Climate change in Iraq

Iraq is ecologically vulnerable to climate change due to a variety of interconnected reasons. Iraq is in a dry region of the world and it can be divided into three areas: the arid deserts of the south, the semi-arid alluvial plains, and the mountainous northern region. Along with its arid land, Iraq has faced political turmoil, poor management of scarce resources, and the degradation of key ecosystems.Al-Obaidy, A. H. M. J., & Al-Khateeb, M. (2013). The challenges of water sustainability in Iraq. Engineering and Technology Journal, 31(5), 828-840.

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| total_width = 300

| image1 = Koppen-Geiger Map IRQ present.svg

| caption1 = Köppen climate classification map for Iraq for 1980–2016

| image2 = Koppen-Geiger Map IRQ future.svg

| caption2 = 2071–2100 map under the most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=Cosmos |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn’t make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}

}}

Heat waves and the average temperature have been increasing rapidly in Iraq. The mean temperature of Iraq has increased at a rate of 0.7 degrees Celsius per century. These rising global temperatures have intensified water scarcity and desertification in Iraq.{{Cite web |last=International Organization for Migration |date=2022 |title=Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Iraq |url=https://iraq.un.org/en/download/113620/194355}} The average weather conditions of Iraq consist of a wet and dry season. However, climate change intensifies these seasons, which leads to extreme drought and flooding events. The southern and central regions of Iraq show display patterns of decreased precipitation.{{Cite web |last=USAID |title=Climate Risk Profile: Iraq |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-iraq |access-date=2019-08-10 |website=Climatelinks |date=3 March 2017 |language=en}} The changes in temperature and precipitation have led to an increase in dust and sand storms throughout Iraq. Desertification, or the degradation of biologically productive land into infertile desert, is increasing in Iraq. A study monitoring the spatial land patterns of Iraq found that from 1990 to 2014, the desert area increased by 5%.{{Cite journal |last1=Ajaj |first1=Qayssar Mahmood |last2=Pradhan |first2=Biswajeet |last3=Noori |first3=Abbas Mohammed |last4=Jebur |first4=Mustafa Neamah |date=November 2017 |title=Spatial Monitoring of Desertification Extent in Western Iraq using Landsat Images and GIS |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ldr.2775 |journal=Land Degradation & Development |language=en |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=2418–2431 |doi=10.1002/ldr.2775 |bibcode=2017LDeDe..28.2418A |s2cid=134026184 |issn=1085-3278|url-access=subscription }} As of 2022, 39% of Iraq's land was affected by desertification.{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Iraq: Expanding deserts, searing temperatures, and dying land: Climate crises deepen struggle of farmers |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/iraq-expanding-deserts-searing-temperatures-and-dying-land-climate-crises-deepen-struggle |access-date= |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}

The Tigris-Euphrates River System and its given watershed account for 98% of surface water in Iraq, integral to the diverse ecosystem. The total catchment area (the area in which rainfall flows into bodies of water) is estimated to have a size of 430,000 Square Kilometers (km²), about 46% of the whole country.{{Cite journal |last1=Giovanis |last2=Eleftherios |last3=Ozdamar |last4=Oznur |date=December 9, 2021 |title=The Transboundary Effects of Climate Change and Global Adaptation: the Case of the Euphrates-Tigris Water Basin in Turkey and Iraq |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4320746 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|ssrn=4320746 }} Iraq's waterbodies and river basins are uniquely vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change in the 21st century, through global warming, declining precipitation rates, altered distribution patterns, salinity, and evaporation. Iraq is facing acute water stress. With the decrease in precipitation rates, models have predicted that the available water will decrease while the demand for crop water increases.{{Cite journal |last1=Salman |first1=Saleem A. |last2=Shahid |first2=Shamsuddin |last3=Sharafati |first3=Ahmad |last4=Salem |first4=Golam Saleh Ahmed |last5=Bakar |first5=Amyrhul Abu |last6=Farooque |first6=Aitazaz Ahsan |last7=Chung |first7=Eun-Sung |last8=Ahmed |first8=Yaseen Adnan |last9=Mikhail |first9=Bryukhov |last10=Yaseen |first10=Zaher Mundher |date=December 2021 |title=Projection of Agricultural Water Stress for Climate Change Scenarios: A Regional Case Study of Iraq |journal=Agriculture |language=en |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1288 |doi=10.3390/agriculture11121288 |issn=2077-0472|doi-access=free }} Due to a combination of factors, the most of important of which is increasing temperatures, water flow will decrease in Iraq by 25 to 50%.{{Cite web |title=Water, peace and security (WPS) partnership: Iraq |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/water-peace-and-security-wps-partnership-iraq |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}} The significant drops in annual rainfall will not only affect water levels and flow but will have detrimental impacts on agriculture and human health.

