Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

In the 1930s, the need for establishing research organisations for the development of natural resources and new industries in India began to emerge. Eminent citizens such as C. V. Raman, Lt. Col. Seymour Sewell and J. C. Ghosh had proposed the creation of an advisory board of scientific research. Sir Richard Gregory, then editor of Nature, was among the first people who officially reported to the British Government. After visiting scientific departments and universities in India in 1933, Gregory submitted to Samuel Hoare, Secretary of State for India, regarding the need of scientific organisation similar to the DSIR in Britain. Indian scientists at Calcutta and Bangalore initiated schemes to launch a National Institute of Sciences and an Indian Academy of Sciences, respectively. At the Fifth Industries Conference in 1933, the Provincial Governments of Bombay, Madras, Bihar and Orissa unanimously reiterated their demand for a co-ordinating forum for industrial research. Hoare advised the Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, to support the demand. However, in May 1934, Willingdon replied to Hoare saying, "The creation of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in India to promote the application of research to natural resources does not appear to be necessary." While the Indian DSIR was rejected, the colonial government provided a small concession. It instead offered to create an Industrial Intelligence and Research Bureau, which came into operation in April 1935 under the Indian Stores Department. The Bureau's limited resources (with a budget of ₹1.0 lakh per annum) made it impossible to initiate major research and industrial activities as had been hoped for; it was mainly concerned with testing and quality control.{{cite web |author=Vigyan Prasar Science Portal |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/ssbhatnagar/shantiswarupbhatnagar.htm |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015234/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/ssbhatnagar/ShantiSwarupBhatnagar.htm |archive-date=18 October 2013 }}

At the onset of World War II in 1939, the bureau was proposed to be abolished. Arguably, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar became the most instrumental in the creation of CSIR in India.{{cite journal |author= Sivaram C |title= The genesis of CSIR |url= http://sap.csir.res.in/FoundationDay2012/files/Article_by_Dr_Sivaram.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150507071911/http://sap.csir.res.in/FoundationDay2012/files/Article_by_Dr_Sivaram.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2015-05-07 |journal= Resonance |volume= 7 |issue= 4 |pages= 98 |year= 2002 |doi= 10.1007/BF02836144 }} As a member of Viceroy's executive council, and also of Commerce, he recommended that the Bureau should be terminated, not as a measure of economy, but to make room for a Board of Scientific and Industrial Research, which should be endowed with greater resources and wider objectives. It was by this persistence that the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR) was created on 1 April 1940 for a period of two years. Mudaliar became the chair of the board. It was at this point that Bhatnagar was appointed to pilot the board, as the Director. The BSIR was allocated an annual budget of ₹5,00,000 under the Department of Commerce. By the end of 1940, about 80 researchers were engaged, of whom one-quarter was directly employed. Major achievements of BSIR included development of the techniques for the purification of Baluchistan sulphur anti-gas cloth manufacture, vegetable oil blends as fuel and lubricants, plastic packing cases for army boots and ammunition, dyes for uniforms and the preparation of vitamins, and the invention of a pyrethrum emulsifier and cream. In early 1941 Bhatnagar persuaded the government to set up an Industrial Research Utilisation Committee (IRUC) for translating results into application. The government then agreed to make a separate fund out of the royalties received from industry for further investment into industrial research. Mudaliar recommended that an Industrial Research Fund should be constituted, which would have an annual grant of ₹10,00,000 for a period of five years. This was accepted by the Central Assembly in Delhi at its session on 14 November 1941.

Then the constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) as an autonomous body was prepared under Mudaliar and Bhatnagar. Thus, CSIR came into operation on 26 September 1942. The BSIR and IRUC were incorporated into the advisory bodies to the governing body of the CSIR. In 1943 the governing body of CSIR approved the proposal of Bhatnagar to establish five national laboratories — the National Chemical Laboratory, the National Physical Laboratory, the Fuel Research Station, the Glass & Ceramics Research Institute and the National Metallurgical Laboratory. In 1944 in addition to its annual budget of ₹10 lakh, CSIR received a grant of ₹1 crore for the establishment of these laboratories. The Tata Industrial House donated ₹20 lakh for the chemical, metallurgical and fuel research laboratories. The foundation for the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute at Kolkata was the first to be laid, in December 1945; National Metallurgical Laboratory at Jamshedpur in November 1946; and that for the National Chemical Laboratory at Pune was the last, on 6 April 1947, four months before India became independent.{{cite journal| author= Sivaram S| title= Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar: A Visionary Extraordinary| year= 2002| url= http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/April2002/pdf/April2002p90-97.pdf| journal= Resonance| volume= 7| issue= 4| pages= 90–97| doi= 10.1007/bf02836142| s2cid= 121018197| url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160109214250/http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/April2002/pdf/April2002p90-97.pdf| archive-date= 9 January 2016| df= dmy-all}} All the five establishments were completed by 1950.

