Cinnamomum burmanni
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{italic title}}{{speciesbox
| name = Indonesian cinnamon
| image = Starr 090213-2452 Cinnamomum burmanni.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Cinnamomum
| species = burmanni
| authority = (Nees & T.Nees) Blume
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets=true
|title={{small|Synonymy}}
|Cinnamomum ammannii {{small|Lukman.}}
|Cinnamomum burmanni var. angustifolium {{small|Meisn.}}
|Cinnamomum burmanni var. chinense {{small|(Blume) Meisn.}}
|Cinnamomum burmanni var. kiamis {{small|(Nees) Meisn.}}
|Cinnamomum cassia {{small|Siebold}}
|Cinnamomum chinense {{small|Blume}}
|Cinnamomum dulce {{small|(Roxb.) Nees}}
|Cinnamomum dulce var. ammannii {{small|Lukman.}}
|Cinnamomum dulce var. sieboldii {{small|Lukman.}}
|Cinnamomum dulce var. thunbergii {{small|Lukman.}}
|Cinnamomum hainanense {{small|Nakai}}
|Cinnamomum kiamis {{small|Hassk.}}
|Cinnamomum kiamis {{small|Nees}}
|Cinnamomum macrostemon {{small|Hayata}}
|Cinnamomum miaoshanense {{small|S.Lee & F.N.Wei}}
|Cinnamomum mindanaense {{small|Elmer}}
|Cinnamomum mutabile {{small|Blume ex Miq.}}
|Cinnamomum nitidum {{small|(Roxb.) Hook.}}
|Cinnamomum sieboldii {{small|Lukman.}}
|Cinnamomum suaveolens {{small|Lukman.}}
|Cinnamomum thunbergii {{small|Lukman.}}
|Laurus cinnamomoides {{small|Nees}}
|Laurus cinnamomum {{small|Blanco}}
|Laurus burmanni {{small|Nees & T.Nees}}
|Laurus dulcis {{small|Roxb.}}
|Laurus nitida {{small|Roxb.}}
|Persea dulcis {{small|(Roxb.) Spreng.}}
|Persea nitida {{small|(Roxb.) Spreng.}}
}}
| synonyms_ref = [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463328-1 Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume].Plants of the World Online. Accessed 9 April 2023.
}}
{{Commons category|Cinnamomum burmanni}}
Cinnamomum burmanni (or Cinnamomum burmannii), also known as Indonesian cinnamon, Padang cassia, Batavia cassia, or korintje, is one of several plants in the genus Cinnamomum whose bark is sold as the spice cinnamon. It is an evergreen tree native to southeast Asia.
Description
Cinnamomum burmanni is an evergreen tree growing up to 7 m in height with aromatic bark and smooth, angular branches. The leaves are glossy green, oval, and about {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. Small yellow flowers bloom in early summer,{{cite web|title=Cinnamomum burmannii (Lauraceae)|url=https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=2799 |publisher=National Tropical Botanical Garden |access-date=January 29, 2012}} and produce a dark drupe.
Distribution
Cinnamomum burmanni is native to tropical Southeast Asia.{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Warren Lambert|last2=Herbst|first2=Derral R.|last3=Sohmer|first3=S. H.|title=Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i|year=1999|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|location=Honolulu, Hawaiʻi|isbn=978-0-8248-2166-1}} It ranges from Bangladesh to Myanmar, southern China, Hainan, Vietnam, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands), and the Philippines. It has also become invasive in Taiwan since around the 1970s.{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Z.-F.|last2=Yin|first2=H.-W.|last3=Lu|first3=S.-Y.|year=2008|script-title=zh:正視陰香對土肉桂的衝擊|trans-title=Confronting the Impact of Cinnamomum burmanni on C. osmophloeum|journal=Taiwan Forestry Journal|volume=34|issue=6|pages=26-30|url=http://kplant.biodiv.tw/%E9%99%B0%E9%A6%99/912210572371%20%282%29.pdf|language=zh-tw}}
In Sumatra C. burmanni is commonly found in West Sumatra and western Jambi province, with the Kerinci region being especially known as the center of production of quality, high essential-oil crops.
