Climate of Finland
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_FIN_1991–2020.svg types of Finland]]
The climate of Finland is influenced most by its latitude: Finland is located between 60 and 70 N. Because of Finland's northern location, winter is the longest season. Only on the south coast and in the southwest is summer as long as winter. On average, winter lasts from early December to late March along the southern coast and from early October to mid May in the northernmost locations such as Lapland. This means that southern portions of the country are snow-covered about three to four months of the year, and the northern for about seven months. The long winter causes about half of the annual {{convert|500|to|600|mm|in|1}} precipitation in the north to fall as snow. Precipitation in the south amounts to about {{convert|600|to|700|mm|in|1}} annually. Like that of the north, it occurs all through the year, though not so much of it is snow.{{cite web |url=http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/climate-elements |title=Climate elements |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |access-date=November 16, 2017 }}
In Köppen climate classification Finland belongs to the Df group (continental subarctic or boreal climates). The southern coast is Dfb (humid continental mild summer, wet all year), and the rest of the country is Dfc (subarctic with cool summer, wet all year).{{cite web|url=http://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/mpeel/Koppen/Europe_MiddleEast.jpg|format=JPG|title=Map of climate classifications of Europe and Middle East|website=People.eng.unimelbb.edu.au|accessdate=31 December 2018}}[http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/162263/ Köppen Climate Classification System] Encyclopedia of Earth
The climate of Finland has characteristics of both maritime and continental climate. The Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Eurasian continent to the east interact to modify the climate of the country. The warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current, which continuously warm the region, play a big role in the climate of Norway, Sweden and Finland; if it weren't for these currents, the winters in Scandinavia and Fennoscandia would be much colder. Westerly winds bring the warm air currents into the Baltic areas and to the country's shores, moderating winter temperatures, especially in the south and southwest in cities like Helsinki and Turku where winter highs tend to be between {{convert|0|and|5|C}} but a cold snap like the one that occurred in mid-January 2016 can cause temperatures to plunge well below {{convert|-20|C}}. These winds, because of clouds associated with weather systems accompanying the westerlies, also decrease the amount of sunshine received during the summer. By contrast, the continental high pressure system situated over the Eurasian continent counteracts the maritime influences, occasionally causing severe winters and high temperatures in the summer.
Temperature
The warmest annual average temperature in Southwestern Finland is {{convert|6.5|C}}. From there the temperature decreases gradually towards north and east. The Suomenselkä and Maanselkä drainage divides rise higher than the surrounding areas, and the climate there is cooler than at same latitudes elsewhere in Finland.Karttunen, Hannu & Koistinen, Jarmo & Saltikoff, Elena & Manner, Olli: Ilmakehä, sää ja ilmasto. Ursan julkaisuja 107. Helsingissä: Ursa, 2008. {{ISBN|978-952-5329-61-2}}. page 357-358 The Barents Sea between Finland and the North Pole is open even in winter, so northerly airflows are not as cold as in Siberia or Alaska.{{cite web |url=https://journal.fi/tt/article/view/57983 |title= Suomen ilmaston erityispiirteitä |last=Solantie |first=Reijo |year=2001 |website=Tieteessä tapahtuu |access-date=November 15, 2017 |language=fi}}
The highest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|37.2|°C|°F}} (Liperi, July 29, 2010).{{Cite web |url= http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/news/2010/07/mercury_hits_all_time_record_of_372_degrees_1863179.html |title= Mercury Hits All Time Record of 37.2 Degrees |accessdate=July 29, 2010 |date= July 29, 2010 |work= YLE Uutiset |publisher= Yleisradio Oy |location= Helsinki }} The lowest, {{convert|−51.5|°C|°F}} (Kittilä, January 28, 1999). The annual average temperature is relatively high in the southwestern part of the country ({{convert|5.0|to|7.5|°C|°F|disp=or}}), with quite mild winters and warm summers, and low in the northeastern part of Lapland (Finland) ({{convert|0|to|-4|°C|°F|disp=or}}).