1. President: Prime Minister (Ex-Officio) {{Cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/about-us/organisational-structure|title=Organisational Structure {{!}} Council of Scientific & Industrial Research {{!}} GoI|website=www.csir.res.in|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}
2. Vice President: Minister of Science & Technology, India (Ex-Officio)
3. Governing Body: The Director General is the head of the governing body. The other ex-officio member is the finance secretary (expenditures). Other members' terms are three years.
4. CSIR Advisory Board: 15-member body composed of prominent members from respective fields of science and technology. Its function is to provide S&T inputs to the governing body. Member terms are three years.

File:CSIR Corona Combat Mission.png]]

• Developed India's first synthetic drug, methaqualone in 1950.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HlRCwAAQBAJ&q=indra+kacker&pg=PT1830 | title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society |editor= Sarah E. Boslaugh | access-date=May 23, 2016| isbn=9781506346182 | date=2015-09-15 | publisher=SAGE Publications }}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fl_iBQAAQBAJ&q=i%20k%20kacker&pg=PT188 | title=An Unfinished Agenda: My Life in the Pharmaceuticals Industry By K Anji Reddy | access-date=May 24, 2016| isbn=9789351189213 | last1=Reddy | first1=K. Anji | date=2015-01-15 | publisher=Penguin UK }}
• Developed Optical Glass at CGCRI[https://www.cgcri.res.in/ Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute] for defence purposes.
• Developed first Indian tractor Swaraj in 1967 completely based on indigenous know-how.{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindraswaraj.com/files/profile_history.htm |title=History |website=Mahindra Swaraj |date=2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130820054831/http://www.mahindraswaraj.com/files/profile_history.htm |archive-date=20 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
• Achieved the first breakthrough of flowering of Bamboo within weeks as against twenty years in nature.{{

Cite news

|last = Angier

|first = Natalie

|author-link = Natalie Angier

|date = March 22, 1990

|title = Bamboo Coaxed to Flower in Lab; Global Impact on the Crop Is Seen

|newspaper = The New York Times

|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/22/science/bamboo-coaxed-to-flower-in-lab-global-impact-on-the-crop-is-seen.html

|access-date = December 13, 2012

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130301030624/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/22/science/bamboo-coaxed-to-flower-in-lab-global-impact-on-the-crop-is-seen.html

|archive-date = 1 March 2013

|df = dmy-all

}}{{cite journal|title=Precocious flowering and seeding behaviour in tissue-cultured bamboos|first1=R. S.|last1=Nadgauda|first2=V. A.|last2=Parasharami|first3=A. F.|last3=Mascarenhas|date=22 March 1990|journal=Nature|volume=344|issue=6264|pages=335|doi=10.1038/344335a0|bibcode=1990Natur.344..335N |s2cid=4308334|df=dmy-all}}

• First to analyse genetic diversity of the indigenous Andamanese tribes and to establish their origin out of Africa 60,000 years ago.{{Cite journal|orig-year=21 January 2003|title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=86–93|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2|pmid=12546781|year=2003|last1=Thangaraj|first1=Kumarasamy|last2=Singh|first2=Lalji|last3=Reddy|first3=Alla G.|last4=Rao|first4=V.Raghavendra|last5=Sehgal|first5=Subhash C.|last6=Underhill|first6=Peter A.|last7=Pierson|first7=Melanie|last8=Frame|first8=Ian G.|last9=Hagelberg|first9=Erika|s2cid=12155496|doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13...86T }}
• In 1987, developed the most popular tractor of India, named as Sonalika, being manufactured by International Tractors Limited.
• Developed the first transgenic Drosophila model for drug screening for cancer in humans.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
• Invented, once a week non-steroidal family planning pill Saheli and non-steroidal herbal pill for asthma called Asmon.{{cite news|title=Showcasing the CSIR|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/08/stories/2003050801200200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616095946/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/08/stories/2003050801200200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|date=8 May 2003|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Thiruvananthapuram, India}}
• Designed India's first ever parallel processing computer, Flosolver.{{

cite web

|publisher = National Aerospace Laboratories, India

|year = 2008

|title = Flosolver Division

|url = http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/divisions/div08%2010.pdf

|work = Brief description of the history of the NAL Flosolver Division and its current work

|access-date = 2009-07-11

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081010075244/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/divisions/div08%2010.pdf