On Borneo it occurs in Sabah (Keningau, Lahad Datu, Ranau, Sandakan and Sipitang districts) and Kalimantan, where it found in cultivation and in secondary forest, villages, and abandoned plantations to 1,500 metres elevation.Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011). Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, Volume 56, Number 3, 2011, pp. 241-264(24). Naturalis Biodiversity Center DOI: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911X615168
C. burmanni is an introduced species in parts of the subtropical world, particularly in Hawaiʻi, where it is naturalized and invasive.{{cite book|last=Motooka|first=Philip Susumu|title=Weeds of Hawaiʻi's pastures and natural areas: an identification and management guide|chapter=Cinnamomum burmannii |chapter-url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/WeedsHI/W_Cinnamomum_burmannii.pdf|year=2003 |publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources |location=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|isbn=978-1-929325-14-6}}{{cite web |last=Starr |first=Forest |last2=Starr |first2=Kim |last3=Loope |first3=Lloyd |title=Cinnamomum burmannii |url=http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/cinnamomum_burmannii.pdf |publisher=United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division|access-date=January 26, 2012|location=Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i |date=January 2003}} It was introduced to Hawaiʻi from Asia in 1934 as a crop plant.{{cite book|last=Wester|first=Lyndon|title=Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaiʻi: management and research|year=1992|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|location=Honolulu, Hawaiʻi|isbn=978-0-8248-1474-8|pages=141|editor=Stone, Charles P. |editor2=Smith, Clifford W. |editor3=Tunison, J. Timothy|chapter=Origin and distribution of adventive alien flowering plants in Hawaiʻi|chapter-url=http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii1wester.pdf}}
Use
Aromatic oil can be extracted from the bark, leaves, and roots of Cinnamomum burmanni. The bark is also used as a cinnamon bark. The leaves can be used as a spice for preserved food and canned meat instead of laurel leaves. The core contains fat, which can be squeezed for industrial use. The wood is used for fine furniture and other fine work materials. C. burmanni is also a Chinese herbal medicine.{{ Cite web |url = http://www.iplant.cn/info/Cinnamomum%20burmanni |title =Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume|publisher = iPlant.cn |language = zh }}
The most common and cheapest type of cinnamon in the US is made from powdered C. burmanni. C. burmanni oil contains no eugenol,{{cite web|title=Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii)|url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_bur.html|publisher=Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages|access-date=December 1, 2012}} but higher amounts of coumarin than C. cassia and Ceylon cinnamon with 2.1 g/kg in an authenticated sample, and a mean of 5.0 g/kg in 8 samples tested.{{cite journal|last1= Wang|first1= Y.-H.|last2= Avula|first2= B.|last3= Nanayakkara|first3= N.P.D.|last4= Zhao|first4= J.|last5= Khan|first5= I.A.|title= Cassia Cinnamon as a Source of Coumarin in Cinnamon-Flavored Food and Food Supplements in the United States|journal= Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume= 61|issue= 18|year= 2013|pages= 4470–4476|doi= 10.1021/jf4005862|url= https://cinnamonvogue.com/DOWNLOADS/Cinnamon_and_coumarin.pdf|pmid= 23627682|access-date= 2015-05-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150505233039/http://www.cinnamonvogue.com/DOWNLOADS/Cinnamon_and_coumarin.pdf|archive-date= 2015-05-05|url-status= dead}} It is also sold as quills of one layer.
Gallery
File:Cinnamomum burmanni, blom en blomknoppe, a, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|{{center|Flower. The flower has six to eight petals.}}
File:Cinnamomum burmanni, blomtakkies, a, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|{{center|flower sprays}}
File:Cinnamomum burmanni, vrug, byna ryp, b, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|{{center|gall}}
File:CinnamonQuills.JPG|{{center|spice bark}}
File:陰香 Cinnamomum burmanni 20210627102154 07.jpg|Inflorescence axillary.The new stems is red, which is one of the characteristics of C. burmannii.
File:陰香 Cinnamomum burmannii 20210627102154 16.jpg|The ternate vein is protruding on the back of the leaf. The leaf surface is smooth.
File:陰香 Cinnamomum burmanni 20210627102154 17.jpg|The top of the hypocarp is truncated.
File:陰香 Cinnamomum burmanni 20210627102154 22.jpg|Foliage
File:陰香 Cinnamomum burmannii 20210627102154 27.jpg|Branches
File:陰香 Cinnamomum burmanni 20210627102154 19.jpg|New leaves
File:陰香 Cinnamomum burmanni 20210627102154 28.jpg|Bark
References
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
External links
- [http://www.hear.org/species/cinnamomum_burmannii/ Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) Cinnamomum burmannii Page]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4115136}}