Concrete canoe

Ignoring hydrodynamic effects, all ships or boats float because the weight of the water they displace is equal to the weight of the boat (Archimedes' principle). However, many boats are made of materials that are denser than water, meaning that the boat will sink if filled with water.

Being designed for an engineering competition, concrete canoes often make use of experimental or innovative concrete mix designs or fabrication processes, such as 3D-printed formworks,{{Cite journal |last=Jipa |first=Andrei |last2=Bernhard |first2=Mathias |last3=Dillenburger |first3=Benjamin |last4=Ruffray |first4=Nicolas |last5=Wangler |first5=Timothy |last6=Flatt |first6=Robert J. |date=2017 |title=skelETHon Formwork: 3D Printed Plastic Formwork for Load-Bearing Concrete Structures |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/237357 |journal=Proceedings of the 21st Congreso Internacional de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Gráfica Digital |language=en |publisher=Blucher |volume=3 |pages=345–352 |doi=10.5151/sigradi2017-054|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/237357 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Jipa |first=Andrei |last2=Bernhard |first2=Mathias |last3=Ruffray |first3=Nicolas |last4=Wangler |first4=Timothy |last5=Flatt |first5=Robert |last6=Dillenburger |first6=Benjamin |date=2019-09-06 |title=Formwork fabrication freedom for a concrete canoe |url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/gestaodeprojetos/article/view/148264 |journal=Gestão & Tecnologia de Projetos |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.11606/gtp.v14i1.148264 |issn=1981-1543|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/387459 |hdl-access=free }} smart dynamic casting,{{Cite journal |last=Lloret-Fritschi |first=Ena |last2=Reiter |first2=Lex |last3=Wangler |first3=Timothy |last4=Gramazio |first4=Fabio |last5=Kohler |first5=Matthias |last6=Flatt |first6=Robert J. |date=2017 |title=Smart Dynamic Casting: Slipforming with Flexible Formwork - Inline Measurement and Control |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/219663 |journal=HPC/CIC Tromsø 2017 |language=en |publisher=Norwegian Concrete Association |pages=Paper no. 27 |doi=10.3929/ethz-b-000219663}} or 3D-printed concrete.{{Cite web |title=ITE - Concrete Canoe TU Graz 2017 |url=https://www.tugraz.at/en/institutes/ite/research/prototypes/concrete-canoe-tu-graz-2017/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.tugraz.at}}

Most competitive concrete canoes have concrete mix designs that are less dense than water. They must pass a test in which the canoe is filled with water and pushed below the surface; the canoe must then resurface in order to qualify for racing. This is possible because, unlike normal concrete which uses sand and small rocks, concrete canoes are created with porous aggregates such as Macrolite and microspheres. However, because some teams may choose to design their concrete mixes to be denser than water, teams are also allowed to insert concrete-covered, non-structural foam pieces in their canoes to make the canoes float after being submerged.

The ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) National Concrete Canoe Competition (NCCC) provides students with a practical application of the engineering principles they learn in the classroom, along with important team and project management skills they will need in their careers. The event challenges the students' knowledge, creativity and stamina, while showcasing the versatility and durability of concrete as a building material.

Each year, the NCCC, which is held in mid-June, is hosted by an ASCE Student Organization. Some 200 university teams attempt to qualify for the NCCC by placing first in one of the 18 conference competitions held throughout the United States during the spring. Until 2018, teams placing second in a conference competition behind a university that finished in the top five at the previous year's national competition are also invited. This was replaced by the Wild Card drawing in 2018. If the Concrete Canoe team was part of a student chapter that placed within the top one-third of all annual reports, and the team finished within the top half of all teams in their regional competition, the team was eligible for the Wild Card drawing. Of all qualifying team, six were randomly drawn to attend the 2018 National Concrete Competition. To be eligible to compete in the Concrete Canoe Competition, the entrant school must be a recognized ASCE Student Chapter or ASCE International Student Group. Typically, frontrunners include University of Alabama in Huntsville, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Florida, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, the University of California at Berkeley, Clemson University, École de technologie supérieure, Université Laval, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

The winners of the ASCE National Concrete Canoe Competition are determined by compiling the team's total number of points from the academic and race portions of the competition. Academic scholarships totaling $9,000 are awarded to the winning teams' undergraduate civil engineering program.

