Communazi
{{Short description|American neologism for Hitler-Stalin Pact}}
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg shakes hands with Joachim von Ribbentrop after signing of Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (aka "Communazi Pact") on 23 August 1939]]
"Communazi" is an American political neologism, "coined by a reporter"{{cite book
| first = Maurice
| last = Isserman
| authorlink = Maurice Isserman
| title = Which Side Were You On?: The American Communist Party During the Second World War
| publisher = University of Illinois Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iWMprgS8q0AC
| pages = 44, 76, 79, 115
| date = 1993
| isbn = 9780252063367
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}} and made popular by Time (first September 11, 1939
{{cite news
|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,711757,00.html
|title=Russia: Arms & Art
|date=September 11, 1939
|publisher=Time
| access-date = 27 July 2021}}) days after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov{{cite book |last=Zabecki |first=David |title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |location=Santa Barbara, California |year=2014 |page=536 |isbn=978-1-59884-981-3}}). It implied that both Communism and Nazism were one and the same because they were essentially totalitarian, whether left or right in belief. It continues to receive mention, largely in its historical context, to the present.{{cite book
| title = Politik und Literatur im Exil: deutschsprachige Schriftsteller
| url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3423101105
| first = Alfred
| last = Kantorowicz
| date = 1983
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| first = Alexander
| last = Stephan
| authorlink = Alexander Stephan
| title="Communazis": FBI Surveillance of German Emigré Writers
| publisher = Yale University Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ofMH_WJfxtQC
| date = 2000
| isbn = 0300082029
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
History
{{Communism sidebar}}
{{Nazism sidebar}}
Time repeatedly referred to the Pact as the "Communazi Pact" and its participants as "communazis" through 1941.
{{cite news
|magazine=Time
|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,762584,00.html
|title=Children of Moscow
|date=September 18, 1939
|access-date = 27 July 2021}}{{cite news
|magazine=Time
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762664-2,00.html
|title=Moscow's Week
|date=October 9, 1939
|access-date=27 July 2021
|archive-date=21 May 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521073747/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762664-2,00.html
|url-status=dead
{{cite news
|magazine=Time
|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,762675,00.html
|title=Cinema: Revival: Oct. 9, 1939
|date=October 9, 1939
| access-date = 27 July 2021}}
{{cite news
|magazine=Time
|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,789816,00.html
|title=Mexico: Communazi Columnists
|date=June 3, 1940
| access-date = 27 July 2021}} Among Time writers and editors who used the term was Whittaker Chambers in his 1941 essay "The Revolt of the Intellectuals."
{{cite news
|magazine=Time
|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,765178,00.html
|title=Books: The Revolt of the Intellectuals
|date=January 6, 1941
| access-date = 27 July 2021}}{{cite web
| first= Whittaker
| last = Chambers
| authorlink = Whittaker Chambers
| title = The Revolt of the Intellectuals
| publisher = WhittakerChambers.org
| url = https://whittakerchambers.org/articles/time-a/revolt-intellectuals/
| date = 6 January 1941
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book| first= Whittaker| last = Chambers| authorlink = Whittaker Chambers
| title = Ghosts on the roof: Selected Essays
| publisher = Transaction Publishers
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q_21PmqXM8C
| pages =
| date = 1996
| isbn = 9781412824590| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
Whether coined or popularized by Time, the term then started appearing in print in other publications, at first in labor-oriented (but non-Soviet-aligned) publications, then in wider-circulating publications, by right-wing writers (e.g., Joseph P. Kamp of the Constitutional Educational League), in other English-speaking countries like Canada and the United Kingdom, and eventually in German:
- Newspapers:
- "Allen Tells Dies Hitler Was 'Sound'" (25 August 1939){{cite news
| title = Allen Tells Dies Hitler Was 'Sound': Roosevelt Should Be Impeached With 'a Lot of Others,' AntiSemite Says at Inquiry: 'Communazi' Stumps Hime
| newspaper = New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1939/08/25/archives/allen-tells-dies-hitler-was-sound-roosevelt-should-be-impeached.html
| date = 25 August 1939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- "Two States, Two Gatherings and a Lot of Anti-Government Sentiment; At Michigan Rally, Unyielding Anger At the Brady Bill" (15 May 1995){{cite news
| first = James
| last = Bennet
| title = Two States, Two Gatherings and a Lot of Anti-Government Sentiment; At Michigan Rally, Unyielding Anger At the Brady Bill
| newspaper = New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/15/us/two-states-two-gatherings-lot-anti-government-sentiment-michigan-rally.html
| date = 15 May 1995
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- "Fighting the Nazis With Celluloid" (12 October 2014){{cite news
| first = J.
