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Commiphora

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Commiphora caudata leaves.jpg

| image_caption = Commiphora caudata

| taxon = Commiphora

| authority = Jacq. (1797)

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = ca. 190. See text.

| synonyms =

  • Balessam {{small|Bruce (1790)}}
  • Balsamea {{small|Gled. (1782)}}
  • Balsamodendrum {{small|Kunth (1824)}}
  • Balsamophloeos {{small|O.Berg (1862)}}
  • Balsamus {{small|Stackh. (1814)}}
  • Bdellion {{small|Baill. ex Laness. (1886), not validly publ.}}
  • Hemprichia {{small|Ehrenb. (1829)}}
  • Heudelotia {{small|A.Rich. (1831)}}
  • Hitzera {{small|Klotzsch (1861)}}
  • Neomangenotia {{small|J.-F.Leroy (1976)}}
  • Niotoutt {{small|Adans. (1759)}}
  • Protionopsis {{small|Blume (1850)}}
  • Spondiopsis {{small|Engl. (1895)}}

|synonyms_ref =

}}Commiphora is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of Africa, the western Indian Ocean islands, the Arabian Peninsula, India, and South America.Daly et al. 2011. Burseraceae. Families and genera of vascular plants. 10:76–104.Weeks, A. and Simpson, B.B. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Commiphora (Burseraceae) yields insight on the evolution and historical biogeography of an “impossible” genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42:62–79.{{Cite web |title=Commiphora Jacq. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331509-2 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}} The genus is drought-tolerant and common throughout the xerophytic scrub, seasonally dry tropical forests, and woodlands of these regions.

The common name myrrh refers to several species of the genus, from which aromatic resins are derived for various fragrance and medicinal uses by humans.

A previously unknown species belonging to this genus has been grown from a single ancient seed and tentatively identified as the biblical plant mentioned in the Bible as the source of a medicinal extract called tsori.{{Cite journal |last1=Sallon |first1=Sarah |last2=Solowey |first2=Elaine |last3=Gostel |first3=Morgan R. |last4=Egli |first4=Markus |last5=Flematti |first5=Gavin R. |last6=Bohman |first6=Björn |last7=Schaeffer |first7=Philippe |last8=Adam |first8=Pierre |last9=Weeks |first9=Andrea |date=2024-09-10 |title=Characterization and analysis of a Commiphora species germinated from an ancient seed suggests a possible connection to a species mentioned in the Bible |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=1109 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06721-5 |pmid=39256474 |issn=2399-3642|pmc=11387840 }}

Description

Leaves in Commiphora are pinnately compound (or very rarely unifoliolate). Many species are armed with spines. Bark is often exfoliating, peeling in thin sheets to reveal colorful, sometimes photosynthetic, bark below. Stems are frequently succulent, especially in species native to drier environments. Flowers are typically dioecious (subdioecious) and fruits are drupes, usually with a 2-locular ovary (one is abortive).Gillett, J.B. 1991. Burseraceae. In: Polhill, R.M. (Ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pp. 1–95. In response to wounding, the stems of many species will exude aromatic resins.

Ecology and biogeography

Commiphora can serve as a model genus for understanding plant evolution in the drier regions of the Old World tropics, particularly in eastern continental Africa and Madagascar, where diversity in the genus is concentrated. The closely related sister genus to Commiphora, Bursera, has been used as a model genus to study patterns of evolution in the New World seasonally dry tropical forests.De Nova, A. et al. 2011. Insights into the historical construction of species-rich Mesoamerican seasonally dry tropical forests: the diversification of Bursera (Burseraceae, Sapindales). New Phytologist. 193(1):276–287.

Use by humans

Products from many species of Commiphora have been used for various purposes, sometimes as timber, building material, and natural fencing, but more often valued for the aromatic resins produced by several members of the genus. "Myrrh", the common name for these dried resins, is fragrant and has been used both as fragrance and for medicinal purposes (e.g., Balsam of Mecca, C. gileadensis).Musselman, L.J. 2007. Figs, Dates, Laurel, and Myrrh: Plants of the Bible and the Quran. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, Oregon. Pp. 194–197. Use of myrrh resin is frequent and pronounced throughout historical texts of cultural significance, including the Bible.

= Ancient seed =

An ancient seed recovered from an archaeological site in the Judean Desert has been confirmed to be a member of Commiphora.{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Katie |date=2024-10-03 |title=Lost biblical tree resurrected from 1,000 year-old seed |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/03/science/biblical-tree-ancient-seed-tsori/index.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=CNN |language=en}} The 1,000-year-old seed has produced a tree growing at Louis Borick Natural Medicine Research Center.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Hadassah University Medical Center solves biblical mystery with ancient seed |url=https://www.jpost.com/health-and-wellness/article-821144 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}

Systematics and taxonomy

Studies using DNA sequence data have confirmed the monophyly of Commiphora;Weeks, A., et al. 2005. The phylogenetic history and biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35:85–101. however, this data suggests that previous classification of the genus into sections does not reflect monophyletic interspecific relationships.

=Species=

181 species are accepted:

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Gallery

Commiphora simplicifolia 02.jpg|{{center|Commiphora simplicifolia}}

Commiphora simplicifolia 01.jpg|{{center|Commiphora simplicifolia}}

Commiphora marlothii, habitus, Skrikfontein, a.jpg|{{center|Commiphora marlothii}}

Commiphora mollis, habitus, Skrikfontein, c.jpg|{{center|Commiphora mollis}}

References

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External links

  • [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=107780 Flora of Pakistan: Commiphora]
  • [http://www.hort.wisc.edu/mastergardener/features/indoor-tenderplants/Burseraceae/biblical-burseraceae.htm Biblical Burseraceae]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

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Category:Burseraceae genera

Category:Dioecious plants

Category:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin