Bengaluru

The earliest known reference to the name "Bengalūru" was on a ninth-century hero stone or vīra gallu found in Begur. The Old Kannada inscription belonging to the Western Ganga dynasty mentions the place in a battle in 890 CE .{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old |date=20 August 2004 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=The Hindu }} However, Kempe Gowda I used the name of a village near Kodigehalli, to name the city as Bengaluru during its foundation in 1537 CE. Bangalore is an anglicised version of the city's Kannada name. The city was also referred to as "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City") and "Dēvarāyapattana" during the later Vijayanagara period in 16th century CE.{{cite news |first=K |last=Chandramouli |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |title=The city of boiled beans |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}

An apocryphal story states that the twelfth-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "Benda-Kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru".{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru |author=Vijesh Kamath |work=Deccan Herald |date=30 October 2006 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034243/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |archive-date=16 September 2012 }} Suryanath Kamath has hypothesised that the name was derived from benga, the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist deciduous trees that grows abundantly in the region. Other theories include that the city was called as "Venkaturu" because of the Venkataramana temples built by Kempe Gowda, and "Benacha kalluru" because of the abundance of quartz stones ("benacha kal" in Kannada) in the region.

On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka accepted a proposal by U. R. Ananthamurthy to officially rename the city from Bangalore to Bengaluru.{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangalore-to-be-renamed-Bengaluru/articleshow/1327370.cms |title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru |date=11 December 2005 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=live }} On 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike passed a resolution to implement the name change, and the government of Karnataka officially implemented the name change from 1 November 2014 after the Union government approved the request.{{cite news |title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=The Hindu }}{{cite news |title=It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=8 October 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020325/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}{{cite news |title=Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018035426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|History of Bengaluru}}

Stone Age artefacts discovered at Jalahalli, Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli on Bengaluru's outskirts indicate human settlement around 4000 BCE.{{cite news |first=T.S. |last=Ranganna |title=Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |date=27 October 2001 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053528/http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=The Hindu }}{{cite news |title=Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |date=11 October 2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-dates-from-4000-BC/articleshow/1449687816.cms |work=The Times of India | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }} Iron Age tools and burial mounds from around 800 BCE, have been found in Koramangala and Chikkajala. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, and Caligula found at Yeswanthpur and HAL indicate the involvement of the region in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans and other civilisations in the first century CE.

File:Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG was built around {{Circa|860}}, during the reign of the Western Ganga dynasty.]]

The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries CE, the region was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}} According to Edgar Thurston, twenty-eight kings ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Common Era until its conquest by the Cholas in the early eleventh century CE. The Western Gangas ruled as a sovereign power from 350 to 550 CE, and as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami, and later the Rashtrakutas until the tenth century.{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}} The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860 CE, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}{{harvnb|Sarma|1992|p=78}} Around 1004 CE, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I, and captured the region.{{cite book|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government|author=B. L. Rice|page=224}} During this period, the region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from the Southern Tamil speaking regions and other Kannada-speaking parts of the region. The Cholas built many temples in the region including the Chokkanathaswamy temple, Mukthi Natheshwara Temple, Choleshwara Temple, and Someshwara Temple.

In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended his rule over the region.{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |work=uchicago.edu |date=1908–1931 | access-date=16 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ | archive-date=16 December 2008 | url-status=live }} In the later part of the 13th century CE, Bengaluru was a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered the Hoysala held territory in the southern Tamil speaking regions. Veera Ballala appointed a civic head at Hudi (suburb of the city) to administer the region, and promoted the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala's death in 1343, the region came under Vijayanagara empire, which saw the rule of four consecutive dynasties – Sangamas (1336–1485), Saluvas (1485–1491), Tuluvas (1491–1565), and Aravidu (1565–1646).{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}} In the early 16th century CE, Achyuta Deva Raya built a dam across the Arkavati river near Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir was used to supply water to the region.{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}

File:Bangalore Fort.jpg in 1860 CE showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by Kempe Gowda I as a mud fort in 1537 CE.]]

The city proper was established in 1537 CE by Kempe Gowda I, a local governor and chieftain aligned with the Vijayanagara Empire under emperor Achyuta Deva Raya. He led a campaign against Gangaraja, whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi, and built a a mud-brick fort at the site, which later became the central part of the modern city of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "Gandubhūmi" ("Land of Heroes").{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |title=Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |last1=Misra |first1=Hemant |last2=Jayaraman |first2=Pavitra |newspaper=Mint |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201024/https://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/bangalore-bhath--first-city-e.html |url-status=live }} Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a pētē ({{IPA|kn|peːteː}}).{{cite web |last=Aruni |first=S. K. |date=2 January 2013 |title=A city that fell to the lure of trade |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627153953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |url-status=live }} The town had two main streets—Chikkapētē and Doddapētē, which intersected to form the Doddapētē Square in the heart of the town.{{cite news |title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru |work=The Economic Times |date=26 March 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102938/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }} Kempe Gowda also built the temple at Basavanagudi, and expanded other temples. He also constructed various tanks such as Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, and Sampangi for water storage.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |title=The bean city |first=S |last=Srinivas |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=22 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=The Hindu }} Vijayanagara literature refers to the city by various names such as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("auspicious city").{{Cite thesis |chapter=5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |page= |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |pages=34–35 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 CE in the Battle of Talikota, Kempe Gowda declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers to mark the boundary of the town.{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers |work=The Economic Times |date=27 October 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |url-status=live }} In 1638 CE, a Adil Shahi army led by Ranadulla Khan and Shahaji Bhonsle (father of Shivaji) defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the region became a jagir (feudal estate) of Shahaji. In 1639 CE, Shahaji ordered the reconstruction of the town and built large fortifications, and new reservoirs to solve the water shortage in the region. In 1687 CE, Mughal general Kasim Khan, under orders from Aurangzeb, defeated Ekoji I, the son of Shahaji, and leased the town to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704 CE), the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759 CE, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He built the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 CE.{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}} The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan, and the Lal Bagh garden was established around 1760 CE.{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 August 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163836/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |url-status=live }} During the period, the city developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.

File:Bangalore palace side view.jpg, built in 1887 in Tudor architectural style was modelled on Windsor Castle in England.{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}]]

The Bengaluru fort was captured by British forces under Charles Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and became the centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.{{cite book |title=The military engineer in India, vol I |last=Sandes |first=E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |isbn=978-1-84734-071-9 |pages=163–165}} Following Tipu's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799 CE), the Bengaluru pete was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore, whose administrative control remained with the Maharaja of Mysore. The city was further developed by the Maharaja of Mysore. The Residency of Mysore State, established in Mysore in 1799 was shifted to Bengaluru in 1804.{{cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The Resident arose with Tipu's fall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/the-resident-arose-with-tipus-fall/articleshow/7794922.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The Times of India }} It was abolished in 1843 before being revived in 1881 and served till the Indian independence in 1947.{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ |title=Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |work=Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}} The British found the city as an appropriate place to station its garrison and therefore it was moved in 1809 from Seringapatam to Ulsoor, about {{cvt|6|km|0}} northeast of the original pete. A town grew up around the surroundings by absorbing several villages in the area, and came to be known as Bengaluru cantonment. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the princely state of Mysore.{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}} Further developments such as the introduction of telegraph connections to other major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras in 1864, contributed to the economic growth of the city.{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Jyotirmoy |title=Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period |publisher=Pondicherry University |year=2012 |page=86 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053804/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}

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| image1 = Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg

| caption1 = A view of Bengaluru Pete during the 1890s

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| caption2 = A view of Bangalore Cantonment, {{Circa|1895}}

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In the late 19th century CE, Bengaluru was essentially composed of two cities, with the pete, whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British, whose residents were predominantly Tamils and English people.{{cite book|title=British Indian Picture Postcards in Bengaluru: Ephemeral Entanglements|author=Emily Stevenson|year=2023|isbn=978-1-00380-959-3|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=23}}{{cite thesis |chapter=8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |page=49 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }} Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment, which was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore, gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience. It had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the state of Mysore. The British developed the infrastructure of the city, widened roads, and established new settlements. The city was divided into eight wards in 1862, and was expanding. The first exclusive residential area was established in Chamarajpet in 1892, and a new wholesale market was established in Tharagupet in 1895.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=50}} The city was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak led to the improvement in sanitation facilities, and establishment of new communication lines to co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect, a health officer was appointed, and the city was divided into four wards for better co-ordination.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=51}}{{cite news |title=1898 plague revisited |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/1898-plague-revisited/articleshow/17248490.cms |work=The Times of India | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }} New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē.{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Jaypal |title=Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |work=Deccan Herald | access-date=8 September 2013 |date=26 March 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908211532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html | archive-date=8 September 2013 | url-status=live }}

File:Bangalore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg

In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity.{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=ElectriCity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |access-date=15 November 2011 |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121155127/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }} In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo, an offensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II, was devised in Bengaluru by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners.

{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |title=Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |access-date=1 October 2013 |first=Nirad |last=Mudur |author2=Hemanth CS |date=7 June 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213533/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }} Bengaluru's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the silver jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.{{cite book |last1=Basavaraja |first1=Kadati Reddera |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live }} Bengaluru played an important role during the Indian independence movement. Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here. In 1926, the labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}} In July 1928, there were notable communal disturbances in Bengaluru, like when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru.{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |first=Chandrasekhar |last=S. |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4 |page=135}} In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and Mumbai took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}

After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh (appointed governor).{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135 135] |isbn=978-0-203-40290-0 |quote=When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |url=https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135}} The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the Bengaluru City Corporation.{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237732/civic-bodies-yore-didnt-digress.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald }} The Government of Karnataka later constituted the Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}} Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of various public and private companies.|{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=53}}

File:UB City at night .jpg, a business district in Bengaluru, 2019]]

By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit. On 8 February 1981, a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92 people died, the majority of them children.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |title=Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |date=9 February 1981 |work=The New York Times | access-date=31 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202157/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=live }} Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments.{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Solomon |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |title=Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=April 2000 |pages=35–36 |access-date=11 June 2012 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200104 |s2cid=14335580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |doi-access=free|bibcode=2000EnUrb..12...35B }} Since the late 1980s, many information technology companies were set up in the city and by the end of the 20th century, Bengaluru had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India. The population has increased significantly due to migration from other parts for work, and the city has become the third most populous city in 2011.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |author=Vijaya B. Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=54 }} During the 21st century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in 2008, 2010, and 2013.{{cite news |title=8 blasts rock Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140201/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Bengaluru geography and environment}}

Bengaluru lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of {{cvt|900|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.{{cite web |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |title=Study area: Bangalore |work=Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |title=Ground water information booklet |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India |access-date=16 June 2012 |date=December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230107/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=live }}{{rp|8|date=December 2012}} The city covers an area of {{cvt|741|km2}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |title=Finance budget for 2007–08 |work=Government of Karnataka |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628141329/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2007 |url-status=dead}} The Bengaluru metropolitan region covers an area of {{cvt|7005|km2}} across three districts–Bengaluru urban, Bengaluru rural and Ramanagara. The Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, established in 1985, is responsible for the planning of the metropolitan region.{{cite web|url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en|title=Local planning areas|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415001847/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=District census handbook- Bangalore rural |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf |publisher=Directorate of census operations Karnataka| access-date=26 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114052450/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf| archive-date=14 November 2016| url-status=live}} The topography is generally flat, with the highest point at Doddabettahalli, located {{cvt|962|m|0}} above sea level on a ridge on the western part of the city. Towards the south, the terrain is uneven, with small hills and rocks made of granite and gneiss.

The soil in the city consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils.{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-date=20 March 2006 |title=Environmental impact analysis |work=Government of Karnataka |year=2006 | access-date=11 June 2012}} The vegetation in the eastern and northern parts consists of scrubs interspersed with various water bodies, and the southern hilly region consists of scrubs and forests. The city had a forest cover of 68.3% in the early 1970s, which reduced to less than 15% in the 2010s.{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/energy/water/paper/Green_Space_in_Bengaluru/results.html|title=Green space in Bengaluru|work=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 June 2024}} Trees are frequently felled to pave way for infrastructure development.{{cite news |title=Over 1 lakh trees cut to build roads in Karnataka in 4 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1-lakh-trees-cut-to-build-roads-in-karnataka-in-4-years/articleshow/90580162.cms |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=April 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608121344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1-lakh-trees-cut-to-build-roads-in-karnataka-in-4-years/articleshow/90580162.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=28 December 2019 |title=3,559 trees to be cut down in city for road, metro |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/3559-trees-to-be-cut-down-in-city-for-road-metro-789337.html |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608120655/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/3559-trees-to-be-cut-down-in-city-for-road-metro-789337.html |url-status=live }} Though the city has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced earthquakes of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the Richter scale.{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |title=The Rediff interview. Dr S K Srivastav, additional director general, Indian Meteorological Department |work=Rediff |date=30 January 2000 |first=Onkar |last=Singh |access-date=2 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214104533/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=live }}

File:BangaloreLake.jpg in north Bengaluru]]

