Clojure#Variants

File:Rich Hickey.jpg

Rich Hickey is the creator of the Clojure language. Before Clojure, he developed dotLisp, a similar project based on the .NET platform,{{cite web |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.lang.scheme/ibf6CC6V66o |title=[ANN] dotLisp: A Lisp dialect for .Net |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2002-10-16 |website=Google.com}} and three earlier attempts to provide interoperability between Lisp and Java: a Java foreign language interface for Common Lisp (jfli),{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/jfli/ |title=jfli |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2013-04-15 |website=SourceForge.net}} A Foreign Object Interface for Lisp (FOIL),{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/foil/ |title=foil: Foreign Object Interface for Lisp |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2013-04-03 |website=SourceForge.net}} and a Lisp-friendly interface to Java Servlets (Lisplets).{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/lisplets/ |title=Lisplets |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2013-03-07 |website=SourceForge.net}}

Hickey spent about two and a half years working on Clojure before releasing it publicly in October 2007,{{cite journal |last1=Hickey |first1=Rich |date=2020-06-12 |title=A history of Clojure |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages |volume=4 |issue=HOPL |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1145/3386321 |s2cid=219603760 |doi-access=free }} much of that time working exclusively on Clojure with no outside funding. At the end of this time, Hickey sent an email announcing the language to some friends in the Common Lisp community.

Clojure's name, according to Hickey, is a word play on the programming concept "closure" incorporating the letters C, L, and J for C#, Lisp, and Java respectively—three languages which had a major influence on Clojure's design.

Rich Hickey developed Clojure because he wanted a modern Lisp for functional programming, symbiotic with the established Java platform, and designed for concurrency.{{cite web |url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/10708 |website=LinuxJournal.com |title=Economy Size Geek – Interview with Rich Hickey, Creator of Clojure |last=Elmendorf |first=Dirk |date=2010-04-01}} He has also stressed the importance of simplicity in programming language design and software architecture, advocating for loose coupling, polymorphism via protocols and type classes instead of inheritance, stateless functions that are namespaced instead of methods or replacing syntax with data.{{Cite web |title=Simple Made Easy |url=https://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=InfoQ |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=(iterate think thoughts): Advantages of Data Oriented Programming |url=https://yogthos.net/posts/2020-04-08-advantages-of-data-oriented-programming.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=yogthos.net}}{{Cite web |title=talk-transcripts/Hickey_Rich/EffectivePrograms.md at master · matthiasn/talk-transcripts |url=https://github.com/matthiasn/talk-transcripts/blob/master/Hickey_Rich/EffectivePrograms.md |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=GitHub |language=en}}

Clojure's approach to state is characterized by the concept of identities, which are represented as a series of immutable states over time. Since states are immutable values, any number of workers can operate on them in parallel, and concurrency becomes a question of managing changes from one state to another. For this purpose, Clojure provides several mutable reference types, each having well-defined semantics for the transition between states.

Clojure runs on the Java platform and as a result, integrates with Java and fully supports calling Java code from Clojure,{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/about/jvm_hosted |website=Clojure.org |title=Hosted on the JVM |access-date=2019-07-07}} and Clojure code can be called from Java, too.{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/reference/java_interop#_calling_clojure_from_java |title=Java Interop |website=Clojure.org |access-date=2019-07-07}} The community uses tools such as Clojure command-line interface (CLI) or Leiningen for project automation, providing support for Maven integration. These tools handle project package management and dependencies and are configured using Clojure syntax.

As a Lisp dialect, Clojure supports functions as first-class objects, a read–eval–print loop (REPL), and a macro system. Clojure's Lisp macro system is very similar to that of Common Lisp with the exception that Clojure's version of the backquote (termed "syntax quote") qualifies symbols with their namespace. This helps prevent unintended name capture, as binding to namespace-qualified names is forbidden. It is possible to force a capturing macro expansion, but it must be done explicitly. Clojure does not allow user-defined reader macros, but the reader supports a more constrained form of syntactic extension.{{cite web |url=https://github.com/edn-format/edn |website=GitHub |title=edn |last=Hickey |first=Rich |access-date=2019-07-07}} Clojure supports multimethods{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/reference/multimethods |website=Clojure.org |title=Multimethods and Hierarchies |access-date=2019-07-07}} and for interface-like abstractions has a protocol{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/reference/protocols |website=Clojure.org |title=Protocols |access-date=2019-07-07}} based polymorphism and data type system using records,{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/reference/datatypes |website=Clojure.org |title=Datatypes: deftype, defrecord and reify |access-date=2019-07-07}} providing high-performance and dynamic polymorphism designed to avoid the expression problem.