Temperature extremes for every month:{{Cite web |url= http://www.fmi.fi/saa/tilastot_11.html |title= Lämpötilan ennätykset |accessdate=July 29, 2010 |date= November 14, 2007 |publisher= Ilmatieteen laitos |location= Helsinki |language= Finnish}}
{{Weather box
| location = Finland
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 10.9
| Feb record high C = 11.8
| Mar record high C = 17.5
| Apr record high C = 25.5
| May record high C = 31.0
| Jun record high C = 33.8
| Jul record high C = 37.2
| Aug record high C = 33.8
| Sep record high C = 28.8
| Oct record high C = 21.1
| Nov record high C = 16.6
| Dec record high C = 11.3
| year record high C = 37.2
| Jan record low C = -51.5
| Feb record low C = -49.0
| Mar record low C = -44.3
| Apr record low C = -36.0
| May record low C = -24.6
| Jun record low C = -7.7
| Jul record low C = -5.0
| Aug record low C = -10.8
| Sep record low C = -18.7
| Oct record low C = -31.8
| Nov record low C = -42.0
| Dec record low C = -47.0
| year record low C = -51.5
| source 1 = http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia
| date = March 2013
| source =
}}
=Record highs and lows=
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3" | |||
| style="background:#DDCDFA;" width=20 colspan=4 | Record lows by month | |||
| width=80 style=background:#F1E1FF | Month
!width=120 style=background:#F1E1FF | Temp. !width=130 style=background:#F1E1FF | Date !width=320 style=background:#F1E1FF | Location | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| January | {{convert|−51.5|°C|°F|1}} | January 28, 1999 | align=left| Kittilä, Pokka, Lapland |
| February | {{convert|−49.0|°C|°F|1}} | February 5, 1912 | align=left| Sodankylä, Lapland |
| March | {{convert|−44.3|°C|°F|1}} | March 1, 1971 | align=left| Salla, Tuntsa, Lapland |
| April | {{convert|−36.0|°C|°F|1}} | April 2/9, 1912 | align=left| Kuusamo, Northern Ostrobothnia; Sodankylä, Lapland |
| May | {{convert|−24.6|°C|°F|1}} | May 1, 1971 | align=left| Enontekiö, Kalmankaltio, Lapland |
| June | {{convert|−7.7|°C|°F|1}} | June 1, 2023 | align=left| Saana, Kilpisjärvi, Enontekiö, Lapland |
| July | {{convert|−5.0|°C|°F}} | July 1/12, 1958 | align=left| Enontekiö, Kilpisjärvi, Lapland |
| August | {{convert|−10.8|°C|°F|1}} | August 26, 1980 | align=left| Salla, Naruskajärvi, Lapland |
| September | {{convert|−18.7|°C|°F|1}} | September 26, 1968 | align=left| Sodankylä, Vuotso, Lapland |
| October | {{convert|−31.8|°C|°F|1}} | October 25, 1968 | align=left| Sodankylä, Lapland |
| November | {{convert|−42.0|°C|°F|1}} | November 30, 1915 | align=left| Sodankylä, Lapland |
| December | {{convert|−47.0|°C|°F|1}} | December 21, 1919 | align=left| Pielisjärvi, North Karelia |
- Measurements are made at the height of 2 metres. A record cold of sorts for June, {{convert|−9.1|°C|°F}} was measured on June 2, 2023 in Koivuniemi, Virolahti, Kymenlaakso. However, the measurement was made at ground level, so it could not be accepted as a record.{{cite web | url = https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000009628760.html | title = Kesäkuun kylmyysennätys rikkoutui jälleen | trans-title = ‘Record low for June again’ | last = Sairanen | first = Sara | date = 2 June 2023 | work = Iltasanomat | publisher = Sanoma | accessdate = 2 June 2023 | language = fi }}[https://areena.yle.fi/1-63223789?autoplay=true Ylen aamu 2 June 2023.]