There are no major rivers run in the city, though six rivers arise at the Nandi Hills, about {{cvt|60|km|0}} to the north.{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/green-living/saving-six-rivers/article6643274.ece|title=Saving six rivers|work=The Hindu|date=28 November 2014|access-date=1 June 2024}} The Vrishabhavathi, a tributary of Arkavathi flows through the city. Arkavathi, Dakshina Pinakini and its tributary Chinnar, and Suvarnamukhi rivers water the fringes of the city.{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lost-rivers-of-bengaluru/articleshow/91057112.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=Lost rivers of Bengaluru|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=25 April 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}} Most of these rivers are polluted, and depleted due to sewage from the city.{{cite news |author=Chethan Kumar |date=15 December 2021 |title=K'taka Dumps 1,746m Litres Sewage Into Rivers Each Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-dumps-1746m-litres-sewage-into-rivers-each-day/articleshow/88287378.cms |access-date=31 May 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-dumps-1746m-litres-sewage-into-rivers-each-day/articleshow/88287378.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news|date=11 March 2022 |title=Can Vrishabhavathi be Bengaluru's Thames? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/can-vrishabhavathi-be-bengalurus-thames-1090378.html |first1=Chiranjeevi |last1=Kulkarni |access-date=31 May 2022 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151309/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/can-vrishabhavathi-be-bengalurus-thames-1090378.html |archive-date=31 May 2022 }} Kaveri runs towards the southwest of the city, the water from which is used to cater to majority of the water requirements of the city.{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/Nov/07/heres-how-cauvery-water-reaches-homes-in-bengaluru-1535802.html|title=Here's how Cauvery water reaches homes in Bengaluru|date=7 November 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The New Indian Express}} The city has a considerable number of freshwater lakes and water tanks, most of which are seasonal and rain-fed. The city had 265 lakes in the 1960s, which shrunk to 98 by the late 2010s, and most of the city's lakes are polluted.{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/pubs/ETR/ETR75/area.html|title=Trees in Bengaluru|work=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite web |title=More than 90% of Bengaluru's lakes are polluted or encroached |url=http://scroll.in/article/804967/more-than-90-of-bengalurus-lakes-are-polluted-or-encroached |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524060714/https://scroll.in/article/804967/more-than-90-of-bengalurus-lakes-are-polluted-or-encroached |url-status=live }}{{cite web|date=10 April 2021|first=Naveen|last=Menezes|title=Bengaluru's lakes: The good, the bad, the very dirty|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bengalurus-lakes-the-good-the-bad-the-very-dirty/articleshow/81995420.cms|access-date=24 January 2022|work=Bangalore Mirror|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113846/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bengalurus-lakes-the-good-the-bad-the-very-dirty/articleshow/81995420.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=17 December 2021|title=Lakes of Bengaluru: Industrial effluents, raw sewage; stinky tale of Chandapura lake|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-industrial-effluents-pollution-chandrapura-lake-7633698/|access-date=24 January 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113843/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-industrial-effluents-pollution-chandrapura-lake-7633698/|url-status=live}} The government began revival and conservation efforts in 2020.{{cite news|title=Bengaluru plans revival of its old charm, to revive 25 lakes|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/28/bengaluru-plans-to-revive-25-lakes.html|access-date=24 January 2022|work=OnManorama|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113846/https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/28/bengaluru-plans-to-revive-25-lakes.html|url-status=live}} Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments, and are extracted through open wells.

Bengaluru has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bengaluru usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |title=Rise in temperature 'unusual' for Bangalore |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=18 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035132/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=The Hindu }} The dry season extends from December to February followed by the summer season from March to May. The monsoon brings most of the rainfall from June to September, followed by a post-monsoon season in October and November. April is the hottest month with an average high of {{cvt|34.1|°C}}, and January is the coolest month with an average low temperature of {{cvt|15.1|°C}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm |title=Bangalore |publisher=India Meteorological Department | access-date=7 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708113015/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm | archive-date=8 July 2007 | url-status=dead}} The highest temperature ever recorded in Bengaluru was {{cvt|39.2|°C|0}}, recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with the strong El Niño in that year.{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article8516533.ece |title=Bengaluru records highest temperature since 1931 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610084124/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article14255317.ece |url-status=live }} The lowest ever recorded is {{cvt|7.8|°C|0}} in January 1884.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm |date=10 May 2006 |title=Set up rain gauges in areas prone to flooding |first=Vidyashree |last=Amaresh | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216110551/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm | archive-date=16 December 2007 | url-status=dead |newspaper=The Hindu }}{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 December 2006 |title=Bangalore weather back again |author=Ashwini Y.S. | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204091959/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead}} Winter temperatures rarely drop below {{cvt|14|°C}}, and summer temperatures seldom exceed {{cvt|36|°C}}. Bengaluru receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons, and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August. The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding, such as in 2022.{{Cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nivedita |last2=Mandayam |first2=Nandan |date=6 September 2022 |title=India's Bengaluru hit by flooding, traffic snarls after heavy rain |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bengaluru-hit-by-flooding-traffic-snarls-after-heavy-rain-2022-09-05/ |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909053434/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bengaluru-hit-by-flooding-traffic-snarls-after-heavy-rain-2022-09-05/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=12 September 2022 |title=Bengaluru floods: How families struggled to find help as India's IT capital drowned |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62849937 |access-date=12 September 2022}}{{cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Heavy rain brings Bengaluru to its knees |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/heavy-rain-brings-bengaluru-to-its-knees/article65854264.ece |access-date=12 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}} Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent.{{cite web |title=Global monitoring precipitation |url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |work=PC |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225922/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}} The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{cvt|179|mm|in|0}} recorded on 1 October 1997.{{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |work=Frontline |date=5 November 2005 |title=Bangalore's woes |first=Ravi |last=Sharma |access-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220184237/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |archive-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}

{{Bengaluru Weather box}}

{{Historical populations

| title= Population growth

| state= collapsed

| 1941| 406760

| 1951| 778977

| 1961| 1207000

| 1971| 1654000

| 1981| 2922000

| 1991| 4130000

| 2001| 5101000

| 2011| 8425970

| estimate=

| estyear=

| estref=

| source= Census of India{{cite report |title=A-04 : Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I (population of 100,000 and above) |work=2011 Census of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305025821/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |archive-date=5 March 2023 | url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2023 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date=29 November 2011 | work=2011 Census of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 | url-status=live }}}}

As per the 2011 census, Bengaluru had a population of 8,443,675, which made it the third most populous city in India, and the largest in South India. The urban agglomeration was home to 8,499,399 people, and was the fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India.{{cite web |title=Bangalore Population Sex Ratio in Bangalore Literacy rate Bangalore |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |work=2011 Census of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126061217/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |archive-date=26 January 2017}}{{cite report |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |work=2011 Census of India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }} As per a 2016 estimate, the urban agglomeration had a population of about 10.45 million.{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |work=United Nations |access-date=4 March 2017 |page=4 |date=October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112211410/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2017 |url-status=live}} The city was amongst the fastest growing cities in the last two decades, with the population increasing substantially due to migration from rest of the country.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=60}} About 13.2% of the population belonged to scheduled castes, and scheduled tribes.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/study-reveals-caste-based-segregation-in-bengaluru/article26039905.ece|title=Study reveals caste based segregation in Bengaluru|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=1 June 2024}} Residents of Bengaluru are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discover-the-secret-of-bangaloreans-adaptability-and-gentility-amidst-varied-cultures-and-immigrants-shoba-narayan-101681326198550.html|title=How to spot a Bangalorean|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 April 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515110215/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discover-the-secret-of-bangaloreans-adaptability-and-gentility-amidst-varied-cultures-and-immigrants-shoba-narayan-101681326198550.html|url-status=live}} and Bengaloorinavaru in Kannada.{{cite news |last=Deepika |first=K.C. |date=9 February 2019 |title=Silicon binaries: language, culture and identity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/silicon-binaries-language-culture-and-identity/article26225844.ece |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=The Hindu}}{{cite web|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/the-silicon-valley-of-india|title=Silicon valley of India|work=Isha yoga|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208132302/https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/the-silicon-valley-of-india|url-status=live}}

There are about 597 slums in the city, housing roughly 16% of the city's population.{{cite web|url=https://ksdb.karnataka.gov.in/page/Slums/Abstract+Details+Of+Slums/en|title=Details of slumbs|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225140451/https://ksdb.karnataka.gov.in/page/Slums/Abstract+Details+Of+Slums/en|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/slums-in-the-bengaluru-still-stuck-in-a-vicious-circle-of-poverty-experts/articleshow/87629188.cms|title=Slums in the Bengaluru still stuck in a vicious circle of poverty|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626194453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/slums-in-the-bengaluru-still-stuck-in-a-vicious-circle-of-poverty-experts/articleshow/87629188.cms|url-status=live}} The city had a gini index of 0.64, indicating significant inequality.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/study-tracks-how-bengaluru-slums-follow-caste-patterns-1218592.html|title=Study tracks how Bengaluru slums follow caste patterns|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=15 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}} Various studies have also indicated various inequalities in the infrastructure development across different parts of the city, and other urbanisation problems such as mass displacements, proliferation of slums, and public health crisis due to water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |last2=Ong |first2=Aihwa |title=Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global |chapter=Speculating on the Next World City |volume=42 |edition=illustrated |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4678-7}} In the Ease of Living Index 2020 published by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, the city was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=4 March 2021 |title=Ease of Living Index: Bengaluru is the best city to live in India, Pune next |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304082244/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=live Mint }}

{{bar box

| title=Religion in Bengaluru (2011)

| titlebar=#Fcd116

| left1=Religion

| right1=Percent

| float=right

| bars=

{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|78.87}}

{{bar percent|Islam|green|13.90}}

{{bar percent|Christianity|dodgerblue|5.61}}

{{bar percent|Jainism|pink|0.97}}

{{bar percent|Sikhism| darkkhaki|0.15}}

{{bar percent|Buddhism|gold|0.06}}

{{bar percent|Others|black|0.44}}

}}

According to the 2011 census, Hinduism is the major religion with 78.9% of adherents. Muslims comprisd 13.9% of the population, with Christians and Jains accounting for 5.4% and 1.0% of the population, respectively.{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622053823/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }} Muslims in the city consist of Dakhini and Urdu-speaking Muslims, Kutchi Memons, Labbay, and Mappilas.{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |last2=Jaffrelot |first2=Christophe |title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |edition=illustrated |publisher=Hurst Publishers |year=2012 |page=290 |isbn=978-1-84904-176-8}} Christians in Bengaluru include Roman Catholics including Tamil Christians, Mangalorean Catholics, Kannadiga Christians, Malayali Syrian Christians, Protestants, and Northeast Indian Christians.{{cite web |last1=Crossette |first1=Barbara |title=Bangalore Journal; Christians Revel in Conversion Back to Indianness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 January 1990 |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605081134/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Hefner |first1=Robert W. |title=Global Pentecostalism in the 21st Century |date=2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01094-0 |pages=194–222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bHHAAAAQBAJ&q=prominent+christian+denominations+in+bangalore&pg=PA194 }}{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Christopher |title=In the Indian rector's murder, the 'why' matters as much as the 'who' |url=http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |date=31 March 2014 |work=UCA News |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409060525/http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=live }}

Apart from the Kannadigas native to the region, Tamils, Telugus and Deccanis, form a significant population of the city.{{cite web |first=G N |last=Prashanth |title=A melting pot that welcomes all |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502011608/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 September 2013}}{{cite web |first=Deepika |last=Sarma |title=Building blocks of one of the city's largest communities |date=4 October 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=9 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074349/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|pp=100–102|loc=The Settlement of Tamil-Speaking Groups in Bangalore|Ref=Sri2004}} In the 16th century, Tamil speakers, who also spoke Kannada, settled in the region for business.{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=5|Ref=Sri2004}} Telugus came to the city on invitation of the Mysore royalty.{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back... |access-date=9 September 2013 |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060736/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |work=The Hindu }} Since the late 20th century, there has been a steady migration of people from other states for study and work.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |title=Kannadigas assured of all support |date=23 July 2004 |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630035953/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |archive-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |newspaper=The Hindu }} About 90% of the migrants came from the South Indian states, with the number of migrants from other parts of India increasing over the last few decades of the 20th century. Majority of the migration from non-South Indians states included Maharashtrians, Punjabis, Rajasthanis, Gujaratis, Bengalis, and from Uttar Pradesh. Migrant communities from within the state include Tuluvas and Konkanis of coastal Karnataka, and Kodavas from the state's Kodagu district. The city also had an Anglo-Indian population of about 10,000 people in 2006.{{cite news |author1=M. V. Chandrasekhar |author2=Sahana Charan |title=They are now part of city's unique social mix |date=23 December 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060916/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |work=The Hindu }}

{{bar box

| title= Pop. by mother tongue in Bengaluru (2011)

| titlebar=#Fcd116

| left1=Language

| right1=Percent

| float=right

| bars=

{{bar percent|Kannada|darkslateblue|42.05}}

{{bar percent|Tamil|red|16.34}}

{{bar percent|Telugu|blue|13.73}}

{{bar percent|Urdu|green|13.00}}

{{bar percent|Hindi|orange|4.64}}

{{bar percent|Others|grey|10.24}}

}}

As per the 2011 census, Kannada is the mother tongue of 42.1% of the city's population with 3,574,226 speakers, which is the official language of the state{{cite web|url=https://summalinguae.com/language-culture/bangalore-languages/|title=Bangalore languages|work=Summalinguae|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524133834/https://summalinguae.com/language-culture/bangalore-languages/|url-status=live}} – followed by Tamil (1,388,305) Telugu (1,166,338), Urdu (1,104,124), Hindi (476,673), Malayalam (268,780), and Marathi (174,451). Other languages with a sizeable numbers of speakers include Konkani, Bengali, Marwari, Tulu, Odia, Gujarati, Kodagu, Punjabi, Lambadi, Sindhi and Nepali.{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Karnataka|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622053806/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|url-status=live}} Bengaluru Kannada is the local dialect of Kannada spoken in the region.{{cite web|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Kannada/Kan_vari.html|title=Kannada language variation|work=Central Institute of Indian Languages|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Keith |last2=Ogilvie |first2=Sarah |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |edition=revised |publisher=Elsevier |year=2010 |page=577 |isbn=978-0-080-87775-4}} English is widely spoken by white-collar workers and is the principal business language.{{cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=Jennifer |title=Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia |edition=illustrated, reprint, annotated |publisher=NUS Press |year=2006 |page=52 |isbn=978-9-971-69339-8}} With a diverse population speaking multiple languages, the city has often seen controversies and issues with respect to the usage of English and other vernacular languages. In 2023, the government mandated the usage of Kannada in the sign boards of all businesses, which led to protests.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67889621|title=Bengaluru: Why English is dividing people in India's Silicon Valley|work=BBC News|date=12 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605022141/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67889621|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-behind-the-60-per-cent-kannada-signboard-controversy-in-bengaluru-624335.html|title=What Is Behind The 60 Per Cent Kannada Signboard Controversy In Bengaluru?|work=India Times|date=28 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522062531/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-behind-the-60-per-cent-kannada-signboard-controversy-in-bengaluru-624335.html|url-status=live}} There have also been court cases, protests, and diverse public opinion on the usage of different languages in the city.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/signs-of-bengalurus-language-conundrum/article67704977.ece|title=Signs of Bengaluru's language conundrum|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2024|access-date=10 August 2024|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527164920/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/signs-of-bengalurus-language-conundrum/article67704977.ece|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-hc-says-it-cant-tell-govt-to-use-only-kannada-discard-english-dismisses-pil/articleshow/111501017.cms|title=Karnataka High Court dismisses PIL seeking direction to use Kannada|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024}}