Clojure has support for lazy sequences and encourages the principle of immutability and persistent data structures. As a functional language, emphasis is placed on recursion and higher-order functions instead of side-effect-based looping. Automatic tail call optimization is not supported as the JVM does not support it natively;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2y5Pv4yN0b0&t=1h02m18s |title=Stewardship: the Sobering Parts |website=YouTube.com |last=Goetz |first=Brian |date=2014-11-20}}{{cite web |url=https://blogs.oracle.com/jrose/tail-calls-in-the-vm |website=Oracle.com |title=tail calls in the VM |last=Rose |first=John |date=2007-07-12}}{{cite web |url=https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-6804517 |website=Java.net |title=Some languages need to be able to perform tail calls |last=Rose |first=John |date=2009-02-11}} it is possible to do so explicitly by using the recur keyword.{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/reference/special_forms#recur |website=Clojure.org |title=Special Forms |access-date=2019-07-07}} For parallel and concurrent programming Clojure provides software transactional memory,{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/refs |website=Clojure.org |title=Refs and Transactions |access-date=2019-07-07}} a reactive agent system, and channel-based concurrent programming.{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/news/2013/06/28/clojure-clore-async-channels |website=Clojure.org |title=Clojure core.async Channels |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2013-06-28}}

Clojure 1.7 introduced reader conditionals by allowing the embedding of Clojure, ClojureScript and ClojureCLR code in the same namespace. Transducers were added as a method for composing transformations. Transducers enable higher-order functions such as map and fold to generalize over any source of input data. While traditionally these functions operate on sequences, transducers allow them to work on channels and let the user define their own models for transduction.{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mTbuzafcII |website=YouTube.com |title=Transducers |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2014-09-17}}{{cite web |url=https://blog.cognitect.com/blog/2014/8/6/transducers-are-coming |website=Cognitect.com |title=Transducers are Coming |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2014-08-06}}{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KqUvG8HPYo |website=YouTube.com |title=Inside Transducers |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2014-11-20}}

Extensible Data Notation, or edn,{{cite web |url=http://edn-format.org |website=edn-format.org |title=Official EDN Spec |date=2022-04-27}} is a subset of the Clojure language intended as a data transfer format. It can be used to serialize and deserialize Clojure data structures, and Clojure itself uses a superset of edn to represent programs.

edn is used in a similar way to JSON or XML, but has a relatively large list of built-in elements, shown here with examples:

• booleans: true, false
• strings: "foo bar"
• characters: \c, \tab
• symbols: name
• keywords: :key
• integers: 123
• floating point numbers: 3.14
• lists: (a b 42)
• vectors: [a b 42]
• maps: {:a 1, "foo" :bar, [1 2 3] four}
• sets: #{a b [1 2 3]}
• nil: nil (a null-like value)

In addition to those elements, it supports extensibility through the use of tags, which consist of the character # followed by a symbol. When encountering a tag, the reader passes the value of the next element to the corresponding handler, which returns a data value. For example, this could be a tagged element: #myapp/Person {:first "Fred" :last "Mertz"}, whose interpretation will depend on the appropriate handler of the reader.

This definition of extension elements in terms of the others avoids relying on either convention or context to convey elements not included in the base set.

The primary platform of Clojure is Java, but other target implementations exist. The most notable of these is ClojureScript,{{cite web |url=https://clojurescript.org |website=ClojureScript.org |title=ClojureScript |access-date=2019-07-06}} which compiles to ECMAScript 3,{{cite web |url=https://clojurescript.org/guides/faq-js#does-clojurescript-work-in-old-browsers |website=ClojureScript.org |title=ClojureScript – FAQ (for JavaScript developers) |access-date=2018-02-04}} and ClojureCLR,{{cite web |url=https://github.com/clojure/clojure-clr |title=ClojureCLR |website=GitHub |access-date=2012-06-28}} a full port on the .NET platform, interoperable with its ecosystem.