As water levels fall, increasing salinity of the water supply has become a concern in southern Iraq, especially in Basra.{{Cite web |last=Cooke |first=Kieran |date=12 Nov 2018 |title=Iraq's climate stresses are set to worsen |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/go/61850 |access-date=2019-08-10 |website=PreventionWeb |language=en}}

Climate change has intensified extreme weather events, particularly droughts and floods. Decreased rainfall and increasing temperatures are the main drivers of drought. Iraq's drought problem has only deepened, with 2018 and 2021 being the first and second driest recorded years, respectively.{{Cite web |title=Climate Risk Profile: Iraq |url=https://adelphi.de/en/publications/climate-risk-profile-iraq |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=adelphi.de |language=en}}

The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq, an ecosystem important to animals and humans alike, has deteriorated due to anthropogenic factors and climate change. After the draining of the marshes, the marsh ecosystem has become much more susceptible to impacts such as water shortages, heat waves, and drought. Sea level rise and water salinization combined with long dry periods have deteriorated the marshes. As of 2023, the Center for Restoration of Iraqi Marshes and Wetlands at the Ministry for Water Resources estimates that 70% of the marshes are devoid of water.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=FAO Renews its Call for Urgent Action to safeguard Iraq's Marshes and Buffalo Producers from Severe Climate Change and Water Scarcity [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/fao-renews-its-call-urgent-action-safeguard-iraqs-marshes-and-buffalo-producers-severe-climate-change-and-water-scarcity-enar |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}

Climate change has led to numerous negative impacts on the people of Iraq, including health issues, displacement from land, economic struggles, and resource scarcity. Rising temperatures, changes in patterns of precipitation, land degradation, and drought have negatively impacted agriculture, leading to lower yields and loss of arable land. These impacts cause agriculture-reliant rural populations to move to urban centers because of decreasing natural resources and economic opportunities. Agricultural impacts also threaten the food security of Iraq. Water scarcity and pollution have led to waterborne illnesses and improper sanitation.Zolnikov, T. R. (2013). The maladies of water and war: addressing poor water quality in Iraq. American journal of public health, 103(6), 980-987.

Additionally, the relationship between climate change and regional conflict dynamics in Iraq negatively impacts livelihoods. The combination of weak governance, scarce natural resources, and conflict poses unique challenges to the livelihoods of the Iraqi people; for instance, resource scarcity that leads to in-community tension or weak governance leading to mismanagement of water.{{Cite web |title=Climate change effects on conflict dynamics in Iraq |url=https://berghof-foundation.org/library/climate-change-effects-on-conflict-dynamics-in-iraq |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Berghof Foundation |language=en-DE}}

File:Iraqi Kurdish villagers in field near Turkish border.jpg

Iraq's economy is extremely dependent on oil, which makes the nation more at risk to market volatility.{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/overview |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=World Bank |language=en}} Iraq's agricultural sector accounts for approximately 5% of the nation's GDP and is the source of livelihood for about 25% of the population. Iraq's largest food-producing industries, agriculture, livestock husbandry, and fishing, have all been negatively affected by the effects of climate change.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-23 |title=Case Study: Climate Change Impacts on Livelihoods Food Security and Internal Mobility in Salah Al-Din Governorate |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/case-study-climate-change-impacts-livelihoods-food-security-and-internal-mobility-salah-al-din-governorate |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}} With reduced precipitation and scarce water, desertification, and soil degradation, both livelihoods and food security are put at risk.

Climate change both negatively impacts and contributes to Iraq's large population of internally displaced people. In 2022, Iraq experienced the worst drought in 40 years which led to the internal displacement of 69,000 people.{{Cite web |title=Iraq |url=https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/iraq |access-date= |website=IDMC - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre |language=en}} Research has found the strongest predictors for the risk of climate change-related displacement are: water-related issues, food security, lack of infrastructure and services, and reliance on land for their livelihood.{{Cite web |title=Iraq – Drivers of Climate Induced Displacement: Climate Vulnerability Assessment (October 2023) {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/iraq-drivers-climate-induced-displacement-climate-vulnerability-assessment-october-2023?close=true |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=dtm.iom.int}} Drought and desertification in rural areas, which leads to loss the of livelihood and crop failure, has caused internal displacement and increased rural to urban migration.

Climate change-related hazards and risks cause several negative human health impacts. Rising temperatures have led to more cases of heat stroke. Reduced water quality and quantity increases the incidence of water-borne illnesses such as cholera. In 2021 Unicef estimated that 3 out of 5 children in Iraq do not have access to safe drinking water.{{Cite web |title=Running Dry: water scarcity threatens lives and development in Iraq |url=https://www.unicef.org/iraq/press-releases/running-dry-water-scarcity-threatens-lives-and-development-iraq |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}} In 2018. in Iraq's Basra Province, 118,000 individuals were hospitalized due to contaminated water. Dust and sand storms, which are projected to increase, cause respiratory infections, asthma, and other long-term health issues.Akpinar-Elci, M., Berumen-Flucker, B., Bayram, H., & Al-Taiar, A. (2021). Climate Change, Dust Storms, Vulnerable Populations, and Health in the Middle East: A Review. Journal of Environmental Health, 84(3). Agriculture is impeded by the combined effects of climate change, which puts food security at risk. The presence of extreme weather events such as flooding and storms has led to displacement, injury, and death.

Iraq's arid land is ecologically more likely to face the negative impacts of climate change; however, a history of war, political instability, and mismanagement of natural resources are also responsible for intensifying the adverse effects of climate change.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=The Deep Roots of Iraq's Climate Crisis |url=https://tcf.org/content/report/the-deep-roots-of-iraqs-climate-crisis/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Century Foundation |language=en}} The Gulf War (1990-1991) and the Iraq War (2003-2011) are two periods that highlight how socio-political factors drove how term climate change impacts. {{Cite web |last=Jude Larnerd |first=Nicholas |date=2023 |title=Iraq 20 Years After the Invasion: Humanitarian, Displacement, and Climate Change Challenges |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/iraq-20-years-after-invasion-humanitarian-displacement-and-climate-change-challenges}} With the US-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent mass displacement of up to 9.2 million Iraqis, 4.7 million people were food insecure. {{Cite web |date=2017-05-16 |title=Iraq Food Security Quarterly Update, January - March 2017 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-food-security-quarterly-update-january-march-2017 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}} As of 2017, 3.2 million still need assistance with food.

File:Marsh Arabs in a mashoof.jpg

In 1992, during the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein ordered the draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes of southern Iraq to punish the Marsh Arabs for revolting during the 1991 Iraqi uprising against his government. Over 90% of the marshes was lost during Hussein's rule, which has intensified the effects of climate change.{{Cite web |title=Restoring Iraqi Marshlands Project Launched by UN Environment Programme |url=https://press.un.org/en/2004/ik449.doc.htm#:~:text=In%202001,%20UNEP%20alerted%20the,Gulf%20fisheries,%20had%20been%20lost. |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=press.un.org}} The draining led to the internal displacement of over 200,000 Ma'dan (Marsh Arabs) over the 1990s.{{Cite journal |last=Nadeem A Kazmi |first=Sayyed |date=2000 |title=The Marshlands of Southern Iraq: A Very Humanitarian Dilemma |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/41162/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=III Jornadas de Medio Oriente}} The Marsh Arabs endured a government-backed campaign of violence which countries such as the United States have deemed to be an act of ecocide or ethnic cleansing.{{Cite web |last=F. Burns |first=John |date=2003 |title=The World; The Killing of Iraq's Ancient Marsh Culture |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/26/weekinreview/the-world-the-killing-of-iraq-s-ancient-marsh-culture.html}}{{Cite web |title=The Marsh Arabs of Iraq: Hussein's Lesser Known Victims |url=https://www.usip.org/press/2002/11/marsh-arabs-iraq-husseins-lesser-known-victims |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311214012/https://www.usip.org/press/2002/11/marsh-arabs-iraq-husseins-lesser-known-victims |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 11, 2017 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}