File:The Municipal Offices Building, Bangalore.jpg, in the early 20th century]]

Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) is the administrative authority of the city and its suburbs, covering an area of {{cvt|1400|km2}}.{{cite news|date=14 May 2025|title=BBMP's era ends, Greater Bengaluru Authority to begin from May 15 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bbmps-era-ends-greater-bengaluru-authority-to-begin-from-may-15|access-date=18 May 2025|work=The News Minute}} The Bangalore Municipal Board was established on 27 March 1862, with a separate board formed later to manage the cantonment area of the city. In 1881, these were organized into Bangalore city municipality and Bangalore civil and military station municipality respectively. The two municipalities were merged in 1949, into a single municipal corporation with 70 members. In 2007, BBMP was established by merging the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with seven neighbouring city municipal councils, one town municipal council and 111 village panchayats around the city.{{cite web |title=About BBMP |url=https://blrsmartcity.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+Us/About+BBMP/en |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=Government of Karnataka}} The GBA was established in May 2025, replacing the BBMP. The erstwhile Bengaluru corporation covered an area {{cvt|741|km2}}, divided into ten zones covering 223 wards.{{cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=BBMP ward delimitation maps posted on website |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-ward-delimitation-maps-posted-on-website/articleshow/104096646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-ward-delimitation-maps-posted-on-website/articleshow/104096646.cms |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |newspaper=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} The corporation was headed by a mayor, elected by the councillors, who were elected through a popular vote by the residents.{{cite news |date=4 April 2010 |title=BBMP election result by 2 pm |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409054108/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |archive-date=9 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}} The municipal commissioner was responsible for daily administration.{{cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=New BBMP chief commissioner inspects infrastructure projects |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607085320/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}

The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) was established in 1976, and is the nodal agency responsible for the planning and development of the city.{{cite news |date=19 July 2006 |title=Assembly re-adopts Bill on BDA Act |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/19/stories/2006071907880400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615054417/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/19/stories/2006071907880400.htm |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=1 June 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu}} The BDA works in conjunction with local government and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects in the city.{{cite news |title=The Bruhat Journey |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053750/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India}} The Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, established in 1985, is responsible for the planning of the metropolitan region.{{cite web |title=Local planning areas |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415001847/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=Government of Karnataka}} As the capital of the state of Karntaka, the city houses the state executive and legislative headquarters in the Vidhana Soudha,{{cite news |last=B. |first=Madhumitha |date=31 October 2010 |title=Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105203919/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093 |archive-date=5 November 2010 |access-date=11 November 2010 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}} state ministries at Vikasa Soudha,{{cite news |date=30 November 2017 |title=13-yr-old Vikasa Soudha gets into 'heritage list' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/13-yr-old-vikasa-soudha-gets-into-heritage-list/articleshow/61855518.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204205240/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/13-yr-old-vikasa-soudha-gets-into-heritage-list/articleshow/61855518.cms |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}{{cite news |title=15 years on, netas still see Vikasa as the lesser Soudha, insist on Vidhana office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/15/15-yrs-on-netas-still-see-vikasa-as-the-lesser-soudha-insist-on-vidhana-office-2103607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204205238/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/15/15-yrs-on-netas-still-see-vikasa-as-the-lesser-soudha-insist-on-vidhana-office-2103607.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}} and the residence of the Governor at Raj Bhavan.{{cite web |title=Raj Bhavan |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/raj-bhavan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521040709/https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/raj-bhavan/ |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=Karnataka Tourism}}

File:High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg in Bengaluru is the highest judicial body in the state.]]

Karnataka High Court in Bengaluru is the highest judicial authority in the state, and manages a series of sub-ordinate civil and criminal courts.{{cite web |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/newwebsite/org_str.php |title=Karnataka High Court |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208131019/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/newwebsite/org_str.php |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/contactus.php |title=About Karnataka High Court |work=Karnataka High Court |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204045142/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/contactus.php |url-status=live }} The Bengaluru City Police (BCP) is the primary law enforcement agency in the city and is headed by a commissioner of police.{{cite news |date=16 May 2022 |title=Karnataka: Pratap Reddy appointed new Bengaluru city police commissioner, replaces Kamal Pant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-pratap-reddy-appointed-new-bengaluru-city-police-commissioner-replaces-kamal-pant-7920729/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620142231/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-pratap-reddy-appointed-new-bengaluru-city-police-commissioner-replaces-kamal-pant-7920729/ |url-status=live }} The city is divided into eight zones, each of which is headed by an assistant commissioner.{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/6/overview/en|title=Bangalore city police|work=Bengaluru City Police|access-date=17 December 2023}} There are separate crime, intelligence, and administration wings of the police.{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/43/organisation-chart/en|title=Organization chart, Bangalore city police|work=Bengaluru City Police|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162459/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/43/organisation-chart/en|url-status=live}} The police also operate special and armed units.{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/11/city-armed-reserve-%28c-a-r%29/en|title=City armed reserve|work=Bengaluru City Police|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162459/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/11/city-armed-reserve-%28c-a-r%29/en|url-status=live}} {{As of|February 2024}}, the city police consisted of 18,308 civilian police working across 113 police stations, and 6,999 armed reserve personnel. The city had 191 cops per hundred thousand people, well below the United Nations standard of 673.{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Feb/18/bengaluru-staff-shortage-acute-in-city-says-top-cop|title=Bengaluru: Staff shortage acute in city, says top cop|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=18 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219052142/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Feb/18/bengaluru-staff-shortage-acute-in-city-says-top-cop|url-status=live}} Bengaluru City Traffic Police (BCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city.{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/bangalore/30666270_1_seat-belts-front-seats-city-traffic-police |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/bangalore/30666270_1_seat-belts-front-seats-city-traffic-police |url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |title=Fasten your seat belts from Feb 1 }} The traffic police operates 48 stations across three zones, each of which is headed by a joint commissioner.{{cite web |url=https://btp.gov.in/Aboutus.aspx |title=Aout us, Bangalore City Traffic Police |work=Bengaluru City Traffic Police |access-date=15 March 2023}} {{As of|2021}}, the crime rate in the city was 27.2 per hundred thousand people.{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/with-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data/812708|title=With 2nd rank, Chennai at Delhi's heels in crime rate among major Indian metro cities, reveals NCRB data|date=16 September 2021|work=Times Now|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208094839/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/with-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data/812708|url-status=live}} The Bangalore Central Prison located at Parappana Agrahara, was established in 1997, and is the major prison in the city.{{cite news|last1=Sarangi|first1=Debi Prasad|title=Bangalore jail: An island of the unwanted|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/86904/bangalore-jail-island-unwanted.html|access-date=1 November 2016|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=8 August 2010|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234131/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/86904/bangalore-jail-island-unwanted.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Parappana Agrahara jail: Jailbreak waiting to happen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Parappana-Agrahara-jail-Jailbreak-waiting-to-happen/articleshow/22217692.cms|access-date=1 November 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 September 2013}}

File:Vikasa Souda - June 2019.jpg houses multiple state ministries]]

The major part of the city falls under four parliamentary constituencies–Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Central, Bangalore North, and Bangalore South.{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014}} The city elects 28 MLAs to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.{{cite news |first=S. |last=Rajendran |title=Power of the city |date=19 April 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053415/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }} The politics of the city and the state have been dominated by the two national parties–Indian National Congress, and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Contrary to other major South Indian cities, there are no major regional parties with a considerable influence in the region, with only Janata Dal (Secular) (JDS) having some influence.{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/karnataka-politics-dravidian-congress-bjp-jds-minorities-backward-classes-dalits/article68311543.ece|title=Karnataka: The southern outlier|work=Frontline|date=22 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625015326/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/karnataka-politics-dravidian-congress-bjp-jds-minorities-backward-classes-dalits/article68311543.ece|url-status=live}} In the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, the BJP won 15 seats, and the Congress won 13 seats in the city.{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 winners list: Who won it for Congress, BJP, JD(S)? Full list of victorious candidates|work=Live Mint|date=14 May 2023|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624170809/https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|url-status=live}} In the 2024 Indian general elections, the BJP won all the four Lok Sabha seats in the city.{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/bangalore-karnataka-election-results-2024-karnataka-general-election-live-news-updates-bangalore-south-tejasvi-surya-11717228036343.html|title=Bangalore, Karnataka Election Results 2024: Tejasvi Surya defeats Sowmya Reddy; BJP wins all 4 seats|work=Live Mint|date=4 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604122520/https://www.livemint.com/elections/bangalore-karnataka-election-results-2024-karnataka-general-election-live-news-updates-bangalore-south-tejasvi-surya-11717228036343.html|url-status=live}} The last elections to the BBMP was held in 2015, in which the BJP won 100 seats, and the Congress won 76 seats. The Congress held the mayor post with the support of the JDS till 2019, after which the BJP captured power when the JDS switched its allegiance.{{cite news |title=Sampath Raj is city's new Mayor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929063904/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjps-gowtham-kumar-becomes-bengaluru-mayor/article29565161.ece|title=BJP's Gowtham Kumar becomes Bengaluru Mayor|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208151106/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjps-gowtham-kumar-becomes-bengaluru-mayor/article29565161.ece|url-status=live}} In 2020, the term of the council ended, and with no elections had since been conducted till 2024, the BBMP is managed by a government appointed administrator.{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78043069.cms?from=mdr |title=Term of BBMP council ends; govt appoints Gaurav Gupta as administrator |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220809/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78043069.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-marks-longest-period-without-elected-council-3183534|title=BBMP marks longest period without elected council|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=9 September 2024|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910140605/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-marks-longest-period-without-elected-council-3183534|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Culture of Bengaluru}}

File:Demon_Yakshagana.jpg, a theatre art of coastal Karnataka, played in the city]]

Bengaluru is a major centre of Indian classical music and dance.{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Nirmala |title=Dance and Music is part of our culture |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/In+the+city/1/13928.html |access-date=17 June 2012 |work=India Today |date=27 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529024740/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/In+the+city/1/13928.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live }} The cultural scene features a diverse set of music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of Carnatic and Hindustani music, and dance forms like Bharat Natyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Kathak, and Odissi are popular in the city.{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=34–35|Ref=bm}} Yakshagana, a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls.

{{cite news |first=Sharath M. |last=Sharma |title=It's Yakshagana season |date=22 August 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921080008/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }} The two main music seasons include April–May during Ram Navami, and September–October during Dusshera, when majority of the music activities are organised by various cultural organisations. Rock music is popular in the urban parts of the city, and the city has its own subgenre of rock, "Bangalore Rock", an amalgamation of classic rock, hard rock and heavy metal, and some jazz and blues.{{cite web |title=You know music is in Bangalore's DNA, bands tell why |date=24 December 2011 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why |work=DNA | access-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925075622/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why | archive-date=25 September 2013 | url-status=live }} The city is home to several Indian bands, and is referred to as "Pub Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene.{{sfn|Plunkett|2001|p=124}}

File:National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art_-_NGMA_-_Bangalore_6643.JPG in Bengaluru]]

Several art galleries including the government-established National Gallery of Modern Art emerged in the 1990s.{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |title=Bangalore rebooted |access-date=12 September 2013 |last=Narayan |first=Shobha |date=14 May 2012 |work=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001094107/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=live }} The Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath showcases a collection of painting, sculptures, and various other forms of art.{{cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=12 May 2016 |title=Chitrakala Parishath: An art haven like no other |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322022802/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=22 September 2021 |title=Covid threat gone, Crowds return to Bengaluru's Chitrakala Parishath |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/covid-threat-gone-crowds-return-to-bengalurus-chitrakala-parishath-1032947.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922192234/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/covid-threat-gone-crowds-return-to-bengalurus-chitrakala-parishath-1032947.html |url-status=live }} The Indian Cartoon Gallery organised by the Indian Institute of Cartoonists, conducts periodic cartoon exhibitions.{{cite web|url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2|title=Doodle-Do Listing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015615/http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=31 December 2016 |access-date=1 June 2017}} "Art Bangalore" is an international art festival, held annually in the city since 2010.{{cite web |title=Bangalore has a heart for art |date=17 August 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Bangalore-has-a-heart-for-art/articleshow/21860900.cms |work=The Times of India | access-date=12 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/people/41419943_1_17-galleries-art-bengaluru-uzma-irfan | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }} Kannada Sahitya Parishat is a nonprofit organisation headquartered in Bengaluru that promotes the Kannada language and literature.{{cite web |first=K. |last=Chandramouli |title=Lyrical land |date=26 September 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm |work=The Hindu | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108175645/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm | archive-date=8 November 2012 | url-status=live }} The "Bangalore Literature Festival" is an annual literary event organised since 2012.{{cite news |title=History, they wrote at Bangalore Literature fest |date=12 August 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest |work=Deccan Chronicle | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921083725/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }} Karnataka Rajyotsava, which marks the formation of Karnataka state on 1 November 1956, is celebrated on the same day annually and is a public holiday in the city.{{cite news|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html|title=Kannadigas celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava on Nov 1|work=One India|date=1 November 2010|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103041840/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/|title=Rajyotsava Day|work=Festivals of India|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702041351/https://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/|url-status=live}} Bengaluru is a major center of the Kannada film industry, which released 224 Kannada feature films in 2018.{{cite web |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=9 December 2018 |title=Kannada films set new record with 224 releases, but that's where the good news ends |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-set-new-record-with-224-releases-but-its-not-all-good-news/article25704344.ece |access-date=1 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701143536/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-set-new-record-with-224-releases-but-its-not-all-good-news/article25704344.ece |url-status=live }} Art theatres that stages English and Kannada language plays in the city include Chowdiah Memorial Hall, Ranga Shankara, and Ravindra Kalakshetra.{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |title=An experience called 'Ranga Shankara' |last1=Murali |first1=Janaki |date=10 September 2007 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194402/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |archive-date=29 October 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |title=Ravindra Kalakshetra |work=Bangalore Orbit |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313171703/http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |archive-date=13 March 2012}} British Council, Alliance Française de Bangalore, and Max Müller Bhavan also organise foreign language plays including those of drama companies that tour India.{{harvnb|Raman|1994|p=37|Ref=bm}}{{cite web|title=Our Mission|work=Alliance française de Bangalore|url=https://bangalore.afindia.org/culture/our-mission/|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117141850/https://bangalore.afindia.org/culture/our-mission/|url-status=live}}