| last = Hoberman
| title = Fighting the Nazis With Celluloid
| newspaper = New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/movies/homevideo/fritz-langs-hangmen-must-die-and-man-hunt-on-blu-ray.html
| date = 14 October 2014
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Magazines:
- The Garment Worker (1939){{cite journal
| journal= The Garment Worker
| title = Unknown
| publisher = The Garment Worker
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ly8sAQAAMAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- American Labor World (1939){{cite journal
| journal=American Labor World
| title = Fight on "Communazis" is Urge by American Legion
| publisher = American Labor World
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=64lZAAAAYAAJ
| pages = 50
| date = 1939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Frontiers of Democracy (1939){{cite journal
| journal = Frontiers of Democracy
| title = Unknown
| publisher = Frontiers of Democracy
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bm1GAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 80
| date = 1939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Journeymen Plumbers and Steam Fitters Journal (1939){{cite journal
| title = Unknown
| publisher = Journeymen Plumbers and Steam Fitters Journal
| journal = Journeymen Plumbers and Steam Fitters
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LOGfAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 47
| date = 1939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Dynamic America (1940){{cite journal
| title = Unknown
| journal = Dynamic America
| publisher = Dynamic America
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QB5NAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 9–10
| date = 1939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
| title = Unknown
| journal = Saturday Review
| publisher = Saturday Review
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYQAAAAIAAJ
| pages = 2
| date = 1940
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Political Correspondence of the Workers' League for a Revolutionary Party (1940){{cite journal
| journal = Political Correspondence of the Worker's League for a Revolutionary Party
| title = Unknown
| publisher = Political Correspondence of the Workers' League for a Revolutionary Party, Volumes 3-4
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dN9aAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 22
| date = 1940
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Mexicana Review (1940){{cite journal
| journal = Mexicana Review
| title = Communazi Columnists
| publisher = Mexicana Review
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O8PfAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 35
| date = 1940
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Twice a Year by Dorothy Norman (1941){{cite journal
| journal = Twice a Year
| title = Twice a Year, Issues 5-6
| publisher = Twice A Year
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IDIHAQAAIAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1941
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Labour Monthly (1942){{cite journal
| journal = Labour Monthly
| title = Unknown
| publisher = Labour Monthly
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NApaAAAAIAAJ
| pages = 217
| date = 1942
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Books:
- Yankee Reporter by S. Burton Heath (1940){{cite book
| title = Yankee Reporter
| publisher = W. Funk
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z7cLAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 75–76
| date = 1940
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- The Fifth Column Vs. the Dies Committee by Joseph P. Kamp (1941){{cite book
| first = Joseph P.
| last = Kamp
| authorlink = Joseph P. Kamp
| title = The Fifth Column Vs. the Dies Committee
| publisher = Constitutional Educational League, Inc.
