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Committee on the Present Danger

{{Short description|Series of US foreign policy interest groups}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}

The Committee on the Present Danger (CPD) is the name used by a succession of American anti-communist foreign policy interest groups.{{Cite book |last=Bronner |first=Stephen Eric |date=2005 |title=Blood in the sand: imperial fantasies, right-wing ambitions, and the erosion of American democracy |location=Lexington, Ky. |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-7168-7 |oclc=65562600}} Throughout its four iterations—in the 1950s, the 1970s, the 2000s, and 2019—it has influenced foreign policy since the administration of Harry S. Truman.{{cite book |last=Christopher I. |first=Xenakis|title=What happened to the Soviet Union?|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmdyC4wDPqwC&pg=PA111 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-97527-2}} Its first iteration disbanded as its leading members joined the Dwight Eisenhower administration, leading for it to be reformed in 1976 to counter the Soviet Union during the cold war.{{Cite web |date=2019-03-26 |title=Steve Bannon helps revive US cold war-era committee to target China |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3003283/cold-war-back-steve-bannon-helps-revive-us-committee-target |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=February 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204003543/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3003283/cold-war-back-steve-bannon-helps-revive-us-committee-target |url-status=live }} This iteration achieved notable success during the Reagan administration. The third iteration was formed by veterans of the Cold War in 2004 in support of the war on terror. The fourth iteration, the Committee on the Present Danger: China (CPDC) returned the group to its anti-communist roots with a focus on the threat posed to the United States by the China Communist Party.

Overview

The committee first met in 1950, founded by Tracy Voorhees, to promote the plans proposed in NSC 68 by Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson. It lobbied the government directly and sought to influence public opinion through a publicity campaign, notably a weekly radio broadcast on the Mutual Broadcasting System throughout 1951. This iteration was effectively disbanded after 1952, following the appointment of Voorhees and others to senior positions in the administration.{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Samuel F. |date=1979 |title=Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet Threat |journal=International Security |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=116–158 |doi=10.2307/2626746 |jstor=2626746 |s2cid=155072379 |issn=0162-2889}}

It was privately revived in March 1976 to try to influence the presidential candidates and their advisors.{{citation needed|date=September 2008}} After Jimmy Carter won the election, CPD went public again and spent the next four years lobbying, particularly against détente and the SALT II agreement. Its hawkish conclusions influenced the CIA's future reporting on the Soviet threat.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} This iteration of the CPD provided 33 officials to the Ronald Reagan administration, plus Reagan himself.{{Cite news |last1=Shribman |first1=David |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=November 23, 1981 |title=Group Goes from Exile to Influence |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/23/us/group-goes-from-exile-to-influence.html |access-date=May 1, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}

History

= First CPD (1950s) =

On December 12, 1950, James Conant, Tracy Voorhees and Vannevar Bush announced the creation of the committee on the Present Danger.{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/peddlersofcrisis0000sand/page/54 |title=Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and the Politics of Containment |publisher=South End Press |year=1983 |isbn=0896081818 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/peddlersofcrisis0000sand/page/54 54]}} The group was formed in order to support the Truman Administration's remilitarization plans contained within NSC 68. The 'present danger' to which the group's title referred was "the aggressive designs of the Soviet Union", the CPD announced.

== Members of the First CPD ==

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= Second CPD (1970s) =

On November 11, 1976, the second iteration was announced. The name of this version of the committee was "borrow[ed]" from the 1950s version, and was not a direct successor.{{Cite book |last=Kampelman |first=Max M. |title=Alerting America: The Papers of the Committee on the Present Danger |publisher=Pergamon Brassey's |year=1984 |isbn=0080319254 |editor-last=Tyroler, II |editor-first=Charles |pages=xviii}}

Some of its members lobbied for, and were members of, the 1976 Team B, providing an opposing view to the CIA's Team A.

Thirty-three officials of the Reagan administration were CPD members, including Director of Central Intelligence William Casey, National Security Advisor Richard V. Allen, United States Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick, Secretary of the Navy John Lehman, Secretary of State George Shultz, and Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle. Reagan himself was a member in 1979.

== Founding members of the second CPD ==

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=Third CPD (2004)=

File:Committee on the Present Danger (logo).jpgIn June 2004, The Hill reported that a third incarnation of CPD was being planned, to address the War on Terrorism.{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/news/063004/coldwar.aspx|title=Cold warriors return for war on terrorism|author=Kirchick, James|work=The Hill|date=June 30, 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219045322/http://www.thehill.com/news/063004/coldwar.aspx|archivedate=December 19, 2006}} This incarnation of the committee was still active as of 2008. The head of the 2004 CPD, PR pro and former Reagan adviser Peter D. Hannaford, explained, "we saw a parallel" between the Soviet threat and the threat from terrorism. The message that CPD will convey through lobbying, media work and conferences is that the war on terror needs to be won, he said.