Due to the fragility of Iraq's government body, NGOs and civil society could play a huge role in fighting climate change in Iraq. In reality, climate activism is only just getting off the ground in recent years.{{Cite web |last=Yassin |first=Maha |date=2022-01-21 |title=Climate Activism in Iraq: A Dangerous Undertaking |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2022/01/climate-activism-in-iraq-a-dangerous-undertaking/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=IPI Global Observatory |language=en-US}} During Saddam Hussein's regime, activism and governmental accountability was completely stifled.{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=The Space for Iraqi Climate Activism Is Dangerously Small, and Shrinking |url=https://tcf.org/content/commentary/the-space-for-iraqi-climate-activism-is-dangerously-small-and-shrinking/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=The Century Foundation |language=en}} In 2010, the Iraqi government established the Civil Society Organization Law, a framework to register as a civil society organization.{{Cite web |title=Iraq Civil Society Organizations – Iraq Research |url=http://www.irfad.org/iraq-civil-society/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.irfad.org}} By 2023, about 6,000 to 12,000 non-governmental organizations were established, 185 of which are environmental. Notable recent and current activism efforts include- Save Basra campaign against water pollution in 2018,{{Cite web |title=Iraq: Activists Campaign to 'Save Basra', Health Ministry Denies Cholera Outbreaks |url=https://english.aawsat.com/node/1373041 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=english.aawsat.com |language=en}} Nature Iraq, Save the Tigris, and the Tishereen Movement. In the 21st century, from Human Rights Watch reports, environmental activists have been abducted, detained and prosecuted.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Iraq: Environmentalists Face Retaliation |website=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/23/iraq-environmentalists-face-retaliation |access-date=2023-11-15 |language=en}} Demonstrations and clashes over water rights have also occurred in southern Iraq.{{Cite web |last=Expert Working Group on Climate-related Security Risk |date=August 2018 |title=Iraq: Climate-related Security Risk Assessment |url=https://www.eastwest.ngo/sites/default/files/iraq-climate-related-security-risk-assessment.pdf |pages=1–2}}

Controversies surrounding climate change in Iraq include the 2018 Save Basra protests in response to the ongoing water crisis and pollution.{{Cite web |last=Younis |first=Nussaibah |author-link=Nussaibah Younis|date=2022-07-19 |title=Early warning: How Iraq can adapt to climate change |url=https://ecfr.eu/publication/early-warning-how-iraq-can-adapt-to-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}{{Cite journal |date=2019-07-22 |title=Basra is Thirsty |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/07/22/basra-thirsty/iraqs-failure-manage-water-crisis |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}} Three civilian protesters were killed, and forty-seven were injured, according to the Human Rights Watch organization.{{Cite web |date=2018-07-24 |title=Iraq: Security Forces Fire on Protesters |website=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/24/iraq-security-forces-fire-protesters |access-date=2023-11-15 |language=en}} Quoting the Human Rights Watch, "the interior ministry force used excessive and unnecessary force" in response to the climate protesters. Other controversies include the Marsh Arab Displacement (1970s to 2000s). In July 2022, electricity blackouts were exacerbated by militant attacks on powerlines, combined with a reduction in power supplied by Iran. Protests were held in Baghdad and Sadr City, where residents were left without air conditioning in 50 °C heat.{{Cite news |last= |date=2021-07-02 |title=Iraqis protest over power, water cuts amid heat wave |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqis-protest-over-power-water-cuts-amid-heat-wave-2021-07-02/ |access-date=2022-08-09}}

USAID, a United States governmental agency investing in foreign development, has put in 150 million dollars to improve water quality, access and handling.{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Sustainable Solutions to Combat Climate Change in Iraq |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/sustainable-solutions-combat-climate-change-iraq |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}} The United Nations, alongside the government of Iraq, the United States and international donors created the Funding Facility for Stabilization (FFS) with over 1.4 billion dollars allocated for restoring essential services.{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Stabilization |url=https://www.usaid.gov/iraq/stabilization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101133506/https://www.usaid.gov/iraq/stabilization |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2017 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=U.S. Agency for International Development |language=en}}