Other implementations of Clojure on different platforms include:

• Babashka,{{cite web |url=https://babashka.org |title=Babashka |last1=Borkent |first1=Michiel |website=Babashka.org |access-date=2019-08-19}} Native Clojure scripting language leveraging GraalVM native image and Small Clojure Interpreter
• CljPerl,{{cite web |url=https://metacpan.org/pod/CljPerl |title=A Lisp on Perl |last1=Hu |first1=Wei |website=MetaCPAN.org |access-date=2019-07-06}} Clojure on Perl
• ClojureDart,{{Citation |title=What is ClojureDart? |date=2022-12-16 |url=https://github.com/Tensegritics/ClojureDart |website=GitHub |publisher=Tensegritics |access-date=2022-12-16}} Extend Clojure's reach to mobile & desktop apps by porting Clojure to Dart and Flutter
• Clojerl,{{cite web |url=https://github.com/clojerl/clojerl |website=GitHub |title=Clojerl |last1=Facorro |first1=Juan |access-date=2019-07-06}} Clojure on BEAM, the Erlang virtual machine
• basilisp,{{cite web |url=https://github.com/basilisp-lang/basilisp |website=GitHub |title=basilisp |access-date=2024-05-13}} A Clojure-compatible(-ish) Lisp dialect targeting Python 3.8+
• ClojureRS,{{cite web |url=https://github.com/clojure-rs/ClojureRS |title=ClojureRS |website=GitHub |access-date=2022-03-17}} Clojure on Rust
• Ferret,{{cite web |url=https://ferret-lang.org/ |title=Ferret |last=Akkaya |first=Nurullah |website=Ferret-Lang.org |access-date=2019-07-06}} compiles to self-contained C++11 that can run on microcontrollers
• jank,{{cite web |url=https://jank-lang.org/ |title=jank |last=Wilkerson |first=Jeaye |website=Jank-Lang.org |access-date=2022-08-17}} Native Clojure hosted in C++ on an LLVM-based JIT
• Joker,{{cite web |url=https://joker-lang.org/ |title=Joker |last=Bataev |first=Roman |website=Joker-Lang.org |access-date=2019-07-06}} an interpreter and linter written in Go
• Las3r,{{cite web |url=https://github.com/aemoncannon/las3r |title=Laz3r |last=Cannon |first=Aemon |website=GitHub |access-date=2019-07-06}} a subset of Clojure that runs on the ActionScript Virtual Machine (the Adobe Flash Player platform)
• Pixie,{{cite web |url=https://github.com/pixie-lang/pixie |title=Pixie |last=Baldridge |first=Timothy |website=GitHub |access-date=2025-02-06}} Clojure-inspired Lisp dialect written in RPython
• Rouge,{{cite web |url=https://github.com/ecmendenhall/rouge |title=Rouge |last=Connor |first=Ashe |website=GitHub |access-date=2019-07-06}} Clojure on YARV in Ruby

Tooling for Clojure development has seen significant improvement over the years. The following is a list of some popular IDEs and text editors with plug-ins that add support for programming in Clojure:{{cite web |url=https://www.clojure.org/news/2019/02/04/state-of-clojure-2019 |website=Clojure.org |title="State of Clojure 2019" Results |last=Miller |first=Alex |date=2019-02-04}}

• Emacs, with CIDER{{cite web |url=https://cider.mx/ |website=CIDER.mx |title=CIDER: The Clojure Interactive Development Environment that Rocks |last=Batsov |first=Bozhidar |author2=((contributors)) |access-date=2019-07-05}}
• IntelliJ IDEA, with Cursive{{cite web |url=https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/8090-cursive |website=JetBrains.com |title=Cursive: Provides full Clojure and ClojureScript language support |last=Fleming |first=Colin |access-date=2019-07-05}} (a free license is available for non-commercial use)
• Sublime Text, with Clojure Sublimed,{{cite web |url=https://packagecontrol.io/packages/Clojure%20Sublimed |website=PackageControl.io |title=Clojure Sublimed |last=Prokopov |first=Nikita |access-date=2023-02-18}} or Tutkain,{{cite web |url=https://tutkain.flowthing.me/ |website=FlowThing.me |title=Tutkain |last=Helenius |first=Eero |access-date=2023-02-18}}
• Vim, with fireplace.vim,{{cite web |url=https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=4978 |website=VIM.org |title=fireplace.vim: Clojure REPL Support |last=Pope |first=Tim |access-date=2019-07-05}}{{cite web |url=https://juxt.pro/blog/posts/vim-1.html |website=JUXT.pro |title=Clojure and Vim: An overview – It's very possible |last=Monroe |first=Dominic |date=2016-12-13}} vim-elin,{{cite web |last=Masashi |first=Iizuka |date=2024-04-29 |title=vim-elin: A Clojure development environment for Vim/Neovim, primarily written in Babashka. |url=https://github.com/liquidz/vim-elin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502002453/https://github.com/liquidz/vim-elin |archive-date=2024-05-02 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=GitHub}} or Conjure (Neovim only){{cite web |url=https://github.com/Olical/conjure |website=GitHub |title=Neovim Clojure(Script) tooling over prepl |last=Caldwell |first=Oliver |access-date=2019-11-09}}{{cite web |url=https://oli.me.uk/getting-started-with-clojure-neovim-and-conjure-in-minutes/ |website=oli.me.uk |title=Getting started with Clojure, Neovim and Conjure in minutes |last=Caldwell |first=Oliver |date=2019-11-06}}
• Visual Studio Code, with Calva{{cite web |url=https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=betterthantomorrow.calva |website=VisualStudio.com |title=Calva: Clojure & ClojureScript Interactive Programming |last=Strömberg |first=Peter |access-date=2019-07-05}} or Clover{{cite web |url=https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=mauricioszabo.clover |title=Clover |last=Szabo |first=Maurício |website=VisualStudio.com |access-date=2021-01-28}}
• IDE-agnostic (using the Language Server Protocol for static analysis and/or linting): clj-kondo{{Citation |title=clj-kondo/clj-kondo |date=2024-04-30 |url=https://github.com/clj-kondo/clj-kondo |access-date=2024-05-02 |publisher=clj-kondo}} or clojure-lsp{{Cite web |title=Overview - Clojure LSP |url=https://clojure-lsp.io/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=clojure-lsp.io}}