=Climate data=
{{Weather box
| location = Helsinki (1991–2020 normals, records 1900–present)
| metric first = Yes
| collapsed = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 8.5
| Feb record high C = 10.3
| Mar record high C = 15.1
| Apr record high C = 21.9
| May record high C = 27.6
| Jun record high C = 31.7
| Jul record high C = 33.2
| Aug record high C = 31.2
| Sep record high C = 26.2
| Oct record high C = 17.6
| Nov record high C = 13.4
| Dec record high C = 10.5
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = −0.7
| Feb high C = −1.3
| Mar high C = 2.3
| Apr high C = 8.1
| May high C = 14.6
| Jun high C = 18.8
| Jul high C = 21.9
| Aug high C = 20.5
| Sep high C = 15.4
| Oct high C = 9.2
| Nov high C = 4.4
| Dec high C = 1.4
| year high C = 9.6
| Jan mean C = −3.1
| Feb mean C = −3.8
| Mar mean C = −0.7
| Apr mean C = 4.4
| May mean C = 10.4
| Jun mean C = 14.9
| Jul mean C = 18.1
| Aug mean C = 16.9
| Sep mean C = 12.3
| Oct mean C = 6.6
| Nov mean C = 2.4
| Dec mean C = −0.7
| year mean C = 6.5
| Jan low C = −5.6
| Feb low C = −6.3
| Mar low C = −3.6
| Apr low C = 1.1
| May low C = 6.4
| Jun low C = 11.2
| Jul low C = 14.5
| Aug low C = 13.5
| Sep low C = 9.3
| Oct low C = 4.2
| Nov low C = 0.4
| Dec low C = −2.9
| year low C = 3.5
| Jan record low C = −34.3
| Feb record low C = −31.5
| Mar record low C = −24.5
| Apr record low C = −16.3
| May record low C = -4.8
| Jun record low C = 0.7
| Jul record low C = 5.4
| Aug record low C = 2.8
| Sep record low C = −4.5
| Oct record low C = −11.6
| Nov record low C = −18.6
| Dec record low C = −29.5
| year record low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 53
| Feb precipitation mm = 38
| Mar precipitation mm = 34
| Apr precipitation mm = 34
| May precipitation mm = 38
| Jun precipitation mm = 60
| Jul precipitation mm = 57
| Aug precipitation mm = 81
| Sep precipitation mm = 56
| Oct precipitation mm = 73
| Nov precipitation mm = 69
| Dec precipitation mm = 58
| year precipitation mm = 653
| Jan rain days = 19
| Feb rain days = 16
| Mar rain days = 13
| Apr rain days = 12
| May rain days = 11
| Jun rain days = 14
| Jul rain days = 12
| Aug rain days = 13
| Sep rain days = 14
| Oct rain days = 16
| Nov rain days = 17
| Dec rain days = 19
| year rain days =
| unit rain days = 0.1 mm
| Jan sun = 38
| Feb sun = 70
| Mar sun = 138
| Apr sun = 194
| May sun = 284
| Jun sun = 297
| Jul sun = 291
| Aug sun = 238
| Sep sun = 150
| Oct sun = 93
| Nov sun = 36
| Dec sun = 29
| year sun = 1858
| Jan uv = 0
| Feb uv = 0
| Mar uv = 1
| Apr uv = 3
| May uv = 4
| Jun uv = 5
| Jul uv = 5
| Aug uv = 4
| Sep uv = 3
| Oct uv = 1
| Nov uv = 0
| Dec uv = 0
| source 1 = FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991–2020{{cite web |title=FMI normals 1991-2020 |url=https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |access-date=7 October 2021|publisher=fmi.fi}}
| source 2 = record highs and lows{{cite web |title=FMI data |url=http://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true |access-date=25 September 2020 |publisher=FMI}}
| date = September 2020
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Tampere (1981–2010 normals, precipitation 1981-2010, extremes 1900–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| collapsed = Yes
| Jan record high C = 8.0
| Feb record high C = 9.4
| Mar record high C = 14.9
| Apr record high C = 24.2
| May record high C = 28.4
| Jun record high C = 31.7
| Jul record high C = 33.1
| Aug record high C = 32.1
| Sep record high C = 24.8
| Oct record high C = 18.4
| Nov record high C = 11.1
| Dec record high C = 9.6
| year record high C = 33.1
| Jan high C = -3.4
| Feb high C = -3.5
| Mar high C = 1.2
| Apr high C = 8.2
| May high C = 15.4
| Jun high C = 19.5
| Jul high C = 22.2
| Aug high C = 19.9
| Sep high C = 14.0
| Oct high C = 7.5
| Nov high C = 1.5
| Dec high C = -1.9
| year high C = 8.4
| Jan mean C = -6.4
| Feb mean C = -6.9
| Mar mean C = -2.8
| Apr mean C = 3.3
| May mean C = 9.7
| Jun mean C = 14.1
| Jul mean C = 16.9
| Aug mean C = 15.0
| Sep mean C = 9.8
| Oct mean C = 4.6
| Nov mean C = 0.6
| Dec mean C = -4.5
| year mean C = 4.4
| Jan low C = -9.7