Members of the 2004 CPD included Vice President for Policy Larry Haas, Senator Joseph I. Lieberman, former CIA director R. James Woolsey Jr., former National Security Advisor to President Reagan, Robert C. McFarlane, and Reagan administration official and 1976 Committee founder Max Kampelman. At the July 20, 2004, launching of the 2004 CPD, Lieberman and Senator Jon Kyl were identified as the honorary co-chairs.{{cite news|author=Lieberman, Joe and Jon Kyl|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63067-2004Jul19.html|title=The Present Danger|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 20, 2004}}

=Fourth CPD (2019)=

File:Committee on the Present Danger- China.png

The fourth iteration of the Committee on the Present Danger was unveiled on March 25, 2019.{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=July 20, 2019 |title=A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html |access-date=July 21, 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720234508/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Rogin |first1=Josh |date=April 10, 2019 |title=China hawks call on America to fight a new Cold War |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/04/10/china-hawks-call-america-fight-new-cold-war/ |accessdate=July 12, 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617214429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/04/10/china-hawks-call-america-fight-new-cold-war/ |url-status=live }} The revived CPDC was focused on education and advocacy on a perceived existential and ideological threat posed by Communist China to the United States.{{cite news |last1=Wu |first1=Wendy |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Cold War is back: Bannon helps revive U.S. committee to target 'aggressive totalitarian foe' China |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/26/steve-bannon-china-1238039 |accessdate=July 12, 2020 |newspaper=Politico |archive-date=July 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712185050/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/26/steve-bannon-china-1238039 |url-status=live }}

The relaunched organization was announced with Frank Gaffney, a former White House official under President Ronald Reagan, playing a key role. Its stated aim is to "educate and inform American citizens and policymakers about the existential threats presented from the People's Republic of China under the misrule of the Chinese Communist Party".{{cite journal |last=Carden |first=James |date=August 5, 2019 |title=Steve Bannon's Foreign Policy Crusade Against China |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/steve-bannon-foreign-policy-crusade-china/ |url-status=live |journal=The Nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205082504/https://www.thenation.com/article/steve-bannon-foreign-policy-crusade-china/ |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |access-date=January 19, 2020}} Between 2000 and 2023, there were 224 reported instances of Chinese espionage directed at the United States.{{Cite web |title=Survey of Chinese Espionage in the United States Since 2000 {{!}} Strategic Technologies Program {{!}} CSIS |url=https://www.csis.org/programs/strategic-technologies-program/survey-chinese-espionage-united-states-2000 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.csis.org |language=en}} The CPDC takes the view that there is "no hope of coexistence with China as long as the Communist Party governs the country".{{cite web |last=Skidmore |first=David |date=July 23, 2019 |title=The US Scare Campaign Against China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/the-us-scare-campaign-against-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014183408/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/the-us-scare-campaign-against-china/ |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |access-date=January 19, 2020 |publisher=The Diplomat}} In a statement on the launch of the committee, the Population Research Institute stated: "The United States is in a new cold war. The Chinese Communist Party poses the greatest threat to both the United States and the world since the fall of the Soviet Union. Then, as now, the threat of a totalitarian regime with an evil ideology – one that is willing to kill 400 million of its own unborn children – must be stopped."{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-03-28 |title=Distinguished Team Launches the Committee on the Present Danger: China |url=https://www.pop.org/distinguished-team-launches-the-committee-on-the-present-danger-china/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=PRI |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127204522/https://www.pop.org/distinguished-team-launches-the-committee-on-the-present-danger-china/ |url-status=live }}

==Members==

The Committee on the Present Danger: China lists a variety of members including the former politicians and national security professionals, White House officials, business leaders, and others:{{cite web |title=Members |url=https://presentdangerchina.org/members |access-date=June 9, 2023 |website=Committee on the Present Danger |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610192610/https://presentdangerchina.org/members/ |url-status=live }}

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==Criticisms==

The CPDC has been criticized as promoting a revival of Red Scare politics in the United States, and for the involvement of Frank Gaffney and activist Steve Bannon.{{cite news |last=Skidmore |first=David |date=July 23, 2019 |title=The US Scare Campaign Against China: The political calculations behind exaggerating the 'present danger' – from the Cold War to today |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/the-us-scare-campaign-against-china/ |accessdate=December 31, 2020 |newspaper=The Diplomat |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014183408/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/the-us-scare-campaign-against-china/ |url-status=live }} David Skidmore, writing for The Diplomat, described it as the latest instance of "what was once referred to as the 'military-industrial complex'" influencing policy. Charles W. Freeman Jr. at the Watson Institute called the CPDC "a Who's Who of contemporary wing-nuts, very few of whom have any expertise at all about China and most of whom represent ideological causes only peripherally connected to it."

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

{{Library resources box}}

  • Boies, John, and Nelson A. Pichardo (1993–1994). "The Committee on the Present Danger: A Case for the Importance of Elite Social Movement Organizations to Theories of Social Movements and the State". Berkeley Journal of Sociology 38: 57–87. {{JSTOR|41035466}}.
  • Singh, Robert. [http://www.kropfpolisci.com/obama.foreign.policy.singh.pdf "Neoconservatism in the Age of Obama"], in Inderjeet Parmar, ed., Obama and the World (Routledge, 2014). pp. 51–62.
  • {{Cite book |last=Vaïsse |first=Justin |year=2010 |title=Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement|chapter=Chapter 5: Nuclear Alarm: The Committee on the Present Danger |publisher=Belknap |isbn=978-0-674-06070-8}}
  • {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Martin |year=1995 |title=The Cold War: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67jOU3BAeW4C |department=Chapter 11: "The Death of Détente and the Change of the Western System"; and Chapter 12: "The New Cold War" |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-8050-3454-4}}

External links

  • [https://presentdangerchina.org Committee on the Present Danger: China]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20160220161351/http://committeeonthepresentdanger.org/index.php?option=com_cpdfront&Itemid=90 CPD Home page (Third CPD)]
  • [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt6w1038fh/ The Committee on the Present Danger Papers at the Hoover Institution]

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Category:Political and economic think tanks in the United States

Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States

Category:United States political action committees

Category:Anti-communist organizations in the United States

Category:Neoconservatism