In addition to the tools provided by the community, the official Clojure command-line interface (CLI) tools{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/guides/deps_and_cli |title=Deps and CLI Guide |last=Miller |first=Alex |website=Clojure.org |access-date=2019-07-08}} have also become available on Linux, macOS, and Windows since Clojure 1.9.{{cite web |url=http://blog.cognitect.com/blog/clojure19 |title=Clojure 1.9 |last=Miller |first=Alex |website=Cognitect.com |date=2017-12-08}}

The development process is restricted to the Clojure core team, though issues are publicly visible at the Clojure JIRA project page.{{cite web |url=https://clojure.atlassian.net/projects/CLJ |website=Atlassian.net |title=Clojure |access-date=2019-07-07}} Anyone can ask questions or submit issues and ideas at ask.clojure.org.{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/news/2019/07/25/clojure-forum |title=Clojure Forum |access-date=2020-03-20 |website=clojure.org}} If it's determined that a new issue warrants a JIRA ticket, a core team member will triage it and add it. JIRA issues are processed by a team of screeners and finally approved by Rich Hickey.{{cite web |url=https://gist.github.com/richhickey/1563cddea1002958f96e7ba9519972d9 |title=Open Source is Not About You |last=Hickey |first=Rich |date=2018-11-26 |website=GitHub}}{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/dev/workflow |title=Workflow |website=Clojure.org |access-date=2019-07-07}}