Bengaluru has diverse food options including South Indian, North Indian, Chinese, and western fast food.{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |title=Explore the continent |date=11 June 2007 |work=The Hindu |access-date=16 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226020700/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |archive-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |title=International cuisine pushes retailers' margins |author=Anand, Swati |date=8 January 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517155529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live }} Popular vegetarian dishes include masala dosa, paneer biryani, and paneer butter masala.{{cite news |date=7 September 2024 |title=Bengaluru bites: How city is embracing vegetarian and plant-based foods |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-bites-how-the-city-is-embracing-vegetarian-and-plant-based-foods/articleshow/113147071.cms |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} Udupi cuisine restaurants are popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |title=Breakfast in Bangalore |author=Malhotra, Samil |date=16 June 2012 |work=Business Standard |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050426/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live }} Mavalli Tiffin Room, known for its Karnataka-style vegetarian food, was opened in 1924 and vegetarian tiffin restaurant Vidyarthi Bhavan opened in 1943.{{cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Is Bengaluru India's most exciting city for vegetarians? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/is-bengaluru-indias-most-exciting-city-for-vegetarians |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=National Geographic Travel }}{{cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=31 May 2018 |title=Bengaluru's iconic Vidyarthi Bhavan turns 75 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/setting-the-table/article24047034.ece |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}} Since the late 1980s, many vegetarian self-service darshinis operate in the city. The city also has multiple vegan restaurants, and vegan advocacy groups, and has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by PETA India.{{cite news |date=29 September 2014 |title=Bangalore most 'vegan-friendly' city |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005128/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |archive-date=5 February 2016 }}{{cite news |title=Bangalore most vegan-friendly city in India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820052435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2014 }}

Bangalore Karaga or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is a festival dedicated to the Hindu goddess Draupadi, and celebrated annually by the Thigala community over a period of nine days in March or April.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |work=The Hindu|title=Bangalore Karaga |date=2 April 2007 |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027095955/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |archive-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article§id=10&contentid=200904212009042100394852e56efa0a§xslt=&pageno=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707213004/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article§id=10&contentid=200904212009042100394852e56efa0a§xslt=&pageno=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2011|work=Bangalore Mirror |date=21 April 2009 |title= Woman power at Karaga|access-date=14 July 2009 }} The Someshwara Car festival is held annually in April, when the idol of the Halasuru Someshwara Temple is taken for a procession on a flower chariot.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ulsoors-poo-pallaki-begins-on-saturday/article5944528.ece|title=Ulsoor's 'Poo Pallaki' begins on Saturday|date=21 May 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213103456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ulsoors-poo-pallaki-begins-on-saturday/article5944528.ece|url-status=live}} Other popular festivals include Ugadi, Ram Navami, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, St. Mary's feast, Dasara, Deepawali and Christmas.{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=42–45|Ref=bm}}

{{Main|Economy of Bengaluru}}

File:UB Tower Bangalore.jpg in the Bengaluru Central Business District]]

Bengaluru is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India.{{cite news|last=Kotkin|first=Joel|date=10 July 2010|title=The World's Fastest-Growing Cities|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309160030/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|archive-date=9 March 2012|work=Forbes}}{{cite news |date=23 January 2020 |title=Bengaluru to be world's fastest growing city: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-to-be-world-s-fastest-growing-city-report-797359.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=The Deccan Herald |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130650/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-to-be-world-s-fastest-growing-city-report-797359.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Husain |first=Mudassir |date=12 May 2019 |title=Bengaluru's growth story |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bengalurus-growth-story/article27102964.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626020658/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bengalurus-growth-story/article27102964.ece |url-status=live }} {{As of|2023}}, Bengaluru metropolitan area had an estimated GDP of $359.9 billion, ranking it among the most productive metro areas in India.{{cite web|date=22 January 2015|title=Global city GDP 2014|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=4 March 2017|publisher=Brookings Institution}}{{cite journal |last=Broder |first=Jonathan |date=5 October 2018 |title=Can it maintain strong economic growth? |url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030813/http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |journal=India Today:CQR |publisher=Sage Publications |doi=10.4135/cqresrre20181005 |s2cid=267331042 |id=cqresrre2018100500}} According to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Bengaluru is amongst the most integrated with the global economy, classified as an alpha-city.{{cite web|title=The World According to GaWC 2020|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html|access-date=31 July 2022|work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112616/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html|url-status=live}} The city contributes to nearly one-third of the state GSDP, and has a diversified industrial base dependent on services (39.5% contribution to GDP), manufacturing (36%), and agriculture (2.3%).{{cite web|title=Manufacturing cities: the planning, building, and governing of industrial infrastructure in the Bangalore metropolitan region|url=https://www.peak-urban.org/project/manufacturing-cities-planning-building-and-governing-industrial-infrastructure-bangalore|access-date=27 January 2022|work=Peak-urban|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127104941/https://www.peak-urban.org/project/manufacturing-cities-planning-building-and-governing-industrial-infrastructure-bangalore|url-status=live}}{{cite report|url=https://industries.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/DISTRICT%20PROFILE-BANGALORE%20URBAN.pdf|title=District profile, Bengaluru urban|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024}} Bengaluru has the country's fourth largest fast-moving consumer goods market.{{cite news|url=http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm|title=Bangalore most affluent market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307113339/http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm|archive-date=7 March 2008|work=Rediffdate=23 August 2006|access-date=1 June 2007}} The city also has the third highest number of high-net-worth individuals in India.{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms|title=Bangalore third richest city in country|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430232332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms|archive-date=30 April 2007|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 April 2007|access-date=1 June 2007}} Major industrial sectors include information technology, automobiles, aerospace, textiles, heavy machinery, biotechnology, electronics, and communication, agriculture, and food processing.{{cite web|date=22 March 2019|title=Bengaluru: Economy, Industries, and Infrastructure|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|access-date=24 August 2021|work=India Briefing News|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816124844/https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|url-status=live}} The industrial clusters are spread across the city and its suburbs.{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalore Rural District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Rural.pdf|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123855/https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Rural.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalore District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Urban.pdf|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=25 October 2021|work=Government of Karnataka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025154733/https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Urban.pdf|url-status=live}} {{As of|2016}}, the city had more than 75,000 industries including more than 2,000 information technology companies. It hosted 87 Fortune 500 companies, the fifth highest number amongst the cities in India.{{cite news|title=Bengaluru has become the hotspot for Fortune 500 giants, global companies to set up innovation centres|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/bengaluru-has-become-the-hotspot-for-fortune-500-giants-global-companies-to-set-up-innovation-centres/articleshow/52567790.cms|access-date=16 August 2021|newspaper=Business Insider}}

File:World Trade Center Banglore (cropped).jpg at Bengaluru]]

Bengaluru is a major center for information technology (IT), and is consistently ranked amongst the world's fastest growing technology hubs.

{{cite news|title=Bengaluru world's fastest growing tech hub, London second: Report|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80263653.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123852/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80263653.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Bangalore keeps its crown as India's high-growth tech hub|url=https://www.ft.com/content/022aa805-3699-4bac-a845-81c95d015bc2|access-date=27 June 2022|newspaper=Financial Times|date=7 April 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627145035/https://www.ft.com/content/022aa805-3699-4bac-a845-81c95d015bc2|url-status=live}} It is widely regarded as the "Silicon Valley of India", as the largest IT hub of the country.{{cite news |last=Canton |first=Naomi |date=6 December 2012 |title=How the 'Silicon Valley of India' is bridging the digital divide |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052853/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |archive-date=18 December 2012 }}{{cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=20 March 2006 |title=Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013023256/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}{{cite news |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Rajini |date=5 November 2012 |title=Can the 'American Dream' be reversed in India? |work=BBC World News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |archive-date=5 November 2012 }} The IT export from the city is estimated to be valued at $64 billion in 2024, and the city contributes to more than one third of India's total IT exports.{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/bengaluru-is-the-undisputed-silicon-valley-of-india-what-led-to-its-status/|title=Bengaluru is the undisputed Silicon Valley of India: What led to its status?|date=10 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|work=South First}}{{cite news|title=Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece|access-date=16 August 2021|newspaper=Business Line|date=12 November 2014|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726165717/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece|url-status=live}} The IT industry in the city is divided into various business clusters and special economic zones such as Electronic City, International Tech Park, Software Technology Park, Bagmane Tech Park, Global Village Tech Park, World Trade Center, and Manyata Embassy Business Park amongst others.{{cite web|title=10 Amazing Software Technological Parks in Bengaluru|date=4 August 2017|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|access-date=16 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123851/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|url-status=live}} The growth of IT industry has resulted in the migration of people from all over the country, which has resulted in the demand for improvement in the city's infrastructure and presented the city with other challenges.{{cite web|last=Shrinag|date=20 August 2019|title=Top Reasons Why Bengaluru Is A Bustling IT Hub|url=https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|access-date=16 August 2021|work=MetroSaga|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125354/https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|url-status=dead}} The industry has been blamed for not favouring local employment development, increased land values, and closure of small enterprises.{{cite web|date=November 2008|title=Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327183722/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2009|access-date=10 May 2010|publisher=Overseas Development Institute}} The resistance from the city for further investments required to develop infrastructure, has forced some of the new and expanding businesses elsewhere.{{cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=India's Tech Hubs: Bengaluru vs Hyderabad|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/indias-tech-hubs-bengaluru-vs-hyderabad-19023.html/|access-date=16 August 2021|work=India Briefing News}}

File:Vande_Bharat_sleeper_trainset_prototype_at_BEML.jpeg]]

Bengaluru is also a major hub for Indian biotechnology-related industry, which was valued at nearly $25 billion in 2021–22.{{cite news |title=Karnataka hopes to double its bio-economy to $50-bn in 5 yrs |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-hopes-to-double-its-bio-economy-to-50-bn-in-5-yrs/articleshow/79332632.cms |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130655/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-hopes-to-double-its-bio-economy-to-50-bn-in-5-yrs/articleshow/79332632.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |title=How Bengaluru became the biotech capital of India |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/how-bengaluru-became-the-biotech-capital-of-india/articleshow/49751173.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130650/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/how-bengaluru-became-the-biotech-capital-of-india/articleshow/49751173.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }} The city is home to more than 40 biotech companies, and is termed as the "Biotech capital of India".{{cite news|date=23 April 2005|title=Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon|newspaper=|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172400/http://hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007}}{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Sumeet|date=4 October 2007|title=Biocon in drug development talks with Bayer|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222175316/http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|archive-date=22 December 2007}} The city is a major export center for agricultural produce including fruits, and poultry.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengaluru-airport-tops-in-perishable-exports-from-india-for-fourth-year/articleshow/111488708.cms?from=mdr|title=Bengaluru airport tops in perishable exports from India for fourth year|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=4 July 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704133336/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengaluru-airport-tops-in-perishable-exports-from-india-for-fourth-year/articleshow/111488708.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} Major crops include rice, maize, ragi, horse gram, oil seeds, coconuts, and fruits such as mango, papaya, banana, grapes, and pomegranate. Flowers such as roses are grown commercially. The Rail Wheel Factory at Yelahanka is a major supplier of wheels and axles for Indian Railways.{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Apr/28/rail-wheel-factoryto-supply-axles-for-indias-fastest-train--vande-bharat-express-2447306.html|title=Rail Wheel Factory to supply axles for India's fastest train - Vande Bharat Express|date=28 April 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The New Indian Express|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524075948/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Apr/28/rail-wheel-factoryto-supply-axles-for-indias-fastest-train--vande-bharat-express-2447306.html|url-status=live}} State owned corporations BEML and Bharat Electronics are headquartered in the city, and manufacture aerospace components, power equipment, trainsets, armored vehicles, and electronics for both civilian and defence requirements.{{cite web|title=Bharat Electronics Limited|url=https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/134/|access-date=2 August 2020|work=Government of India|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125158/https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/134/|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Infrastructure in Bengaluru}}

File:Cauvery Kaveri River Karnataka India (2).jpg.]]