Concrete Canoe competition in the United States began in the 1960s, when a small number of ASCE student chapters began holding intramural Concrete Canoe races.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Then, in the 1971, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign held the first intercollegiate race against Purdue.{{Cite web|url=http://engineering.illinois.edu/news/article/2011-01-05-forty-years-concrete-canoe|title = Forty Years of Concrete Canoes}} In the more than 45 years since, the students’ efforts to combine engineering excellence and hydrodynamic design to construct water-worthy canoes have culminated in an advanced form of concrete construction and racing technique known as the “America’s Cup of Civil Engineering.”

In 1981 as part of the FIP congress in Stockholm, Sweden there was the 1st FIP international concrete canoe race.http://www.concretecanoepictures.com/Concrete_Canoe_Pictures/Correspondence_files/International_Competition.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}} won by the Danish team from Technical University of Denmark.{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLw3AwEACAAJ |title = 1st FIP International Concrete Canoe Race: Stockholm, June 8, 1982 : Result|year = 1982}} inspired by Herbert Krenchel

In 1988, ASCE expanded the competition to the national level, when Master Builders, Inc. (now known as BASF) signed-on to become the sole corporate sponsor for the event. In its first year, 18 teams of enthusiastic civil engineering students from the nation's premier academic programs gathered in East Lansing, Mich., to test the waters of this innovative and educational event. Over the next two decades, the competition became a great success, with regional winners traveling across the country by plane, train and Ryder truck, canoes in tow, in their quest to become National Concrete Canoe Competition champions.

As competition was developing in the United States, the idea had also taken hold in other countries. Today, concrete canoe racing happens around the world in places like Germany, South Africa, Canada, Japan and the United Arab Emirates; and with sponsorship from ASCE and the American Concrete Institute (ACI), the 2007 National Concrete Canoe Competition winning team, University of Wisconsin - Madison, travelled to the Netherlands to represent the United States in the 30th Annual Dutch Concrete Canoe Challenge.

The Concrete Canoe Competition is designed to provide civil engineering students with an opportunity to gain hands-on, practical experience and leadership skills by working with concrete mix designs and project management. Organizers, sponsors and participants are dedicated to building awareness of concrete technology and application, as well as the versatility and durability of concrete as a construction material, among civil engineering students, educators, practitioners, the concrete industry and the general public. They also strive to increase awareness among industry leaders, opinion makers and the general public of civil engineering as a dynamic and innovative profession essential to society. In its history, the National Concrete Canoe Competition has challenged the knowledge, creativity and stamina of more than 400 teams and 5000 students. In 2008, more than 200 teams competed in 18 conference competitions to qualify for participation at the national level.

Sponsors include BASF, Kiewit Corporation, American Concrete Institute, Holcim, Bentley Systems, Cemex, and Propex.

Teams of engineering students will gather for a weekend designed to be both challenging and fun. Twenty-five percent of each team's total team score will be based on the engineering design and construction principles used in the creation of their concrete canoe; 25 percent will be based on a technical design report detailing the planning, development, testing and construction of their canoe; and 25 percent will be based on a formal business presentation highlighting the canoe's design, construction, racing ability and other innovative features. The remaining 25 percent of each team's score is based on the performance of the canoe and the paddlers in five different race events: men's and women's slalom/endurance races, and men's, women's and co-ed sprint races.