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=93JOAQAAMAAJ
| pages = 30
| date = 1941
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Common Cause by Giuseppe Antonio Borgese (1940){{cite book
| title = Common Cause
| publisher = Duell, Sloan and Pearce
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5gfPAAAAMAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1943
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Events and Shadows by Robert Gilbert Vansittart Baron Vansittart (1947){{cite book
| title = Events and Shadows: A Policy for the Remnants of a Century
| publisher = Hutchinson
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K4l9AAAAMAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1947
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Must We Perish? by Hershel D. Meyer (1949){{cite book
| title = Must we perish?: The logic of 20th century barbarism
| publisher = New Century Publishers
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GJYAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 65
| date = 1949
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Report of the Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor (1970){{cite book
| title = Report of the Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor, Volume 70
| publisher = American Federation of labor
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wjgPAQAAMAAJ
| pages = 264
| date = 1970
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Labor Radical by Len De Caux (1970){{cite book
| title = Labor radical: from the Wobblies to CIO, a personal history
| publisher = Beacon Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HMu6AAAAIAAJ
| pages = 346, 361, 363
| date = 1970
| isbn = 9780807054444
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- A Study in Liberty by Horace Mayer Kallen (1973){{cite book
| title = A Study in Liberty
| publisher = Greenwood press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QUgvAAAAYAAJ
| pages = xiii, 102
| date = 1 June 1973
| isbn = 9780837165547
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- United Nations: Perfidy and Perversion by Hillel Seidman (1982){{cite book
| title = United Nations: Perfidy and Perversion
| publisher = Beacon M.P. Press, Inc.
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CTYwAAAAYAAJ
| pages = 2, 66, 75
| date = 1982
| isbn = 9780918220110
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Lion Feuchtwanger by Volker Skierka (1984){{cite book
| title = Lion Feuchtwanger
| publisher = Quadriga
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h-pbAAAAMAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1984
| isbn = 9783886791040
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Dear editor: letters to Time magazine, 1923–1984 (1985){{cite book
| title = Dear editor: letters to Time magazine, 1923–1984
| publisher = Salem House
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A1sbAQAAIAAJ
| pages = 40, 47
| date = 1985
| isbn = 9780881621044
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Das mexikanische Exil by Fritz Pohle (1986){{cite book
| title = Das mexikanische Exil: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der politisch-kulturellen Emigration aus Deutschland (1937–1946)
| publisher = J.B. Metzler
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sHwWAAAAYAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1986
| isbn = 9783476005939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- America and the Holocaust: Barring the gates to America by David S. Wyman (1990){{cite book
| title = America and the Holocaust: Barring the gates to America
| publisher = Garland Publishers
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F1NoT2ECRk4C
| pages =
| date = 1990
| isbn = 9780824045364
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Literatur für Leser (1992){{cite book
| title = Literatur für Leser
| publisher = R. Oldenbourg Verlag
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UHIZAQAAIAAJ
| pages = 150–151, 157
| date = 1992
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Argonautenschiff: Jahrbuch der Anna-Seghers-Gesellschaft (1992){{cite book
| title = Argonautenschiff: Jahrbuch der Anna-Seghers-Gesellschaft Berlin und Mainz e.V., Volumes 1-3
| publisher = Aufbau-Verlag
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sHwWAAAAYAAJ
| pages = 34, 243
| date = 1992
| isbn = 9783476005939
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Which Side Were You On? by Maurice Isserman (1993)
- Hollywood Party by Lloyd Billingsley (1998){{cite book
| title = Hollywood Party: How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry in the 1930s and 1940s
| publisher = Forum
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YWtZAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 68–69, 81
| date = 1998
| isbn = 9780761513766
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- A Covert Life: Jay Lovestone by Ted Morgan (writer) (1999){{cite book
| title = A Covert Life: Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-communist, and Spymaster
| publisher = Random House
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kKUEAQAAIAAJ
| pages = 133
| date = 1999
| isbn = 9780679444008
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Communazis by Alexander Stephan (2000)
- British and American Anticommunism Before the Cold War by :FI:Markku Ruotsila (2001){{cite book
| title = British and American Anticommunism Before the Cold War
| publisher = Psychology Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k7gvjtzJhlUC
| pages = 220, 224
| date = 2001
| isbn = 9780714651606
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- The FBI Encyclopedia by Michael Newton (2003){{cite book