With continued interest in functional programming, Clojure's adoption by software developers using the Java platform has continued to increase.{{Cite web |last=Rinko |first=Marek |date=2023-10-18 |title=Projection of Clojure in 2024 |url=https://flexiana.com/hidden/2023/10/clojure-in-2024 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Flexiana |language=en-US}} The language has also been recommended by software developers such as Brian Goetz,{{cite web |url=https://www.twitch.tv/nipafx/clip/BloodyUglySharkFailFish |website=Twitch.tv |title=Brian Goetz' favorite non-Java JVM language (Part 1 of 3) |last=Goetz |first=Brian |date=2020-05-24}}{{cite web |url=https://www.twitch.tv/nipafx/clip/GrotesqueWonderfulPigeonEleGiggle |website=Twitch.tv |title=Brian Goetz' favorite non-Java JVM language (Part 2 of 3) |last=Goetz |first=Brian |date=2020-05-24}}{{cite web |url=https://www.twitch.tv/nipafx/clip/EphemeralAdorableWalletGingerPower |website=Twitch.tv |title=Brian Goetz' favorite non-Java JVM language (Part 3 of 3) |last=Goetz |first=Brian |date=2020-05-24}} Eric Evans,{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T29WzvaPNc8&t=926 |website=YouTube.com |title=Modelling Time: Eric Evans: Domain-Driven Design Europe 2018 |last=Evans |first=Eric |date=2018-08-14}}{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/ericevans0/status/535742147098853376 |website=Twitter.com |title=Eric Evans on Twitter |last=Evans |first=Eric |date=2014-11-21}} James Gosling,{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ktUXFxkSkI&t=24m14s |website=YouTube.com |title=James Gosling meetup with London Java Community |date=2016-10-11}} Paul Graham,{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/paulg/status/728831131534024704 |website=Twitter.com |title=Paul Graham on Twitter |last=Graham |first=Paul |date=2016-05-06}} and Robert C. Martin.{{cite web |url=http://blog.cleancoder.com/uncle-bob/2019/08/22/WhyClojure.html |website=CleanCoder.com |title=Why Clojure? |last=Martin |first=Robert |date=2019-08-22}}{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/unclebobmartin/status/1068205421737857024 |website=Twitter.com |title=Unble Bob Martin on Twitter |last=Martin |first=Robert |date=2018-11-29}}{{cite web |url=https://cleancoders.com/video-details/clean-code-episode-53 |website=CleanCoders.com |title=Introduction To Functional Programming |last=Martin |first=Robert |date=2018-08-01}}{{cite web |url=https://blog.cleancoder.com/uncle-bob/2017/07/11/PragmaticFunctionalProgramming.html |website=CleanCoder.com |title=Pragmatic Functional Programming |last=Martin |first=Robert |date=2017-07-11}} ThoughtWorks, while assessing functional programming languages for their Technology Radar,{{Cite web |title=Technology Radar {{!}} An opinionated guide to today's technology landscape |url=https://www.thoughtworks.com/radar |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Thoughtworks |language=en}} described Clojure as "a simple, elegant implementation of Lisp on the JVM" in 2010 and promoted its status to "ADOPT" in 2012.{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtworks.com/radar/languages-and-frameworks/clojure |title=Technology Radar: Clojure |website=ThoughtWorks.com |access-date=2019-02-10}}

In the "JVM Ecosystem Report 2018" (which was claimed to be "the largest survey ever of Java developers"), that was prepared in collaboration by Snyk and Java Magazine, ranked Clojure as the 2nd most used programming language on the JVM for "main applications".{{cite web |url=https://snyk.io/blog/jvm-ecosystem-report-2018/ |website=Snyk.io |title=JVM Ecosystem Report 2018 |last1=Maple |first1=Simon |last2=Binstock |first2=Andrew |date=2018-10-17}} Clojure is used in industry by firms{{cite web |url=https://clojure.org/community/success_stories |website=Clojure.org |title=Success Stories |access-date=2018-10-27}} such as Apple,{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/roman01la/status/942469177444569089 |website=Twitter.com |title=Roman Liutikov on Twitter |last=Liutikov |first=Roman |date=2017-12-17}}{{cite web |url=https://jobs.apple.com/en-us/search?sort=relevance&search=clojure |website=Apple.com |title=Jobs at Apple |access-date=2019-07-06}} Atlassian,{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QR8meTrh5g |website=YouTube.com |title=Realtime Collaboration with Clojure |last=Borges |first=Leonardo |date=2015-07-07}} Funding Circle,{{cite web |url=https://juxt.pro/blog/posts/clojure-in-fundingcircle.html |website=JUXT.pro |title=Clojure in London: Funding Circle – Lending some Clojure |last=Pither |first=Jon |date=2016-10-04}} Netflix,{{cite web |url=https://thenewstack.io/the-new-stack-makers-adrian-cockcroft-on-sun-netflix-clojure-go-docker-and-more/ |website=TheNewStack.io |title=The New Stack Makers: Adrian Cockcroft on Sun, Netflix, Clojure, Go, Docker and More |last=Williams |first=Alex |date=2014-08-03}} Nubank,{{cite web |url=https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/renda-variavel/empresas/noticia/2020/07/23/nubank-adquire-empresa-norte-americana-de-tecnologia-cognitect.ghtml |title=Nubank adquire empresa norte-americana de tecnologia Cognitect|date=23 July 2020 }} Puppet,{{cite web |url=https://puppet.com/blog/a-new-era-of-application-services-at-puppet-labs/ |website=Puppet.com |title=A New Era of Application Services at Puppet Labs |last=Price |first=Chris |date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2020-08-06 }} and Walmart{{cite web |url=https://blog.cognitect.com/blog/2015/6/30/walmart-runs-clojure-at-scale |website=Cognitect.com |title=Walmart Runs Clojure at Scale |last=Phillips |first=Marc |date=2015-07-14}} as well as government agencies such as NASA.{{cite web |url=https://github.com/nasa/Common-Metadata-Repository |website=GitHub |title=Common-Metadata-Repository |access-date=2019-07-06}} It has also been used for creative computing, including visual art, music, games, and poetry.{{cite web |url=http://radar.oreilly.com/2015/05/creative-computing-with-clojure.html |website=OReilly.com |title=Creative computing with Clojure |last=Meier |first=Carin |date=2015-05-06}}