For the purpose of the competition, concrete is defined as a mixture of cement, of which at least 30% (by mass) must be Portland cement, and aggregate, which must constitute at least 25% (by volume) of the mix. The aggregate need not be conventional construction aggregate (sand, etc.), but may include materials such as hollow glass beads and fibers. Epoxy is not permitted. Up to 50% of the thickness of the canoe may be a reinforcement mesh.

Concrete canoe teams must design their canoes from scratch. Typically they create the shape of the hull with a computer design program specifically made for yachts, canoes, and other watercraft. The shape is optimized for racing. This hull shape is then given to a construction team, responsible for making a mold for the canoe to be formed on. A special concrete mix is designed over several months, emphasizing among other qualities, an optimal balance between strength and low density. The finalized mix design is placed on the form; the hull thickness usually ranges from about 3/8" to 3/4". Teams later spend hundreds of hours sanding and applying exterior graphics to their canoes for a nice finish. Scoring in the competition is based on the quality of construction, race performance, a design paper, and a business presentation.

• École de Technologie Supérieure
• École Polytechnique de Montréal
• McGill University
• Queen's University
• St-Clair College
• University of Windsor
• University of Manitoba
• Université de Moncton
• Université de Sherbrooke
• Université Laval
• University of Toronto
• University of/d' Ottawa
• University of Waterloo
• University of Western Ontario
• Ryerson University (now TMU)
• University of British Columbia
• Concordia University
• University of Victoria
• Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
• Dalhousie University

Concrete canoe competitions have a significant following from both present and past competitors. The concrete canoe community now includes a dedicated concrete canoe news website, [http://concretecanoe.org/ ConcreteCanoe.org], which follows competitions around the world, as well as {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060505091803/http://www.concretecanoemagazine.com/ Concrete Canoe Magazine]}}, which publishes scientific papers, studies, and articles written on the techniques used by top teams.

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{{reflist}}

• [http://concretecanoe.org/ ConcreteCanoe.org]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060505091803/http://www.concretecanoemagazine.com/ Concrete Canoe Magazine]}}
• [http://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/Conferences_and_Events/Event_Subpages/Content_Pieces/2018_rules_and_regularions_final.pdf 2018 National Concrete Canoe Competition Rules and Regulations]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224636/http://www.asce.org/event/2018/concrete-canoe/ 2018 National Concrete Canoe Competition Rules Page]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224636/http://www.asce.org/event/2018/concrete-canoe/ 2018 National Concrete Canoe Competition Main Site (USA)]
• [http://www.nevadacanoe.com University of Nevada: Reno Concrete Canoe] at University of Nevada, Reno
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110619051431/http://canoe.berkeley.edu/ University of California: Berkeley Concrete Canoe] at University of California, Berkeley
• [https://ascelibrary.org/page/concretecanoe Concrete Canoe Collection from the ASCE Library]
• [http://teamuah.org/ "Team UAH"] at University of Alabama, Huntsville
• [http://www.betonkanu-regatta.de Concrete Canoes in Germany]
• [http://www.betonbrouwers.utwente.nl/ University of Twente (NL), The BetonBrouwers Team]

• [https://cscecompetitions.ca/home/cnccc/ Canadian National Concrete Canoe Competition Home Page]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20180320054533/http://concretecanoe.ca/ CNCCC 2013] at the École de technologie supérieure
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20180320054533/http://concretecanoe.ca/ CNCCC 2010] at the University of Toronto
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20010430153315/http://www.ctn.etsmtl.ca/canoe/ Canoë de l'École de technologie supérieure] at École de technologie supérieure
• [http://www.canoe.polymtl.ca/ Canoë de l'école Polytechnique] at École Polytechnique de Montréal
• [http://by.genie.uottawa.ca/~csce/history.html University of/d' Ottawa Concrete Canoe ] at University of Ottawa
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100711022510/http://www.civil.usherbrooke.ca/canoebeton/ Canoë de l'Université de Sherbrooke] at Université de Sherbrooke

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Category:Canoes

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