Water supply is provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB), which was established in 1964.{{cite web |url=http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |title=BWSSB Mission Statement |access-date=13 October 2012 |work=Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020070108/http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |archive-date=20 October 2012 }} The city receives an average of 800 million liters of water per day from rainfall.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |title=Thirsty Bangalore invokes god |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |date=9 June 2003 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303074533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nm2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead }} In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda constructed lakes such as the Kempambudhi Kere to store the rain water.{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-swimming-sensation-of-kempambudhi-kere-101715023978566.html|title=Sensation of Kempabudhi Kare|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|date=7 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510102700/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-swimming-sensation-of-kempambudhi-kere-101715023978566.html|url-status=live}} {{As of|2021}}, the city had a daily water demand of 2100 million liters, of which 1,450 million liters is catered to by the corporation. While the city drew water from the Arkavathy River earlier, the increasing demands led to the establishment of the Cauvery water supply scheme in 1964. Majority of the water supply to the city is drawn from the Kaveri, with the amount of water drawn increasing from 135 million liters in 1974 to 1,450 million liters per day in 2014.{{cite web|url=https://bwssb.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/About+BWSSB/en|title=About BWSSB|work=Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524234021/https://bwssb.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/About+BWSSB/en|url-status=live}} A 2015 report indicated that one-third of the slum clearance projects lacked basic water service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and used a shared water supply.{{cite news |date=31 March 2015 |title=60 per cent of water sources go dry in Ch'nagar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/469004/60-per-cent-water-sources.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=The Deccan Herald |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627155237/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/469004/60-per-cent-water-sources.html |url-status=live }} The city does face water shortages, especially during summer and in years with low rainfall.{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=water shortage: Water crisis: Is Bengaluru heading for Day Zero? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/water-crisis-is-bluru-heading-for-day-zero/articleshow/62893432.cms |access-date=27 May 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610084006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/water-crisis-is-bluru-heading-for-day-zero/articleshow/62893432.cms |url-status=live }}

Waste collection and management is done by the city corporation. Pollution regulation and issuance of waste management guidelines is carried out by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB), which comes under the aegis of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and is headquartered in the city.{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/department/karnataka-state-pollution-control-board/|title=Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906051337/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/department/karnataka-state-pollution-control-board/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/central-pollution-control-board-brings-strict-norms-to-curb-red-mudin-karnataka-3297958|title=Central Pollution Control Board brings strict norms to curb red mud in Karnataka|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=30 November 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202202301/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/central-pollution-control-board-brings-strict-norms-to-curb-red-mudin-karnataka-3297958|url-status=live}} As of 2022, Bengaluru produced around 6000 metric tonnes of solid waste per day.{{cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=BBMP chief commissioner calls for decentralised waste management system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-decentralised-waste-management-system-7855463/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620160123/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-decentralised-waste-management-system-7855463/ |url-status=live }} The wastes are segregated, compacted, and transported to any of the three garbage processing plants in Bingipura, Mavallipura, or Kudlu.{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm |title=Bangalore: Pollution levels at all time high |work=Rediff | access-date=6 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019095614/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm | archive-date=19 October 2012 | url-status=live }} As per a 2024 study, the three garbage processing plants were found to be violating environmental regulations, and emitted high levels of particulate matter, causing damage to the local environment and increasing the pollution levels of the city.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-waste-processing-plants-polluters-of-high-magnitude-study-3249684|title=Bengaluru's waste processing plants polluters of high magnitude: Study|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=25 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}} {{As of|2024}}, the corporation operated seven wet waste processing plants, 13 bio methane generation plants, and a land fill.{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/swm/|title=Swachh Bharat Mission|work=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|access-date=1 June 2024}} The corporation earlier operated three more landfill sites at Mavallipura, Mandur, and Doddaballapura, which were closed after complaints from local residents, and reports of diseases due to unsanitary conditions.{{cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/war-over-waste-39575|title=War over waste|work=Down to Earth|access-date=1 June 2024}} In 2024, the government identified four new locations for the construction of new landfill sites.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-identifies-4-places-to-process-city-s-waste-2930592|title=BBMP identifies 4 places to process city's waste|newspaper=The Deccan Herald|date=11 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312003049/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-identifies-4-places-to-process-city-s-waste-2930592|url-status=live}} As part of the waste management guidelines, the government of Karnataka has authorised specific companies to manage biomedical and e-wastes in the city.{{cite web|title=Biomedical Waste Management {{!}} Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|url=https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/waste-management/biomedical-waste|access-date=17 January 2022|work=Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182555/https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/waste-management/biomedical-waste|url-status=live}} However, a report in October 2024 indicated that some of these companies were not disposing of the wastes in the prescribed manner, and are involved in re-selling.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/e-waste-management-firms-in-bengaluru-reselling-mobile-phones-and-laptops-despite-ban/article68668021.ece|title= Despite ban, e-waste management firms in Bengaluru reselling mobile phones and laptops|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}

The city has considerable pollution due to vehicle and industrial exhausts, and unscientific waste disposal.{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |title=Exclusive! 50% of Bangalore's air pollution caused due to dust |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |date=28 November 2011 |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031065230/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.c40.org/press_releases/35-cities-unite-to-clean-the-air-their-citizens-breathe-protecting-the-health-of-millions |title=C40: 35 Cities Unite to Clean the Air Their Citizens Breathe, Protecting the Health of Millions |work=C40 group|access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207060958/https://www.c40.org/press_releases/35-cities-unite-to-clean-the-air-their-citizens-breathe-protecting-the-health-of-millions |url-status=live }} The pollution level varies across localities, with higher concentrations of particulate matter reported in industrial and high traffic zones. A random sampling of the air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city suggested heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic.{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-date=20 March 2006 |title=Environmental impact analysis |publisher=Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited, Government of Karnataka |year=2006 | access-date=11 June 2012}} While the average air quality was at acceptable levels, the PM 2.5 levels exceeded the 60 μg/m³ threshold set by the CPCB in certain areas.{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Dec/07/bengalurus-air-quality-good-but-peenya-silk-board-choke|title=Bengaluru's air quality good but Peenya, Silk Board choke|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=7 December 2024|access-date=7 December 2024}} A evaluation of Bengaluru's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that the city's air quality and noise pollution were poor.{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |title=Environmental Impact Analysis |access-date=20 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |archive-date=20 March 2006| work=BMRTL }}

In 1905, Bengaluru was among the first cities to have electric power.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The city was powered by hydro power generated by the hydroelectric plant in Shivanasamudra. Electricity in the city is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM).{{cite web |url=http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp |title=About Us |work=Bangalore Electricity Supply Company | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731092131/http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp | archive-date=31 July 2008 | url-status=dead}} The power consumption has steadily increased over the last decade and in 2022–23, the city had a peak demand of 3,632 MW.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/power-hungry-bengaluru-triples-bescom-s-revenue-demand-in-10-years-3093243|title=Power-hungry Bengaluru triples Bescom's revenue demand in 10 years|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024}}{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rising-mercury-levels-wfo-send-energy-demand-soaring-in-bluru/articleshow/104538850.cms|title=Rising mercury levels send energy demand soaring in Bengaluru|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 October 2023|access-date=1 August 2024}} {{As of|March 2024}}, the city had a daily power requirement of about 157 million kWh, and consumed nearly 40% of the power in the state.{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengalurus-power-demand-hits-unprecedented-highs/articleshow/108627339.cms|title=Bengaluru's power demand hits unprecedented highs|date=20 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}} The city draws power from the state grid, which receives power from a mixture of fossil fuels and renewable sources.{{cite web|url=https://citizenmatters.in/4648-bescoms-power-sources/|title=Bescom power sources|work=Citizen matters|date=5 November 2012 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530084605/https://citizenmatters.in/4648-bescoms-power-sources/|url-status=live}} In 2024, BESCOM initiated the process of moving overhead lines to underground in the city.{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bescom-power-supply-upgrades-in-bengaluru/articleshow/114129971.cms|title=BESCOM power supply upgrades in Bengaluru|date=11 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}

File:Victoria_Hospital-_circa_March_2005.jpg opened in 1900.]]

In the early 19th century, healthcare services were provided by local physicians. In 1834, English doctors were appointed, to take care of vaccination, and control the spread of epidemics. The first public clinic was established in Bangalore Fort in 1835, and a small hospital was added in 1839 in Pete area. In 1846, a large hospital was opened, with a leper colony added in 1845, and a mental hospital in 1850.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=55}} The Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900. {{As of|2024}}, the Bengaluru corporation managed one major general hospital, six referral hospitals, 26 maternity homes, and 230 outpatient clinics.{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Health/palikehospitals.html|title=Palike Hospitals|work=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618003937/https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Health/palikehospitals.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bbmps-namma-clinics-are-fully-functional/articleshow/115908382.cms|title=BBMP's Namma Clinics are fully functional|date=3 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}} There are many private clinics, and tertiary care hospitals in the city.{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/hospitals/|title=Public Utility Hospitals|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420015134/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/hospitals/|url-status=live}} The city has been growing as a center of medical tourism due to the availability of more than 50 tertiary care hospitals.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/health-department-working-on-promoting-medical-tourism-health-minister/article68773679.ece|title=Health Department working on promoting medical tourism: Health Minister|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024}} Vaccination such as polio vaccine is administered by the corporation on behalf of the government.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-achieves-94-33-polio-vaccine-coverage-in-bengaluru-2920269|title=BBMP achieves 94.33% polio vaccine coverage in Bengaluru|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=4 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419215707/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-achieves-94-33-polio-vaccine-coverage-in-bengaluru-2920269|url-status=live}}

Sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board. The underground drainage and sewerage disposal system was introduced in 1922. {{As of|2024}}, about 1,400 million liters of waste water is generated daily, which flows through a network of nearly {{cvt|8387|km}} of sewage pipes to any of the 33 sewage treatment plants. Encroachment, and damages to the sewerage system, has resulted in wastewater entering the lakes, and polluting the water sources.{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/foaming-bellandur-lake-caused-by-continuous-entry-untreated-sewage-iisc-8649104/|title=Foaming in Bengaluru's Bellandur lake caused by continuous entry of untreated sewage: IISc|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=6 June 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006153337/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/foaming-bellandur-lake-caused-by-continuous-entry-untreated-sewage-iisc-8649104/|url-status=live}} {{As of|2024}}, the corporation operated 401 public toilets and 17 community toilets across the city.

File:General Post Office 5-31-2008 4-45-37 PM.JPG

The first post office in the city was established in 1800.{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Documents/PostalHistory/POSTAL_SYSTEM_DURING_BRITISH_ERA_1727-1854.pdf|title=Postal system during British era, 1727-1854|work=India Post|access-date=1 December 2023|page=2|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055731/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Documents/PostalHistory/POSTAL_SYSTEM_DURING_BRITISH_ERA_1727-1854.pdf|url-status=live}} Postal services are provided by the government owned India Post, which operated 247 post offices across four zones in 2024.{{cite report|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/sites/PostalCircles/Karnataka/Lists/PostOffices/KA_Pincode_12Nov2020.pdf|title=List of post offices|work=India Post|access-date=1 December 2023|pages=1–8}}{{cite web|url=https://www.karnatakapost.gov.in/Uploads/Annexure%20-%20List%20of%20SSPOs%2CSPOs%20%26%20CPM%20in%20Karnataka%20Circle.pdf|title=List of SPOs|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220202349/https://www.karnatakapost.gov.in/Uploads/Annexure%20-%20List%20of%20SSPOs%2CSPOs%20%26%20CPM%20in%20Karnataka%20Circle.pdf|url-status=live}} In 1853, telegraph was introduced for long-distance communication and about {{cvt|334|mi|km|order=flip}} of telegraph lines existed in the city by 1856. Telephone services were introduced in 1928.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} In the early 1990s, STPI provided wired internet services for offices, and VSNL started providing dial up connections for individual homes in the city.{{cite report |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |title=Bangalore Cluster: Evolution, Growth and Challengers |author=Rakesh Basant |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025132717/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm |title=A short recap on Internet developments in India | access-date=8 October 2007 | work=Rediff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016132614/http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm | archive-date=16 October 2007 | url-status=live }} Bengaluru has a high internet usage and is amongst the top cities in India in terms of internet penetration.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm |title=A highly net-savvy city | access-date=8 October 2007 |date=29 December 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012040754/http://hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm | archive-date=12 October 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu | url-status=dead}}

Bengaluru was the first city in India to have access to fourth generation cellular services.{{cite news |last=Julka |first=Harsimran |title=Bharti Airtel offers 4G services on mobiles in Bangalore |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-offers-4g-services-on-mobiles-in-bangalore/articleshow/30362058.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525081942/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-offers-4g-services-on-mobiles-in-bangalore/articleshow/30362058.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }} {{As of|2023}}, four mobile phone service companies operate GSM networks including Bharti Airtel, BSNL, Vodafone Idea and Reliance Jio offered fourth and fifth generation mobile services. Wired broadband services are offered by five major operators and smaller local operators.{{cite report|url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|title=TRAI report, August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095115/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|url-status=live}} Namma Wifi is a free municipal wireless network launched on 24 January 2014 by the Government of Karnataka, and is available in select areas in the city.{{cite news |title=Free wifi on M.G. Road and Brigade Road from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 January 2014 | access-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703193207/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece | archive-date=3 July 2014 | url-status=live }}

The first printing press in Bengaluru was established in 1840  by the Wesleyan Christian Mission.{{cite journal |title=Printing at Bangalore, 1840-1850 |author=D. E. Rhodes |journal=The British Museum Quarterly |volume=34 |date=1970 |issue=3/4 |pages=83–86 |publisher=British Museum |jstor=4423049 }}{{cite web |title=Wesleyan methodists promoted language, education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/nov/14/wesleyan-methodists-promoted-language-education-309916.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528070015/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/nov/14/wesleyan-methodists-promoted-language-education-309916.html |url-status=live }} Around 1860, the English newspaper Bangalore Herald and Kannada newspaper Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini started circulation in Bengaluru.{{cite book |url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Modern_Mysore_1936_chp70.pdf |title=Modern Mysore |publisher=Government of Karnataka |pages=498–503 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922210943/https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Modern_Mysore_1936_chp70.pdf |url-status=live }}{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} P. R. Ramayya established the Bangalore Press in 1927 and launched the Kannada newspaper Tayi Nadu and English newspaper Daily News later.{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/bengaluru-english-newspapers/articleshow/46247185.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Bengaluru and English newspapers |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=14 February 2015 |access-date=1 June 2024 }} Bengaluru has several newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Kannada, English, Urdu, and Tamil.{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 9 |page=32 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095128/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf |url-status=live}} {{As of |2022}}, the major dailies with a circulation of more than 100,000 copies per day include The Times of India, Vijaya Karnataka, Prajavani, and Vijayavani.{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6 |page=8 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095105/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf |url-status=live}} Several local newspapers, and periodicals also bring out editions from the city.{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7 |page=5 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095118/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf |url-status=live}} Local online news sites like Explocity provide local news updates.{{cite news |first=K. |last=Satyamurty |title=Exploring Bangalore, a mouse click away |date=22 November 2000 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | access-date=17 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=The Hindu }}