| title = The FBI Encyclopedia
| publisher = McFarland
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FYkYAAAAIAAJ
| pages =
| date = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7864-1718-6
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Adolf Kozlik by Gottfried Fritzi (2004){{cite book
| title = Adolf Kozlik: Ein Sozialistischer Ökonom, Emigrant und Rebell: Leben und Werk Eines österreichischen Wissenschaftlers und Intellektuellen
| publisher = P. Lang
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e9PrAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 126
| date = 1 January 2004
| isbn = 978-3-631-52648-4
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Überwacht, Ausgebürgert, Exiliert by Alexander Stephan (2007){{cite book
| first = Alexander
| last = Stephan
| authorlink = Alexander Stephan
| title = Überwacht, Ausgebürgert, Exiliert: Schriftsteller und der Staat
| publisher = Yale University Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OiUrAQAAIAAJ
| pages = 15, 24, 382
| date = 2007
| isbn = 978-3-89528-634-6
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Adorno in America by David Jenemann (2007){{cite book
| title = Adorno in America
| publisher = University of Minnesota Press
| url = https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/adorno-in-america
| pages = 21
| date = 2007
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = Transmission: Adorno in America
| publisher = University of Minnesota Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6Fhs0jZN2NoC
| pages = 21
| date = 2003
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Engineering Communism by Steve Usdin (2008){{cite book
| title = Engineering Communism: How Two Americans Spied for Stalin and Founded the Soviet Silicon Valley
| publisher = Yale University Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QTdWLFXKw_UC
| pages =
| date = 1 October 2008
| isbn = 978-0300127959
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Shame and Glory of the Intellectuals by Peter Viereck (2007){{cite book
| title = Shame and Glory of the Intellectuals
| publisher = Routledge
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ViAxDwAAQBAJ
| pages =
| date = 2017
| isbn = 9781351491013
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Antisemitism and the American Far Left by Stephen Harlan Norwood (2013){{cite book
| title = Antisemitism and the American Far Left
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfuaAAAAQBAJ
| pages = 50, 65–66
| date = 19 August 2013
| isbn = 9781107036017
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
- Open a New Window by Ethan Mordden (2015){{cite book
| title = Open a New Window: The Broadway Musical in the 1960s
| publisher = St. Martin's Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z7cLAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 154
| date = 7 April 2015
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
In 1940, the term "communazi" started to appear in the government records of the US,{{cite book
| title = Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the Congress, Volume 86, Part 16
| publisher = US GPO
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G0M4AQAAMAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1940
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = Independent Offices Appropriations Bill for 1945: Hearings
| publisher = US GPO
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vGoBqnZYDIUC
| pages = 1092–1093
| date = 1944
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States
| publisher = US GPO
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YS0WAAAAIAAJ
| pages = 261
| date = 1944
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = Report of the United States Commissioner
| publisher = US GPO
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1vYqAAAAMAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1950
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = Civil Rights: Hearings
| publisher = US GPO
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SmVFAQAAMAAJ
| pages = 923
| date = 1959
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = Hearings Relating to Various Bills to Repeal the Detention Act of 1950
| publisher = US GPO
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s4uC8VNlw2UC
| pages = 3119
| date = 1970
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}} the House of Commons of Canada,{{cite book
| title = Debates: Official Report
| publisher = Canada Parliament House of Commons
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1eFXAAAAYAAJ
| pages = 3660
| date = 1942
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = Official Report of Debates, House of Commons
| publisher = Canada Parliament House of Commons
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TCYlAQAAIAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1942
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}} and the UK House of Lords.{{cite book
| title = The Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).: House of Lords official report
| publisher = House of Lords
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_0V0sW1LgfkC
| pages =
| date = 1947
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}{{cite book
| title = The Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).: House of Lords official report
| publisher = House of Lords
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CmUeAQAAMAAJ
| pages =
| date = 1948
| accessdate = 31 December 2018}}
"Communazi" is also the subject of a book, "Communazis": FBI Surveillance of German Émigré Writers, published in 2000 by Alexander Stephan.