In the 2023 edition of Stack Overflow Developer Survey, Clojure was the fourth most admired in the category of programming and scripting languages, with 68.51% of the respondents who have worked with it last year saying they would like to continue using it. In the desired category, however it was marked as such by only 2.2% of the surveyed, whereas the highest scoring JavaScript was desired by 40.15% of the developers participating in the survey.{{Cite web |title=Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2023 |url=https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2023/?utm_source=social-share&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=dev-survey-2023 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Stack Overflow |language=en}}

{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Computer programming}}

• List of JVM languages
• List of CLI languages
• Comparison of programming languages

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book |first1=Dmitri |last1=Sotnikov |year=2020 |title=Web Development with Clojure |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |edition=3rd |isbn=978-1-68050-682-2 |url=https://pragprog.com/titles/dswdcloj3/}}
• {{cite book |first1=Russ |last1=Olsen |year=2018 |title=Getting Clojure |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |isbn=978-1-68050-300-5 |url=https://pragprog.com/titles/roclojure/}}
• {{cite book |first1=Alex |last1=Miller |first2=Stuart |last2=Halloway |first3=Aaron |last3=Bedra |year=2018 |title=Programming Clojure |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |edition=3rd |isbn=978-1-68050-246-6 |url=https://pragprog.com/titles/shcloj3/}}
• {{cite book |first1=Carin |last1=Meier |year=2015 |title=Living Clojure: An introduction and training plan for developers |publisher=O'Reilly Media |edition=1st |isbn=978-1-491-90904-1 |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/living-clojure/9781491909270/}}
• {{cite book |first1=Amit |last1=Rathore |first2=Francis |last2=Avila |year=2015 |title=Clojure in Action |publisher=Manning Publications |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-61729-152-4}}
• {{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Higginbotham |year=2015 |title=Clojure for the Brave and True |publisher=No Starch Press |isbn=978-1-59327-591-4 |url=https://www.braveclojure.com/clojure-for-the-brave-and-true/}}
• {{cite book |first1=Julian |last1=Gamble |year=2015 |title=Clojure Recipes |publisher=Pearson Publishing |isbn=978-0-32192-773-6 |url=http://www.informit.com/store/clojure-recipes-9780321927736}}
• {{cite book |first1=Ben |last1=Vandgrift |first2=Alex |last2=Miller |year=2015 |title=Clojure Applied |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |isbn=978-1-68050-074-5 |url=https://pragprog.com/titles/vmclojeco/}}
• {{cite book |first1=Eric |last1=Rochester |year=2015 |title=Clojure Data Analysis Cookbook |publisher=Packt Publishing |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-78439-029-7 |url=https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/clojure-data-analysis-cookbook-second-edition}}
• {{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Fogus |first2=Chris |last2=Houser |year=2014 |title=The Joy of Clojure |publisher=Manning Publications |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-617291-41-8 |url=http://www.joyofclojure.com/ |access-date=2018-11-05 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023083354/http://www.joyofclojure.com/ |url-status=dead}}
• {{cite book |first1=Ryan |last1=Kelker |year=2013 |title=Clojure for Domain-specific Languages |publisher=Packt Publishing |isbn=978-1-78216-650-4 |url=https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/clojure-domain-specific-languages}}
• {{cite book |first1=Eric |last1=Rochester |year=2014 |title=Mastering Clojure Data Analysis |publisher=Packt Publishing |isbn=978-1-78328-413-9 |url=https://www.packtpub.com/big-data-and-business-intelligence/mastering-clojure-data-analysis}}
• {{cite book |first1=Chas |last1=Emerick |first2=Brian |last2=Carper |first3=Christophe |last3=Grand |date=April 19, 2012 |title=Clojure Programming |publisher=O'Reilly Media |isbn=978-1-4493-9470-7 |url=http://www.clojurebook.com/}}
• {{cite book |first1=Luke |last1=VanderHart |first2=Stuart |last2=Sierra |date=June 7, 2010 |title=Practical Clojure |publisher=Apress |isbn=978-1-4302-7231-1 |url=https://www.apress.com/us/book/9781430272311}}

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