File:Aerial view of a TV Tower in Bangalore (2).jpg

All India Radio started AM broadcasting from its Bengaluru station on 2 November 1955.{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 January 2006 |title=Idhu Akashvani, Bengalooru! | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204092005/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead }} In 2001, Radio City became the first private FM radio channel in the city.{{cite news |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm |work=Business Line |date=23 May 2002 |title=Radio City goes on air in Mumbai | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011191801/http://blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live }} {{As of|2020}}, major FM radio stations included BIG FM, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, and Red FM.{{cite book|editor-last=Gilbert|editor-first=Sean|title=World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting|publisher=WRTH Publications|year=2006|place=London|pages=237–242|isbn=978-0-82305-997-3}}{{cite report|url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|title=IRS survey, 2019|publisher=MRUC|access-date=1 December 2023|page=46|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|url-status=live}} The Bangalore Amateur Radio Club, an amateur radio club was established in 1959.{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/the-unsung-lives-of-ham-radio-operators-from-bengaluru-1017033.html |title=The unsung lives of Ham radio operators from Bengaluru |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.in |title=Bangalore Amateur Radio Club : Fifty Golden Years 1959–2009 |work=BARC | access-date=29 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108140405/http://www.barc.in/ | archive-date=8 January 2010 | url-status=live }}

The government run Doordarshan broadcasts terrestrial and satellite television channels from its Bengaluru centre set up on 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bengaluru office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983.{{cite news |title=How DD brought Indian homes entertainment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/09/how-dd-brought-indian-homes-entertainment-91209.html |access-date=24 May 2022 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524081102/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/09/how-dd-brought-indian-homes-entertainment-91209.html |url-status=live }} A {{cvt|140|m}} high television tower was commissioned on 1 March 1985 for the broadcast of television programmes.{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dd-ott-to-have-a-towering-presence/articleshow/68768766.cms|title=DD OTT to have a towering presence|date=8 April 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409010923/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dd-ott-to-have-a-towering-presence/articleshow/68768766.cms|url-status=live}} Doordarshan launched DD Chandana, a Kannada satellite channel, on 15 August 1990.{{cite press release |url=http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |work=Press Information Bureau |title=Doordarshan, Bangalore |access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011182720/http://pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}} In September 1991, Star TV was the first private satellite channel to be launched in the city.{{cite news |url=http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 July 2001 |title=Tune in to quality |author=Sevanti Ninan |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225516/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=usurped}} Since the late 2000s, Direct To Home (DTH) services became available in Bengaluru.{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-eworld/article1679696.ece |work=Business Line |date=8 May 2007 |title=Going for the action | access-date=25 January 2012}}

Fire services are handled by the Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services, which operates 50 fire stations, five fire protection squads, and three special units.{{cite web|url=https://ksfes.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/FIRE%20STATIONS%20LIST%20RANGE%20WISE%20ENglish.pdf|title=List of fire stations|work=Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627093427/https://ksfes.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/FIRE%20STATIONS%20LIST%20RANGE%20WISE%20ENglish.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{Main |Transport in Bengaluru}}

File:Bengaluru-airport.jpg at Devanahalli]]

During World War II, Walchand Hirachand sought to build and repair planes in India, and partnered with American businessman William Pawley to set up an airfield in Bengaluru. The HAL Airport began operations in 1941 as a part of Hindustan Aircraft Limited.{{cite journal |url=http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf |title=International Networks and Aircraft Manufacture in Colonial and Postcolonial India: States, Entrepreneurs and Educational Institutions, 1940-64 |author=Ramnath, Aparajith |journal=History of Global Arms Transfer |year=2020 |issue=9 |pages=41–59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704150238/http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2021}}{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF |title=Hindustan Aircraft |work=Flight Global |date=27 August 1954 |page=296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510094328/http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF |archive-date=10 May 2013}} The HAL airport was the major airport of the city till 2008, when the new Bengaluru International Airport came into existence.{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |title=Traffic statistics – Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC |work=Airports Authority of India |date=April 2006 |access-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120154236/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |archive-date=20 January 2013 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |title=Expressway for airport drive |author=R. Krishnakumar |access-date=2 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123204/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |archive-date=29 September 2007}}{{cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=Bengaluru could get a second airport in no time. But after these hurdles are removed |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/bengaluru-could-get-a-second-airport-in-no-time-but-after-these-hurdles-are-removed/517156/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Print |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818010233/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/bengaluru-could-get-a-second-airport-in-no-time-but-after-these-hurdles-are-removed/517156/ |url-status=live }} The Kempegowda International Airport, located at Devanahalli, about {{cvt |31 |km |}} from the city, started operations on 24 May 2008.{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |title=Bangalore airport takes wings |work=Rediff |date=24 May 2008 |access-date=10 July 2021 |author=Nanjappa, Vicky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028182838/https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |archive-date=28 October 2020}} It is the third-busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.{{cite report |title=Airports by Passenger Traffic, 2022-23 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=Airports Authority of India |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225224744/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Passenger-traffic-tops-93m-at-Bangalore-airport/articleshow/5336348.cms |title=Passenger traffic tops 9.3m at Bangalore airport |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/bangalore/28098026_1_passenger-traffic-traffic-figures-airport |archive-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Times of India }} Air-conditioned buses operated by Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation connect the airport with the city.{{cite news |date=27 April 2021 |title=BMTC Announces Additional Volvo AC Bus Service Connecting Bengaluru Airport and City |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bmtc-announces-additional-volvo-ac-bus-service-connecting-bengaluru-airport-and-city-3681602.html |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=News18}}

The Training Command of the Indian Air Force is headquartered in Bengaluru.{{cite web |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/TC |title=Training Command |work=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=1 June 2024}} The Air Force operates an air base at Yelahanka.{{cite news |title=Indian Air Force Commands |newspaper=Indian Air Force: Touch the Sky with Glory |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/ |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=29 June 2010 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528093815/https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/ |url-status=live }} The city hosts Aero India, a biennial air show takes at the Yelahanka air force station.{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/ |title =Aero India 2021: India's military aviation expo underway at Yelahanka Air Force station |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021}}{{cite news |url=https://aeroindia.gov.in/Home/About |title=Aero India Show |work=Aero India 2021 |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109054620/https://aeroindia.gov.in/Home/About |url-status=live }}

File:Namma Metro Trains of Bangalore.jpg serves the city.]]

The first railway line opened for traffic between Bengaluru Cantonment and Jolarpettai on 1 August 1864.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|title=Bangalore's rail connectivity turns 150 years|date=2 August 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018071527/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms?from=mdr|title=Date with History: In 1864, first train chugged from Cantonment to Jolarpettai|date=3 August 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|work=The Economic Times|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231142/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} The Madras-Bangalore Mail was launched later the same year. Further railway connectivity to Renigunta was established in 1862, and to Raichur in 1871. The Yeshwantapur station was established in 1892, when a meter gauge railway line was established to Doddaballapur. The city was part of the Mysore State Railway, which became part of the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways in April 1951. The Bangalore railway division was established in 1971. The city became part of the South Western Railway zone was formed with headquarters in Hubballi in 2003.{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|title=Indian railway zones|work=Indian Railways|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329003421/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|url-status=live}} There are 18 railway stations in the city managed by the Indian Railways, and the major railway stations include Bengaluru City, Yesvantpur, Cantonment, Krishnarajapuram and Baiyappanahalli.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailwaysresult.in/Railway_station_zone-category_wise_list.pdf|title=Category of Indian railways stations|work=Indian Railways|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/12/sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal-station-upgraded-to-non-suburban-group-2-category|title=Sir M Visvesvaraya Terminal station upgraded to Non Suburban Group -2 category|date=12 September 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|newspaper=The New Indian Express|archive-date=23 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923171227/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/12/sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal-station-upgraded-to-non-suburban-group-2-category|url-status=live}}

{{As of|2024}}, Bengaluru does not have a suburban railway network. The first line of Bengaluru Suburban Railway is expected to be operational in 2026.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-first-suburban-rail-section-to-be-operational-by-2025-end-3018889|title=Bengaluru's first suburban rail section to be operational by 2025-end|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=12 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}} Namma Metro is a rapid transit rail system in the city that was opened in 2011, and was the first operational metro in South India.{{cite news|date=16 September 2011|title=Bangalore Metro misses deadline for 4th time, minister sets Sept 26 as next date|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-metro-misses-deadline/1/151477.html|work=India Today|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909061814/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-metro-misses-deadline/1/151477.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece |title=South India's first metro flagged off |first=Anil Kumar |last=Sastry |date=20 October 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195748/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live}} {{As of|2024}}, the metro system consists two operational lines stretching {{cvt|76.95|km}}, and is the second-longest operational metro network in India.{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/indias-second-longest-metro-network-is-here/articleshow/99000463.cms|title=India's second longest metro network is here|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/metro-finally-comes-to-whitefield-take-a-ride-on-march-26-from-7-am-1203579.html|title=Metro finally comes to Whitefield, take a ride on March 26 from 7 am!|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328080046/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/metro-finally-comes-to-whitefield-take-a-ride-on-march-26-from-7-am-1203579.html|url-status=live}} Three more lines are under construction as a part of expansion.{{cite news|date=4 January 2012|title=State Cabinet approves phase-II of metro|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/state-cabinet-approves-phase-iimetro/460648/|access-date=6 March 2012|newspaper=Business Standard}}{{cite news|title=Metro Phase 2 will be bigger, better, says BMRCL chief|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587929/metro-phase-ii-bigger-better.html|access-date=13 January 2017|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=23 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225184551/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587929/metro-phase-ii-bigger-better.html|url-status=live}}

File:Puttenahalli-Underpass-ORR-JPNagar.jpg, one of the peripheral ring roads in the city]]

Bengaluru has an extensive road network with about {{cvt|14000|km}} of roads as of 2024.{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/dual-approach-bbmp-plans-for-sustainable-efficient-roads/articleshow/109761165.cms|title=Dual approach: BBMP plans for sustainable, efficient roads|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|date=2 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}} The {{cvt|10|km}} long Inner Ring Road connects Koramangala with Indira Nagar.{{cite news|title= City still has rain hangover|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article432505.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=1 June 2013|date=24 February 2012}} The Outer Ring Road is a {{cvt|60|km}} long peripheral road, developed between 1996 and 2002.{{cite news|last1=Poovanna|first1=Sharan|title=Can the metro solve Bengaluru's traffic problem?|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/icIhHQ1eDY2ossseaYQtzN/Can-the-metro-solve-Bengalurus-traffic-problem.html|work=Live Mint|access-date=17 February 2017|date=1 July 2016}} The Peripheral Ring Road is a proposed {{cvt|74|km}} semi-circular road, connecting major arterial roads.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bda-may-split-74-km-prr-into-3-parts-to-attract-bidders-3096157|title=BDA may split 74-km Peripheral Ring Road into 3c parts to attract bidders|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=8 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716004916/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bda-may-split-74-km-prr-into-3-parts-to-attract-bidders-3096157|url-status=live}} The M G Road is the major arterial road in the central business district.{{cite news|title=Gandhi Road in Bangalore|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=98U-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2307,4884968&dq=south+parade+bangalore&hl=en|access-date=13 December 2010|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=26 February 1948}}{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-mg-road-through-the-years-british-pete-9382671/|title=Bengaluru's M G Road through the years|access-date=10 June 2024|work=The Indian Express|date=26 July 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610045104/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-mg-road-through-the-years-british-pete-9382671/|url-status=live}} Bengaluru is part of the Golden Quadrilateral highway network, and lies on the Chennai–Mumbai line.{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/nh4.asp|title=Chennai-Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105003725/http://www.nhai.org/nh4.asp|archive-date=5 January 2010|work=NHAI|access-date=1 June 2011}} The National Highways that connect to the city include: NH-44, NH-48, NH-275, NH-75, NH-648, and NH-948.{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Department of Road Transport and Highways |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Department of Road Transport and Highways |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead }} The Bengaluru–Mysuru Expressway, operational since March 2023, connects the city with Mysuru.{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates 118-km Bangalore-Mysore Expressway |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurates-118-km-bangalore-mysore-expressway/cid/1921956 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=12 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 }} The Bengaluru–Chennai Expressway is under construction since August 2019.{{cite news |author1=Shivakumar, C. |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/feb/02/chennai-bangalore-expressway-work-to-start-in-six-months-nirmala-sitharaman-2097828.html |title = Chennai-Bangalore Expressway work to start in six months: Nirmala Sitharaman |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2 February 2020 |access-date=16 March 2023}}{{cite news |author1=Shivakumar, C. |title=Chennai-Bengaluru expressway: 14km road work complete |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104819/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/chennai/2023/jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.html |url-status=live}} Two other expressways—Pune–Bengaluru Expressway and Nagpur–Hyderabad–Bengaluru Expressway—have been proposed.{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms |title=Bharatmala 2.0 to focus on expressways, add 4000 km greenfield roads |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701144750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms |title=Now, drive from Nagpur to Bengaluru in just 12 hrs |last=Anparthi |first=Anjaya |date=28 August 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531131729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms |archive-date=31 May 2018 |url-status=live}}

File:BMTC Volvo.jpg

Intra-city bus services is handled by the Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), which was established in 1997.{{cite report|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/ADM%20REPORT%202016-17%20%20-%20%20ENG%20CD.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2016-17|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|page=6}} {{As of|2024}}, BMTC operates 57,667 daily trips on 5,766 routes with a fleet of 6,340 buses. There are 48 bus stations, and 50 depots for intra-city bus services.{{cite web|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/BMTC+Glance/en|title=BMTC at a glance|work=Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation|access-date=1 June 2024}} BMTC introduced air-conditioned buses in 2005, which operate on major routes and as shuttle services from various parts of the city to airport.{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |title=Bangaloreans begin to bond with the sleek Swedish behemoths |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=28 April 2010 |author=Sharmada Shastry |access-date=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502014107/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |archive-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live}} It also operates a fleet of more than 1,100 electric vehicles. Apart from single journey tickets, BMTC issues various passes for frequent users.{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |title=Loyalty may pay for Volvo commuters! |author=S Praveen Dhaneshkar |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 June 2007 |access-date=10 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052527/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |archive-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead}} Inter-city bus transport is handled by the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), owned by the Government of Karnataka. KSRTC operates various classes of services connecting other major cities in Karnataka, and other neighboring states.{{cite report|url=https://ksrtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Tender/English.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2022-23|publisher=Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|access-date=1 June 2024}} The major bus stations in the city include Kempegowda Bus Station, Shantinagar Bus Station, and Mysuru Road Bus Station.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Satellite-bus-stations-fail-to-take-off/article14650374.ece|title=Satellite bus stations fail to take off|date=28 September 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The Hindu}}{{cite web |date=17 March 2011 |title=KSRTC's Tamil Nadu-bound buses to ply from Shantinagar |url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121244/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |work=Jagran }} The other means of road transport in the city include vans, auto rickshaws, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metered-taxis-pilot-programme-9668826/|title=After auto-rickshaws, metered taxis to start operating in Bengaluru roads as pilot programme begins|date=15 November 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=21 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121145803/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metered-taxis-pilot-programme-9668826/|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Stir leaves hundreds stranded |access-date=17 June 2012 |date=15 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813153608/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=live }}