| Feb low C = -10.6
| Mar low C = -6.6
| Apr low C = -1.3
| May low C = 3.8
| Jun low C = 8.6
| Jul low C = 11.7
| Aug low C = 10.4
| Sep low C = 5.9
| Oct low C = 1.9
| Nov low C = -3.0
| Dec low C = -7.6
| year low C = 0.3
| Jan record low C = -37.0
| Feb record low C = -36.8
| Mar record low C = -29.6
| Apr record low C = -19.6
| May record low C = -7.3
| Jun record low C = -2.8
| Jul record low C = 1.8
| Aug record low C = -0.4
| Sep record low C = -6.7
| Oct record low C = -14.8
| Nov record low C = -22.5
| Dec record low C = -34.2
| year record low C = -37.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41
| Feb precipitation mm = 29
| Mar precipitation mm = 31
| Apr precipitation mm = 32
| May precipitation mm = 41
| Jun precipitation mm = 66
| Jul precipitation mm = 75
| Aug precipitation mm = 72
| Sep precipitation mm = 58
| Oct precipitation mm = 60
| Nov precipitation mm = 51
| Dec precipitation mm = 42
| year precipitation mm = 598
| Jan snow cm = 32.3
| Feb snow cm = 31.4
| Mar snow cm = 29.5
| Apr snow cm = 13.9
| May snow cm = 1.6
| Jun snow cm = 0.1
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 3.3
| Nov snow cm = 13.1
| Dec snow cm = 27.2
| year snow cm =
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 22
| Feb precipitation days = 18
| Mar precipitation days = 16
| Apr precipitation days = 12
| May precipitation days = 12
| Jun precipitation days = 13
| Jul precipitation days = 15
| Aug precipitation days = 15
| Sep precipitation days = 14
| Oct precipitation days = 17
| Nov precipitation days = 21
| Dec precipitation days = 22
| year precipitation days = 197
| Jan humidity = 90
| Feb humidity = 87
| Mar humidity = 82
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 63
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 87
| Nov humidity = 91
| Dec humidity = 92
| year humidity = 80
| source 1 = weatheronline.co.uk
{{cite web
| url=http://weatheronline.co.uk
| website=weatheronline.co.uk
| title=weatheronline.uk
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
| source 2 = FMI (precipitation, record highs and lows)
{{cite web
| url=http://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true
| title=FMI open data
| publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute
| access-date=2022-07-25
}}
| date = October 2017
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Turku (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1900-present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high C = 8.5
|Feb record high C = 10.2
|Mar record high C = 15.8
|Apr record high C = 24.5
|May record high C = 30.0
|Jun record high C = 32.0
|Jul record high C = 35.9
|Aug record high C = 32.6
|Sep record high C = 27.8
|Oct record high C = 18.9
|Nov record high C = 14.0
|Dec record high C = 11.0
|year record high C = 35.9
|Jan high C = -1.1
|Feb high C = -1.2
|Mar high C = 2.6
|Apr high C = 9.1
|May high C = 15.5
|Jun high C = 19.5
|Jul high C = 22.6
|Aug high C = 21.1
|Sep high C = 15.7
|Oct high C = 8.8
|Nov high C = 3.6
|Dec high C = 0.7
|year high C = 9.7
|Jan mean C = -3.8
|Feb mean C = -4.5
|Mar mean C = -1.3
|Apr mean C = 4.1
|May mean C = 10.0
|Jun mean C = 14.4
|Jul mean C = 17.5
|Aug mean C = 16.2
|Sep mean C = 11.3
|Oct mean C = 5.7
|Nov mean C = 1.5
|Dec mean C = -1.5
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -6.5
|Feb low C = -7.1
|Mar low C = -4.7
|Apr low C = -0.2
|May low C = 4.6
|Jun low C = 9.3
|Jul low C = 12.5
|Aug low C = 11.6
|Sep low C = 7.4
|Oct low C = 2.8
|Nov low C = -0.9
|Dec low C = -4.1
|year low C = 2.1
|Jan record low C = -35.5
|Feb record low C = -35.2
|Mar record low C = -32.8
|Apr record low C = -21.0
|May record low C = -6.6
|Jun record low C = -2.2
|Jul record low C = 1.8
|Aug record low C = 0.2
|Sep record low C = -6.9
|Oct record low C = -15.0
|Nov record low C = -22.3
|Dec record low C = -33.8
|year record low C = -35.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 58
|Feb precipitation mm = 42
|Mar precipitation mm = 39
|Apr precipitation mm = 32
|May precipitation mm = 35
|Jun precipitation mm = 55
|Jul precipitation mm = 74
|Aug precipitation mm = 73
|Sep precipitation mm = 59