|archive-date = 10 October 2008

|df = dmy-all

}}

• Rejuvenated India's one-hundred-year-old refinery at Digboi using the most modern molecular distillation technology.{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/csir/External/Utilities/Frames/achievements/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=/csir/external/Heads/achievements/CSIRMilestones.htm|title=CSIR-Achievements|publisher=CSIR, India|access-date=20 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109214249/http://www.csir.res.in/csir/External/Utilities/Frames/achievements/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=%2Fcsir%2Fexternal%2FHeads%2Fachievements%2FCSIRMilestones.htm|archive-date=9 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}
• With TCS, developed a versatile portable PC-based software 'Bio-Suite' for bioinformatics.{{cite news|title=TCS bio-suite unveiled|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/07/15/stories/2004071502031900.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 July 2004|location=Hyderabad, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919081432/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/07/15/stories/2004071502031900.htm|archive-date=19 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}
• Design of 14 seater plane 'SARAS'.{{

cite web

|author = R. Guruprasad

|publisher = National Aerospace Laboratories, India

|year = 2004

|title = The Saga of Saras: Part 1

|url = http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/saga-main.pdf

|work = [PD IM 0407] History and details of the inception and development of Saras

|access-date = 2009-07-11

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081008204405/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/saga-main.pdf

|archive-date = 8 October 2008

|df = dmy-all

}}

• Established first ever in the world 'Traditional Knowledge Digital Library' accessible in five international languages, English, German, French, Japanese and Spanish.{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/09/23/stories/142339aq.htm|title=CSIR chief stress on non-patent literature database|date=23 September 2000|work=Business Line|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204063927/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/09/23/stories/142339aq.htm|archive-date=4 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}
• Successfully challenged the grant of patent in the US for use of haldi (turmeric) for wound healing and neem as insecticide.{{cite news |title=Biopiracy and traditional knowledge |url=http://www.hindu.com/folio/fo0105/01050380.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 May 2001 |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401122532/http://www.hindu.com/folio/fo0105/01050380.htm |archive-date=1 April 2014 }}
• In 2007, under the NMITLI program, began the study of Sepsivac, a drug for gram-negative sepsis.{{Cite web|title=Indian Researchers Plan Clinical Trials of Sepsis Drug Against New Coronavirus|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-csir-gram-negative-sepsis-sepsivac-clinical-trials/|last=Singh|first=Jyoti|date=2020-04-22|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-04}}
• In 2009, completed the sequencing of the Human Genome.[http://abclive.in/abclive_health/csir_human_genome_sequencing.html]{{Dead link|date=December 2012}}
• In 2011, successfully tested India's 1st indigenous civilian aircraft, NAL NM5 made in association with National Aerospace Laboratories and Mahindra Aerospace.
• In 2020, initiated clinical trials to evaluate Sepsivac's efficacy to reduce mortality rate in COVID-19 patients.

{{Main|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology}}

The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize was established by CSIR in 1958. The prize is named after the Founder Director Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar.

The nominees for the award are filtered out from the research categories of - Biological Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Earth Sciences, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary, Engineering, Mathematical Sciences, Medical Sciences & Physical Sciences.

The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize comes up with a Citation, a Plaque & a Cash Award of 5 Lakh Rupees with the addition of a stipend of ₹15,000/- per month (till the age of 65).

Every year, the Award Selection Committee of CSIR presents the award to maximum 2 individuals from each research category. As per the stats, the SSB Prize has been awarded to 525 individuals for their exemplary work in Science & Technology.

The candidates must be:

• Indian Nationality
• Overseas citizen of India (OCI) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) working in India
• The awardee must have made conspicuously important and outstanding contributions to human knowledge and progress – fundamental and applied – in the field of endeavour, which is his/her specialisation.
• Upper Age Limit – 45 years.

The above criteria help CSIR Committee to select the eligible candidates for the award but the selection will be based on the results of selection procedure which is conducted by the Advisory Committee of CSIR.

As of May 2024, there are 39 research laboratories, 39 outreach centres, 1 Innovation Complexes, and three units with a pan-India presence under CSIR in India.

18 journals and 3 popular science magazines (Science Reporter and its Hindi, Urdu editions) are available under open access from NOPR website.{{cite web |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/ |title=NISCAIR Online Periodicals Repository (NOPR) : Home |work=nopr.niscair.res.in |year=2015 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715142910/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/ |archive-date=15 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }}

{{Div col}}

• Forest Research Institute (India), Dehradun
• Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER)
• National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru
• National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
• Open access in India
• Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology
• Telecommunication Engineering Center, New Delhi

{{div col end}}

• Indian Council of Agricultural Research
• Indian Council of Medical Research

{{Reflist}}

• {{Official website}}

{{CSIR Labs}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research}}

Category:Scientific organisations based in India

Category:Executive branch of the government of India

Category:Organisations based in Delhi

Category:Organizations established in 1942

Category:1942 establishments in India