Motor vehicles were introduced in Bengaluru in 1903.{{harvnb |Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |p=91 |Ref=kar}} {{As of|March 2022}}, an average of 1,530 vehicles were registered daily in Regional Transport Offices (RTOs) in the city.{{cite report|url=https://transport.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/21-22%20bng%20veh%20reports.pdf|title=Vehicle registration in Bengaluru|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite news |date=1 April 2019 |title=Bengaluru's vehicle population crosses 80 lakh |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-vehicle-population-crosses-80-lakh/article26705015.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530094215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-vehicle-population-crosses-80-lakh/article26705015.ece |url-status=live }} {{As of|2023}}, the city had nearly ten million vehicles including 7.5 million two-wheelers.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-of-private-vehicles-in-bengaluru-to-cross-1-cr-mark-over-75l-are-2-wheelers/articleshow/104636090.cms|title=No of private vehicles to cross 1 crore mark|date=23 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528232154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-of-private-vehicles-in-bengaluru-to-cross-1-cr-mark-over-75l-are-2-wheelers/articleshow/104636090.cms|url-status=live}} The rapid growth of vehicles and unplanned nature of growth has created several administrative problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructure, resulting in massive traffic gridlocks. The flyovers and one-way traffic systems introduced to address the concerns, were only moderately successful.{{cite report |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |title=Urban Floods: Case Study of Bangalore |access-date=14 September 2013 |last=Ramachandra |first=T. V. |author2=Pradeep P. Mujumdar |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908001459/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |archive-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=live }} The city also has considerable air pollution due to vehicle exhaust, and a 2016 study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles operating in the city exceeded the standard limit for emissions.{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |title=36% diesel vehicles exceed national limit for emissions: Study |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825204433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |archive-date=25 August 2016 |url-status=live}}

{{Main |Education in Bengaluru}}

{{further |List of schools in Bengaluru |List of institutions of higher education in Bengaluru}}

Bengaluru is a major educational hub and home to some of the premium educational institutions in the country.{{cite report |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html |title=Overall rankings |publisher=National Institutional Ranking Framework |access-date=1 June 2024}} The city has a 90.33% literacy rate and ranks second among the major Indian metropolitan city centres.{{cite news |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |title=Indian metro cities with the highest literacy rates |work=Yahoo |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129132031/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |archive-date=29 November 2020}} As per the 2011 national census, Bengaluru urban had a literacy rate of around 87.7%.{{cite web |url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/demography/ |title=Bengaluru Urban, demography |work=Government of Karnataka |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420004537/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/demography/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=State's literacy rate lagging |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/152272/states-literacy-rate-lagging.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033952/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/152272/states-literacy-rate-lagging.html |url-status=live }} Until the early 19th century, education in Bengaluru was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.{{harvnb |Rao |1929 |p=494 |Ref=mg}} In 1841, two native language schools were established by a London mission, and in 1842, Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar established the first English School under the Wesleyan mission, which expanded to five schools by 1954. In 1857, a public education department was established, and the education was formulated as per the Indian educational policy at the time.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The Bangalore Military School was established in 1945.{{harvnb |Rao |1929 |p=497 |Ref=mg}}

File:Bangalore_Institution_(LMS,_1869,_p.55).jpg

Bengaluru has a mix of public and private schools with the public school system managed by the school education department of Government of Karnataka.{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Trimester-system-in-all-Karnataka-schools-from-June-1/articleshow/682256.cms |title=Trimester system in all Karnataka schools from 1 June |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=18 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-18/bangalore/28338778_1_karnataka-schools-fear-psychosis-trimester |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Times of India }}{{cite news |first=S. |last=Bageshree |title=What will happen to government schools now? |date=9 May 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece |newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074411/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }} Public schools run by the Bengaluru Corporation are all affiliated with the Karnataka Board of Secondary Education, while private schools may be affiliated with either of Karnataka Board of Secondary Education, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (ICSE) or National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 July 2004 |title=Broad choice of Class X boards | access-date=16 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106093218/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp | archive-date=6 November 2007}} {{As of |2024}}, there are 142 public schools run by the Bengaluru Corporation.{{cite web |url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Educationver1/ |title=Education |work=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610082524/https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Educationver1/ |url-status=live }}

The city also has a significant number of international schools due to cater to expats and people employed in the technology sector.{{cite news |title=IT crowd, elite prefer international schools |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=1 December 2015 |last=Ullas |first=Sruthy Susan |date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620164658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |archive-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }} School education starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian 10+2 plan, ten years of school and two years of pre-university course or higher secondary education.

After completing their secondary education, students either attend a pre-university course or continue an equivalent high school course in one of three streams – arts, commerce or science – in various combinations.{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm |title=Students, parents throng PU colleges in city | access-date=16 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111926/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm | archive-date=21 September 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu | url-status=dead}} Alternatively, students can enrol in diploma courses and upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.{{cite news |title=Diploma students have a chance in government engineering colleges |date=29 August 2013 |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece |newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060905/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}{{cite news |first=Darinia |last=Khongwir |title=PUC is not the only option |date=6 May 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/PUC-is-not-the-only-option/articleshow/4492995.cms |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/bangalore/28156113_1_sslc-pu-karnataka-examination-authority | archive-date=2 December 2013 | url-status=live }}

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The oldest institution of higher learning in the city, the Central College, was established as a high school affiliated to Madras University in 1858.{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/holds-a-century-old-legacy/article25192106.ece |title=Holds a century old legacy |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822122641/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/holds-a-century-old-legacy/article25192106.ece |url-status=live }} The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The Government Engineering College was established as an engineering school in 1913 by M. Visvesvaraya, and was became the first engineering college in the region in 1917, affiliated to Mysore University.{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/Apr/28/old-and-damp-but-standing-tall-930083.html |title=Old and damp but standing tall |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608192314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/apr/28/Old-and-Damp-But-Standing-Tall-930083.html |url-status=live }} {{As of|2016}}, the city had six public universities, four deemed universities, eight private universities, 26 medical and dental colleges, 84 engineering colleges, 67 polytechnics, and 64 other institutes of higher learning. The Bangalore University was established in 1964, and had more than 600 affiliated colleges, before being trifurcated into Bengaluru City University and Bengaluru North University in 2017.{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/620207/govt-issues-order-trifurcation-bangalore.html | title=Govt issues order on trifurcation of Bangalore University | newspaper=Deccan Herald | date=1 July 2017 | access-date=19 February 2019 | archive-date=29 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129011855/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/620207/govt-issues-order-trifurcation-bangalore.html | url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/colleges/bangalore-university-bengaluru-bub/65 |title=Bengaluru University |work=The Telegraph |access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/BU-overloaded-wants-to-split/articleshow/1114542.cms |title=BU overloaded, wants to split |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=9 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Times of India }} IIM Bangalore was established as the third Indian Institute of Management in 1972.{{cite report |url=http://www.education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |title=Report of IIM Review Committee |author1=R.C. Bhargava |author2=Ajit Balakrishnan |author3=Anusua Basu |author4=Ram S. Tarneja |author5=Ashok Thakur |access-date=19 March 2010 |work=Government of India |date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221200750/http://education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2010}} The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences was established after the amalgamation of the All India Institute of Mental Health and hospital in 1974.{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/nimhans-70-years-of-mental-health-2871784 |title=70 years of mental health |work=Deccan Herald |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204233213/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/nimhans-70-years-of-mental-health-2871784 |url-status=live }} The National Law School of India University was the first Indian law university to be established in 1986.{{cite web |url=https://www.ineteconomics.org/research/partnerships/national-law-school-of-india-university |title=National Law School of India University |work=INET economics |access-date=1 June 2024}} Other prominent research institutes in Bengaluru include Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, National Centre for Biological Sciences, and National Institute of Advanced Studies.{{cite news |title=Bangalore, the education hub |date=27 June 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bangalore-the-education-hub/articleshow/9007746.cms |work=The Times of India | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/education/29708615_1_education-hub-indian-institute-education-destination | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }} There are 205 public libraries maintained by the department of public libraries. The libraries are divided across the five zones of the city, with a larger Central Public Library located in each of the zones.{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/public-libraries-in-bengaluru-where-is-their-story-going-2866921 |title=Public libraries in Bengaluru: Where is their story going? |work=Deccan Herald |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024}}

File:Stage-1-cubbon park-bangalore-India.jpg, established in 1870, is a large park in the center of the city.]]

Bengaluru is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery.{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/evolution-of-bangalore-from-garden-city-to-silicon-valley-how-immigrants-made-the-city-their-own-7050821.html|title=Evolution of Bangalore: From Garden City to Silicon Valley, how immigrants made the city their own|date=26 July 2019|access-date=6 November 2022|work=Firstpost|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106160944/https://www.firstpost.com/living/evolution-of-bangalore-from-garden-city-to-silicon-valley-how-immigrants-made-the-city-their-own-7050821.html|url-status=live}}{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |title=South India |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2003 |page=204 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}} In May 2012, Lonely Planet listed the city as one of the world's top ten cities to visit.{{cite web |author=Richard I'Anson |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |title=Lonely Planet's Best in Travel: top 10 cities for 2012 – travel tips and articles |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912180703/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=live }} As of 2024, Bengaluru has 1,288 public parks maintained by the corporation.{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/documents/ZonewiseReport.pdf|title=Parks in Bengaluru|work=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|access-date=1 June 2024}} The Lal Bagh was established in the 1760s, and was later expanded into a {{cvt|240|acre}} botanical garden in the 19th century. It incorporates a hillock made of gneiss, formed billions of years ago, and is a declared national geological monument. The garden has a watch tower built in the 16th century by Kempe Gowda, a glass house built in 1889 on the model of The Crystal Palace in London, old hero stones, and houses many exotic species of plants.{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/beyond-botanical-gardens-history-bengalurus-lalbagh-147723|title=Beyond Botanical gardens, history of Bengaluru's lalbagh|work=News minute|date=23 April 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}} A biannual flowershow is held at the gardens during the weeks of India's Republic Day and Independence Day.{{cite news |date=22 January 2021 |title=Bengaluru's Lalbagh Republic day flower show postponed due to pandemic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-lalbagh-republic-day-flower-show-postponed-due-to-pandemic-7156340/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609160342/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-lalbagh-republic-day-flower-show-postponed-due-to-pandemic-7156340/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/lalbagh-botanical-garden/|title=Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens|work=Karnataka Tourism|access-date=1 June 2024}}

The Cubbon Park is a large park spanning {{cvt|300|acre}} in the heart of the city, and was established in 1870. It hosts the Bangalore Aquarium, and the Bangalore central library.{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/cubbon-park/|title=Cubbon Park|work=Karnataka Tourism|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/tourist-place/cubbon-park/|title=Cubbon Park|work=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024}} Bannerghatta National Park is a {{cvt|260.51|km2}} national park and protected area, located south of the city.{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}} The old central prison was decommissioned in 2000 and was redeveloped in to Freedom Park.{{cite news|last1=David|first1=Stephen|title=Old jail in Bangalore turned into Freedom Park|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Old+jail+in+Bangalore+turned+into+Freedom+Park/1/20403.html|access-date=1 November 2016|work=India Today|date=18 November 2008}}

Elgin Talkies, built in 1896, was the first theatre in Bengaluru.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/225030/final-fade-elgin.html|title=Final fade Elgin|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=7 February 2012|access-date=1 June 2024}} In the later half of the 20th century, the city had 149 single screens, most of them situated along the Kempegowda Road near the Kempegowda Bus Station.{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/010320/remembering-bengalurus-old-theatres.html|title=Remembering Bengaluru's old theatres|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=1 March 2020|access-date=1 June 2024}} In the 21st century, large multiplexes with multiple screens began replacing the single screen theaters, and the city is now home to a large number of multiplexes.{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-death-of-single-screen-theatres-in-india-over-20000-shut-down-in-3-decades-last-5500-fight-for-survival-9368594/|title=The death of single-screen theatres in India: Over 20,000 shut down in 3 decades, last 5,500 fight for survival|work=The Indian Express|date=5 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024}}{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pvr-inox-announces-launch-of-bengalurus-largest-cinema/article68055481.ece|title=PVR Inox announces launch of Bengaluru's largest cinema |work=The Hindu|date=11 April 2024|access-date=1 July 2024}} Stage plays and dramas of different genres and languages are enacted in theatres across the city.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/call-for-celebration-ranga-shankara-theatre-festival-to-see-20-plays-over-20-days-in-its-milestone-year/article68701078.ece|title=Ranga Shankara Theatre Festival to celebrate milestone year with 20 plays over 20 days|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-little-theatre-succeeded-in-bridging-the-city-cantonment-divide-says-vijay-padaki/article68354519.ece|title=Bangalore Little Theatre succeeded in bridging the city-cantonment divide, says Vijay Padaki|work=The Hindu|date=2 July 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}

File:Chinnaswamy_Stadium.jpg in 2017]]