|Oct precipitation mm = 73
|Nov precipitation mm = 71
|Dec precipitation mm = 73
|Jan precipitation days = 11
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 8
|Apr precipitation days = 7
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 8
|Jul precipitation days = 8
|Aug precipitation days = 10
|Sep precipitation days = 9
|Oct precipitation days = 11
|Nov precipitation days = 13
|Dec precipitation days = 12
|Jan sun = 40
|Feb sun = 75
|Mar sun = 134
|Apr sun = 204
|May sun = 284
|Jun sun = 276
|Jul sun = 287
|Aug sun = 230
|Sep sun = 155
|Oct sun = 89
|Nov sun = 38
|Dec sun = 27
|year sun =
|source 1 = Climatological statistics for the normal period 1991–2020{{cite web |url=https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |title=Normal period 1991–2020 |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930153447/https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |url-status=live }}
|date=October 2021
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Oulu (1991-2020 normals, records 1921 - present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = Yes
| Jan record high C = 9.3
| Feb record high C = 7.8
| Mar record high C = 11.5
| Apr record high C = 23.9
| May record high C = 29.9
| Jun record high C = 32.3
| Jul record high C = 33.3
| Aug record high C = 30.5
| Sep record high C = 25.4
| Oct record high C = 21.1
| Nov record high C = 11.2
| Dec record high C = 8.2
| Jan high C = −4.8
| Feb high C = −4.7
| Mar high C = −0.4
| Apr high C = 5.8
| May high C = 12.6
| Jun high C = 17.9
| Jul high C = 21.1
| Aug high C = 18.9
| Sep high C = 13.2
| Oct high C = 5.8
| Nov high C = 0.5
| Dec high C = -2.7
| Jan mean C = −8.2
| Feb mean C = −8.4
| Mar mean C = −4.4
| Apr mean C = 1.6
| May mean C = 8.0
| Jun mean C = 13.7
| Jul mean C = 16.7
| Aug mean C = 14.6
| Sep mean C = 9.6
| Oct mean C = 3.3
| Nov mean C = −1.6
| Dec mean C = −5.3
| Jan low C = −11.9
| Feb low C = −12.1
| Mar low C = −8.3
| Apr low C = −2.5
| May low C = 3.4
| Jun low C = 9.3
| Jul low C = 12.4
| Aug low C = 10.6
| Sep low C = 6.0
| Oct low C = 0.6
| Nov low C = −4.2
| Dec low C = −8.8
| Jan record low C = -37.5
| Feb record low C = -41.5
| Mar record low C = -32
| Apr record low C = -21.4
| May record low C = -9.1
| Jun record low C = -6.1
| Jul record low C = 3.6
| Aug record low C = -1.5
| Sep record low C = -8.0
| Oct record low C = -20.6
| Nov record low C = -33
| Dec record low C = -37.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 32
| Feb precipitation mm = 29
| Mar precipitation mm = 26
| Apr precipitation mm = 23
| May precipitation mm = 40
| Jun precipitation mm = 51
| Jul precipitation mm = 80
| Aug precipitation mm = 62
| Sep precipitation mm = 49
| Oct precipitation mm = 51
| Nov precipitation mm = 43
| Dec precipitation mm = 39
| Jan precipitation days = 9
| Feb precipitation days = 8
| Mar precipitation days = 7
| Apr precipitation days = 6
| May precipitation days = 8
| Jun precipitation days = 8
| Jul precipitation days = 10
| Aug precipitation days = 10
| Sep precipitation days = 8
| Oct precipitation days = 10
| Nov precipitation days = 10
| Dec precipitation days = 10
| daily = Y
| Jan humidity = 87
| Feb humidity = 86
| Mar humidity = 82
| Apr humidity = 73
| May humidity = 67
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 86
| Nov humidity = 90
| Dec humidity = 89
| year humidity = 80
| Jan sun = 24
| Feb sun = 69
| Mar sun = 137
| Apr sun = 208
| May sun = 273
| Jun sun = 296
| Jul sun = 283
| Aug sun = 212
| Sep sun = 133
| Oct sun = 69
| Nov sun = 28
| Dec sun = 8
| Jan uv = 0
| Feb uv = 0
| Mar uv = 1
| Apr uv = 2
| May uv = 3
| Jun uv = 4
| Jul uv = 4
| Aug uv = 3
| Sep uv = 2
| Oct uv = 1
| Nov uv = 0
| Dec uv = 0
| source 1 = FMI{{cite web|url=https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |title=FMI normals 1991-2020|publisher=FMI |access-date=14 October 2021}}
| source 2 = FMI (record highs and lows 1961–present){{cite web
| url = http://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true
| title = FMI open data
| publisher = FMI
| access-date = 7 September 2019}}
FMI(record highs and lows 1921–1961)Juha Kersalo and Pentti Pirinen. (2009).
