweekly in English, with some articles in Carolinian.
- Kosrae{{cite web |title=Pacific Islands Newspapers : Kosrae State (FSM) |url=https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687897 |website=University of Hawaii at Manoa |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133345/https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687897 |url-status=live }}
- Kosrae State Newsletter — from 1983 to 2004. Published monthly in Kosraean.
- Yap{{cite web |title=Pacific Islands Newspapers : Yap State (FSM) |url=https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687893 |website=University of Hawaii at Manoa |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135058/https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687893 |url-status=live }}
- The Yap Networker — from 1999 to 2005. Published weekly in English.
=Literature=
There have been very few published literary writers from the Federated States of Micronesia.[http://guam.mvarietynews.com/index.php?view=article&id=4591%3Aseeking-micronesian-literary-writers&option=com_content&Itemid=2 "Seeking Micronesian literary writers"], Marianas Variety, February 18, 2009 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928150350/http://guam.mvarietynews.com/index.php?view=article&id=4591%3Aseeking-micronesian-literary-writers&option=com_content&Itemid=2|date=September 28, 2014}} In 2008, Emelihter Kihleng became the first ever Micronesian to publish a collection of poetry in the English language.[http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2008/05122008b.html "Micronesian Poet Publishes Collection of Poems"], Office of Insular Affairs, May 12, 2008 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229151437/http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2008/05122008b.html|date=February 29, 2012}}
See also
{{Portal|Geography|Islands|Oceania}}
- Outline of the Federated States of Micronesia
- Index of Federated States of Micronesia–related articles
{{clear}}
References
{{Reflist}}
=Sources=
{{Refbegin}}
- {{cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Bruce Makoto |year=2011 |title=Conflicted Childhoods in the South Seas: The Failure of Racial Assiimilation in the Nan'yo |journal=Tufts Historical Review |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=79–96 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5445339 |access-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212921/https://www.academia.edu/5445339 |url-status=live }}
- {{cite book |last=Brower |first=Kenneth |title=Micronesia: The Land, the People, and the Sea |author2=Harri Peccinotti |year=1981 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |location=Baton Rouge |isbn=978-0-8071-0992-2 }}
- {{cite magazine |last=Darrach |first=Brad |author2=David Doubilet |year=1995 |title=Treasured Islands |magazine=Life |issue=August 1995 |pages=46–53 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Falgout |first=Suzanne |year=1995 |title=Americans in Paradise: Anthropologists, Custom, and Democracy in Postwar Micronesia |journal=Ethnology |volume=34 |issue=Spring 1995 |pages=99–111 |doi=10.2307/3774100 |jstor= 3774100 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Hal M. |year=1993 |title=The Beast in Paradise: The United States Navy in Micronesia, 1943–1947 |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=62 |issue=May 1993 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.2307/3639910|jstor=3639910 }}
- {{cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=Hal M.|title=Arguing over Empire: American Interservice and Interdepartmental Rivalry over Micronesia, 1943-1947|journal=Journal of Pacific History|date=1994|volume=29|issue=1|pages=36–48|doi=10.1080/00223349408572757}}
- {{cite book |last=Hanlon |first=David |title=Remaking Micronesia: Discourses over Development in a Pacific Territory, 1944–1982 |year=1998 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-8248-1894-4 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Hezel |first=Francis X. |year=1995 |title=The Church in Micronesia |journal=America |volume=18 |issue=February 1995 |pages=23–24 }}
- {{cite book |last=Kluge |first=P. F. |title=The Edge of Paradise: America in Micronesia |year=1991 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-0-394-58178-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/edgeofparadiseam00klug }}
- {{cite journal |last=Malcomson |first=S. L. |year=1989 |title=Stranger than Paradise |journal=Mother Jones |volume=14 |issue=January 1989 |pages=19–25 }}
- {{cite journal |title=Micronesia: A New Nation |journal=U.S. News & World Report |issue=October 15, 1984 |pages=80–81 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Parfit |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Islands of the Pacific |journal=National Geographic |volume=203 |issue=March 2003 |pages=106–125 }}
- {{cite book|last=Pastor y Santos|first=Emilio|title=Territorios de soberanía española en Oceanía|year=1950|publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Estudios Africanos|location=Madrid|language=es|oclc=912692168}}
- {{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Carolyn Bennett |year=1986 |title=In the Far Pacific: At the Birth of Nations |journal=National Geographic |volume=170 |issue=October 1986 |pages=460–500 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Peoples |first=James G. |year=1993 |title=Political Evolution in Micronesia |journal=Ethnology |volume=32 |issue=Winter 1993 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2307/3773542 |jstor= 3773542 }}
- {{cite journal|last1=Rainbird|first1=Paul|title=Taking the Tapu: Defining Micronesia by Absence|journal=Journal of Pacific History|date=2003|volume=38|issue=2|pages=237–250|doi=10.1080/0022334032000120558|s2cid=162140479}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Schwalbenberg|first1=Henry M.|last2=Hatcher|first2=Thomas|title=Micronesian Trade and Foreign Assistance: Contrasting the Japanese and American Colonial Periods|journal=Journal of Pacific History|date=1994|volume=29|issue=1|pages=95–104|doi=10.1080/00223349408572762}}
{{Refend}}
External links
{{Sister project links|voy=Federated States of Micronesia}}
Government
- [http://www.fsmgov.org/ Government of the Federated States of Micronesia]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130910033533/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/micronesia-federated-states-of.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
General information
- [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/micronesia-federated-states-of/ Federated States of Micronesia]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085234/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/micronesia.htm Federated States of Micronesia] from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15494620 Micronesia] from the BBC News
- [http://www.janeresture.com/fedmic/index.htm Jane's Federated States of Micronesia Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324024417/http://www.janeresture.com/fedmic/index.htm |date=March 24, 2005 }}
- [http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/ttp/ttpi.html Trust Territory of the Pacific Archives] at the University of Hawaii
- [http://www.paclii.org/databases.html#FM Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute - Federated States of Micronesia]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207015735/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/micronesia/ Nature.org - Micronesia] environmental conservation
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080928083648/http://www.mymicronesia.com/ myMicronesia.com] Online resource center about the islands of Micronesia. Provides free listings and links to all Micronesian businesses, as well as civic, cultural, health and educational organizations.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20180307143602/http://www.habele.org/islands.asp Habele.org - Outer Islands] Information about the remote islands and atolls outside the four state capitals of Micronesia from an educational nonprofit.
- [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=FM Development Forecasts for Federated States of Micronesia]
News media
- [http://www.kpress.info/ The Kaselehlie Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915120929/http://www.kpress.info/ |date=September 15, 2022 }} – The Kaselehlie Press is a Pohnpei-based newspaper that covers stories throughout the FSM.
- [http://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/pohnpei-un-estado-maritimo-insular-en-el-oceano-pacifico-1-/ Pohnpei] (Spanish)
Maps
- {{Wikiatlas|the Federated States of Micronesia}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090312015637/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~wsayres/Pohnpei/NanMadol.html Nan Madol islet complex] Provides computer based reconstruction of the main islets and features
Travel
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220829/http://www.anytravels.com/australia/micronesia/ Travel Overview of Micronesia]
- [http://www.visityap.com/ Yap Visitors Bureau]
Weather
- [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/chuuk/ NOAA's National Weather Service - Chuuk, FSM]
- [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pohnpei/ NOAA's National Weather Service - Pohnpei & Kosrae, FSM]
- [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/yap/ NOAA's National Weather Service - Yap, FSM]
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