Cricket is the most popular sport in the city and the parks in the city serve as venues for impromptu games.{{cite web |date=13 June 2007 |title=Price is no problem for these cricket enthusiasts |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051554/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=Various popular sports played in the state of Karnataka |url=https://www.karnatakaonline.in/about/sports |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Karnataka online |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220808/https://www.karnatakaonline.in/about/sports |url-status=live }}{{harvnb|Bangalore — Mysore|pp=29|Ref=bm}} M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, established in 1969, is a major international cricketing venue, and has hosted matches during multiple ICC Cricket World Cups.{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/m-chinnaswamy-stadium-bengaluru-57897 |title=Chinnaswamy Stadium |work=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=29 March 2024 }} The Karnataka State Cricket Association, located in the stadium premises, is responsible for managing organised cricket in the state.{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketkarnataka.com/decade1.aspx|title=History of KSCA|work=Cricket Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130552/http://www.cricketkarnataka.com/decade1.aspx|url-status=live}} The National Cricket Academy, operated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, is based out of the city.{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125075421/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=NCA Inaugurated | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 May 2000 | access-date=9 May 2007}} The city is home to the Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Royal Challengers Bengaluru.{{cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru Cricket Team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/royal-challengers-bengaluru-335970 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo}} Notable international cricketers born in the city include Erapalli Prasanna,{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/erapalli-prasanna-32357|title=Erapalli Prasanna|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2024}} Roger Binny,{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/roger-binny-26948|title=Roger Binny|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2024}} Anil Kumble,{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/anil-kumble-30176|title=Anil Kumble|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528113945/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/anil-kumble-30176|url-status=live}} Venkatesh Prasad,{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/venkatesh-prasad-32345|title=Venkatesh Prasad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042159/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/venkatesh-prasad-32345|url-status=live}} Lokesh Rahul,{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kl-rahul-422108|title=KL Rahul|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521101655/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kl-rahul-422108|url-status=live}} Mayank Agarwal,{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mayank-agarawal-398438|title=Mayank Agarwal|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122010055/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mayank-agarawal-398438|url-status=live}} and Stuart Binny.{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/stuart-binny-27223|title=Stuart Binny|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521022405/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/stuart-binny-27223|url-status=live}}

File:Sree Kanteerava Stadium.jpg]]

Sree Kanteerava Stadium is a multi-purpose venue which hosts football and athletics.{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Nov/14/karnataka-mini-olympics-starts-today |title=Karnataka Mini Olympics starts today |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indian-super-league-2017/sree-kanteerava-stadium-bengaluru/story-NQmxmhWJQ5m0uqpsUJTnHI.html |title=Sree Kanteerava Stadium - Bengaluru |work=The Hindustan Times |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230070230/http://www.hindustantimes.com/indian-super-league-2017/sree-kanteerava-stadium-bengaluru/story-NQmxmhWJQ5m0uqpsUJTnHI.html |url-status=live }} Association football also has a significant following in the city, and Bangalore Football Stadium hosts football matches along with the Kanteerva stadium in the city.{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/football-stadium-lies-in-a-state-of-despair-3101968 |title=Bangalore Football Stadium lies in a state of despair |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 }} The city is home to football clubs Bengaluru FC,{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8021 |title=Bengaluru Football Club |work=All India Football Federation |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513031412/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8021 |url-status=live }} FC Bengaluru United,{{cite news |title=Primus, Opoku to lead FCBU's challenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms |url-status=live }} Ozone FC,{{cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Ozone releases just one player for Santosh Trophy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663604/ozone-releases-just-one-player.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718142626/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663604/ozone-releases-just-one-player.html |url-status=live }} South United FC,{{cite web |date=3 January 2013 |title=Bangalore gets new pro football club |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times Of India }} and SC Bengaluru.{{cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=Dempo SC, SC Bengaluru share spoils |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/27/sports/dempo-sc-sc-bengaluru-share-spoils/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228160847/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/27/sports/dempo-sc-sc-bengaluru-share-spoils/ |url-status=live }} Prominent international footballers from the city include Sattar Basheer, and Arumainayagam.{{cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=Bengaluru home to great football heroes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/bengaluru-home-to-great-football-heroes-675404.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321081108/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/bengaluru-home-to-great-football-heroes-675404.html |url-status=live }} The Kanteerava Indoor Stadium and Koramangala Indoor Stadium are indoor arenas used to host indoor sports, and other events.{{cite web |date=22 May 2002 |first=S. |last=Kushala |title=Do we need one more stadium? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Do-we-need-one-more-stadium-/articleshow/10696192.cms |access-date=27 June 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310123835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Do-we-need-one-more-stadium-/articleshow/10696192.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/stadiums-up-their-floor-price/articleshow/67948320.cms |title=Stadiums up their floor price |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=12 February 2019 |access-date=1 June 2024}} The Kanteerva arena hosted the South Asian Basketball Championship in 2015 and 2016.{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/south-asian-basketball-in-bengaluru/article7295426.ece |title=South Asian basketball in Bengaluru |date=9 June 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227141729/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/south-asian-basketball-in-bengaluru/article7295426.ece |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=India three-peat as SABA Champs and qualify to the FIBA Asia Challenge |url=http://ekalavyas.com/2016/07/09/india-three-peat-as-saba-champs-and-qualify-to-the-fiba-asia-challenge/ |date=9 July 2016 |work=Ekalavyas |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906142349/http://ekalavyas.com/2016/07/09/india-three-peat-as-saba-champs-and-qualify-to-the-fiba-asia-challenge/ |url-status=dead }} The city is home to Bengaluru Beast of the UBA Pro Basketball League,{{cite news |date=1 March 2017 |title=Bengaluru and Punjab in semifinals |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/bengaluru-and-punjab-in-semifinals/article17389001.ece |access-date=11 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}} and Bengaluru Bulls of the Pro Kabaddi League, who also play their home matches at the stadium.{{cite news |title=Bengaluru Bulls gear up for Pro Kabbadi League |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/bengaluru-bulls-gear-up-for-pro-kabbadi-league-638266.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718141836/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/Bengaluru-Bulls-gear-up-for-Pro-Kabbadi-League-638266.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=PKL Season 8 to start on December 22 in Bengaluru|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season-eight-to-begin-december-22-bengaluru/article37783126.ece |access-date=17 January 2022 |work=Sportstar |date=December 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182746/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season-eight-to-begin-december-22-bengaluru/article37783126.ece |url-status=live }}

File:BFS_on_a_matchday_May_2023.jpg]]

Bengaluru hosts the WTA Indian Open, and Bengaluru Open tennis tournaments annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/|title=Bangalore Open |work=Association of Tennis Professionals |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=30 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021130161851/http://www.atptour.com/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202212150/http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |archive-date=2 February 2013 |work=CBSSportsline |access-date=1 June 2013 }} Prominent international sports people from the city include tennis grand slam champion Rohan Bopanna,{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 |title=Davis Cup – Player profile – Rohan Bopanna |work=International Tennis Federation | access-date=7 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232744/http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 | archive-date=2 March 2011 | url-status=live }} former All England Open badminton champion Prakash Padukone,{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Prakash-Padukone |title=Prakash Padukone |encyclopedia=Britannica | access-date=10 June 2023 }} and former national swimming champion Nisha Millet.{{cite web |url=https://hi.londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/nisha-millet/| title=Nisha Millet |work=London Speaker Bureau |access-date=1 June 2024}} Other notable sportsmen who reside in the city include former Indian cricket captain Rahul Dravid,{{cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/cricket/photos/in-pics-a-glimpse-of-rahul-dravids-luxurious-bangalore-house/ |title=A glimpse of Rahul Dravid's house |work=Lokmat Times |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=1 June 2024 }} world snooker champion Pankaj Advani,{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/webstories/sports/pankaj-advani-birthday-10-things-you-must-know-about-12-time-world-billiards-and-snooker-champion-6184491/ |title=Ten things about world billiards champion Pankaj Advani |work=India.com |date=24 July 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 }} and multiple tennis grand slam champion Mahesh Bhupathi.{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 |title=Mahesh Bhupathi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116171624/http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 |archive-date=16 November 2007 |work=CBSSports |access-date=1 June 2007}} The city is home to several recreational and sports clubs such as Bangalore Club, Bowring Institute, Bangalore Golf Club and Bangalore Turf Club.{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Bangalore Club: How Bangalore Club wrote off the Rs 13 Winston Churchill owed it as 'irrecoverable debt' |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bangalore-club-wrote-off-the-rs-13-winston-churchill-owed-it-as-irrecoverable-debt/articleshow/63829069.cms |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711131634/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bangalore-club-wrote-off-the-rs-13-winston-churchill-owed-it-as-irrecoverable-debt/articleshow/63829069.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/house-panel-asks-govt-to-take-over-golf-course-and-turf-club-and-develop-them-as-lung-spaces/article67850558.ece |title=House panel asks govt. to take over golf course and turf club and develop them as lung spaces |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 February 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}

{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}

Bengaluru has consulates of France,{{cite web |title=Nos coordonnées |url=http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- |work=Consulat général de France à Bangalore | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628143941/http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- | archive-date=28 June 2012 | url-status=live }} Germany,{{cite news |title=German consulate in Bangalore formally inaugurated |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211220647/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=11 December 2013}} Israel,{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Praveen |title=Israel to open consulate in Bangalore |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/israel-to-open-consulate-in-bangalore/478574/ | access-date=27 June 2012 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=27 June 2012}} and Japan,{{cite web |title=Consulate of Japan, Bangalore |url=http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |work=Embassy of Japan, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708015906/http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |archive-date=8 July 2012}} and a virtual consulate of the United States.{{cite web |title=United States Virtual Consulate Bangalore, India |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |work=Consulate General of the United States, Chennai |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125193948/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |archive-date=25 November 2011 }} The city also hosts a British deputy High Commission,{{cite web |title=British Deputy High Commission, Bangalore |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | access-date=7 May 2013 | work=Government of UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413080141/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | archive-date=13 April 2013 | url-status=live }} and honorary consulates of Finland,{{cite web |url=http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |title=Contact Information: Finland's Honorary Consulate, Bangalore (India) – Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Diplomatic missions: Bangalore (Honorary Consulate) |publisher=Formin.fi |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054718/http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2011}} Ireland,{{cite web |title=Department of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |work=Embassy of Ireland, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626040307/http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |archive-date=26 June 2012}} Maldives,{{cite web |title=Maldives Honorary Consuls in India |url=http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |work=Maldives High Commission, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201140/http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |archive-date=1 October 2011}} Peru,{{cite web |title=Embassy of Peru in India and Honorary Consulates |url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html |work=Government of Peru | access-date=22 August 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072225/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html | archive-date=20 October 2012 | url-status=dead }} and Switzerland.{{cite web |url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis#SwitzerlandBangalore |title=Missions List |work=Meaprotocol |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115134951/http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis |archive-date=15 November 2010}} Canada has a trade office in the city.{{cite web |title=Trade Office of Canada in Bangalore |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d |work=Government of Canada | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730125211/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d | archive-date=30 July 2012 | url-status=dead }}

Bengaluru has a sister city relationship with the following cities:

• {{flagicon|Belarus}} Minsk, Belarus (1973){{cite news |date=8 August 2013 |title=No lessons learnt from 'Sister City' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/349804/no-lessons-learnt-sister-city.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |newspaper=Deccan Herald }}
• {{flagicon|United States}} Cleveland, United States (1992){{cite web|title=Cleveland's Sister Cities |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=City of Cleveland |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094132/https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities |url-status=dead}}
• {{flagicon|United States}} San Francisco, United States (2008){{cite news |date=1 December 2009 |title=San Francisco chooses Bangalore as its Indian sister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/san-francisco-chooses-bangalore-as-its-indian-sister/articleshow/5286021.cms |access-date=20 January 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India}}
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Chengdu, China (2013){{cite news |title=Bangalore's Chinese twin comes calling |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830151156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |url-status=live}}

• History of Bengaluru
• List of Chola temples in Bengaluru
• List of neighbourhoods in Bengaluru
• List of people from Bengaluru
• List of tallest buildings in Bengaluru
• List of tourist attractions in Bengaluru
• List of taluks in Bengaluru Urban district
• Tourism in Karnataka

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |last1=De |first1=Aditi |title=Multiple city: writings on Bangalore |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14310-025-6 |ref=Aditi2008}}
• {{cite book |last1=Government of Karnataka |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |year=1990 |ref=kar | author-link1=Government of Karnataka}}
• {{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Janaki |title=The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century |edition=illustrated |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19566-725-7 |ref=nair}}
• {{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Jerry |last2=Srivastava |first2=Rahul |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14333-013-4 |ref=TalkoftheTown}}
• {{cite book |last=Plunkett |first=Richard |title=South India |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-86450-161-2}}
• {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |first=Vijaya B. |last=Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}
• {{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=A. |title=Bangalore — Mysore |edition=illustrated |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-86311-431-1 |ref=bm}}
• {{cite book |last=Rao |first=C. Hayavadana | author-link=C. Hayavadana Rao |title=The Mysore State Gazetteer |year=1929 |ref=mg}}
• {{cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=I.K. | author-link=Inguva Kartikeya Sarma |title=Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19560-686-7}}
• {{cite book |last1=Srinivas |first1=Smriti |title=Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City |edition=revised |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-12502-254-1 |ref=Sri2004}}

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{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite web |author=Archaeological Survey of India|author-link=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n1/mode/1up |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914–15 |publisher=Central Archaeological Library |location=New Delhi}}
• {{cite book |first1=Edgar |last1=Thurston |first2=K. |last2=Rangachari |title=Castes and tribes of southern India |year=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120602885 |ref=EdgarThurston}}
• {{cite book |last=Rice |first=B. Lewis |title=Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. |url=https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc0000rice |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8120609778 |ref=MysoreGazetteer}}
• {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=The New Cambridge History of India. |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |ref=BurtonStein | title-link=The New Cambridge History of India}}
• {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Fazlul |title=Bangalore Through The Centuries |location=Bangalore |publisher=Historical Publications |date=1970}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |title=Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections |date=6 May 2004 |publisher=Virginia Tech |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date= 26 September 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date= 5 June 2012 |type=Thesis |url-status=live }} {{small|(792 kB)}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004.
• {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=William Stevenson |last2=Burn |first2=Richard |last3=Cotton |first3=James Sutherland |last4=Risley |first4=Herbert Hope |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=2006 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press|orig-year=1909}}
• {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bangalore|volume=3|page=315|short=1}}

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• [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority]
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