[https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/15734/2009nro8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Suomen Maakuntien Ilmasto] Helsinki: Finnish Meteorological Institute. (in Finnish)
Source 3: [https://www.weather2travel.com/finland/oulu/climate/ Finland. Oulu climate] (average monthly UV index){{cite web
|url = https://www.weather2travel.com/finland/oulu/climate/
|title = Oulu climate guide
|publisher = Weather 2 Travel
|access-date = 13 May 2022}}
| date = April2016
| source =
| Jan snow cm = 33
| Feb snow cm = 46
| Mar snow cm = 43
| Apr snow cm = 7
| Nov snow cm = 4
| Dec snow cm = 17
| year snow cm = 150
}}
Wind
The most common wind direction in Finland is from southwest, but the low pressure areas typical for these latitudes cause great variations in wind speed and direction.
Storm, defined as at least one Finnish coastal station reporting at least 21 m/s as a 10-minutes average wind speed, is observed on Finnish seas on average 19 days a year. Strong winds are most frequent between October and January.{{cite web |url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/tuulitilastot |title=Tuulitilastot | website=fmi |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |access-date=November 18, 2017 |language=fi}}
Snow
The first snow cover is observed on average in September in Lapland, and in November in Southern and western areas. Permanent snow cover time starts typically around Christmas in the Southwestern corner, but before mid-November in most of Lapland. The maximum snow depth is usually found around March.{{cite web |url=http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/snow-statistics |title=Snow statistics |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |access-date=November 16, 2017 }}
Snow and supercooled droplets can accumulate in tree crowns and cause damage to trees. The trunks of pine trees can break under the weight of a snow-loaded crown, and deciduous trees can bend permanently. The snow load of a tree is typically 100–150 kg per one meter tree trunk, but the heaviest measured snow load of a spruce was over 3000 kilograms.{{cite web |url=https://www.luke.fi/en/natural-resources/forest/forest-damage/snow-damage/ |title=Snow damage |website=Luke |publisher=Natural Resources Institute Finland |access-date=November 18, 2017 |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117070219/https://www.luke.fi/en/natural-resources/forest/forest-damage/snow-damage/ |url-status=dead }}
Snowmelt contributes to spring floods. In north, the peak flow of rivers always happens in spring, in the south 70–80% of floods happen in spring. In the south, maximum flow happens in mid-April, in the north, in mid-May.{{cite web |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/31432/Vesientutkimuslaitoksen+julkaisuja+55.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Snow accumulation and snowmelt in Finland | last=Kuusisto |first=Esko|publisher=National board of waters |access-date=November 16, 2017 }}
It is predicted that as the Barents Sea gets less frozen in the coming winters and it becomes thus "Atlantified" additional evaporation will increase future snowfalls in Finland and much of continental Europe.{{Cite journal|title=Arctic sea-ice loss fuels extreme European snowfall|journal=Nature Geoscience|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00719-y|last1=Bailey|first1=Hannah|date=2021-04-01|last2=Hubbard|first2=Alun|last3=Klen|first3=Eric S.|last4=Mustonen|first4=Kaisa-Riikka|last5=Akers|first5=Pete D.|last6=Marttila|first6=Hannu|last7=Welker|first7=Jeffrey M.|volume=14|issue=5|pages=283–288|doi=10.1038/s41561-021-00719-y|hdl=10037/20941|hdl-access=free}}
Climate change
{{Excerpt|Climate change in Finland}}