Media plays a huge role in the dissemination of information throughout Iraq, expanding the conversation worldwide. Outlets such as Al-Jazeera English have published documentary films on the ongoing water crisis, as well as peace building series: Climate Change in Iraq, which aims to engage with youth.{{Cite web |title=Peacebuilding Series: Climate Change in Iraq {{!}} Search for Common Ground |url=https://www.sfcg.org/peacebuilding-series-climate-change-in-iraq/#:~:text=Iraq%20is%20classified%20as%20the,salinity,%20and%20frequent%20dust%20storms. |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.sfcg.org}}

Many international organizations are developing mitigation approaches for localized and statewide use. Economic and political reform will in turn help developing strategies to fight climate change. There is increasing initiatives on regional dialogue on climate change, and these initiatives are particularly prominent in the largest cities such as Baghdad.{{Cite web |last=Taher |first=Noor |date=May 5, 2023 |title=Iraq: A Rapidly Changing Climate and Imperative for Cooperation |url=https://www.nrc.no/perspectives/2023/iraq-a-rapidly-changing-climate-and-imperative-for-coordinated-action/}}

Mitigation strategies involve reducing methane, which is seen by many groups, scientists, and activists as one of the most cost-effective and simplest ways to reduce climate change.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=In face of climate crisis, Iraq takes on methane pollution |url=http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/face-climate-crisis-iraq-takes-methane-pollution |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=UNEP |language=en}} As Iraq contributes heavily to methane emissions due to gas and oil production, the Iraqi government has aims to reduce the greenhouse gas emission by 15% by 2030.{{Cite web |title=Iraq Includes Methane in its Nationally Determined Contributions, Citing Health and Development Benefits |url=https://www.ccacoalition.org/news/iraq-includes-methane-its-nationally-determined-contributions-citing-health-and-development-benefits |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.ccacoalition.org |language=en}}

To increase climate resilience in Iraq many initiatives, including the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), in the last decade. A three-year initiative to bolster technological, institutional and financial capabilities in order to guarantee future adaptation strategies are incorporated into the countries development.{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Iraq launches National Adaptation Plan process for climate change resilience |url=http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/iraq-launches-national-adaptation-plan-process-climate-change |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=UN Environment |language=en}} Agriculture and climate resilience projects have become significant, with international funding and backing in projects working towards addressing the crisis facing farmers across Iraq.{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=FAO launches the SIDA funded project, Enhanced Climate Resilience of Vulnerable Agriculture Households in Southern Iraq [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/fao-launches-sida-funded-project-enhanced-climate-resilience-vulnerable-agriculture-households-southern-iraq-enar |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}} Most of these projects are implemented through international collaboration and funding by international donors: The Swedish Government has promised over 10 million to build climate resilient agriculture strategies.{{Cite web |date=2022-11-20 |title=Sweden contributes USD 10.2 M to Iraq's agriculture sector in Southern Iraq to mitigate climate changes [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/sweden-contributes-usd-102-m-iraqs-agriculture-sector-southern-iraq-mitigate-climate-changes-enar |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}

• History of Iraq
• Geography of Iraq
• Energy in Iraq

• [https://unfccc.int/documents?f%5B0%5D=country%3A1305 UNFCCC Iraq documents]
• [https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/Party.aspx?party=IRQ Nationally Determined Contributions]
• [https://www.climatetrace.org/inventory?sector=all&country=IRQ Iraq emissions] at Climate Trace
• [https://www.electricitymap.org/?page=country&solar=false&remote=true&wind=false&countryCode=IQ Live carbon emissions from electricity generation]
• [https://pulse.ghgsat.com/?lat=32.45&lng=44.31&zm=6 Methane map]
• [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/rising-temperatures-dying-cattle-iraq-is-reeling-from-climate-change]

{{Reflist}}

{{USGovernment|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-iraq|agency=USAID}}

{{Climate change regions|state=expanded}}

Iraq

Category:Climate of Iraq

Category:Environment of Iraq

Iraq