Cuba–United States relations#1890s: Independence in Cuba

{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}File:Florida Moyne 1591.jpeg and Cuba]]

File:John Quincy Adams.jpg, who as U.S. Secretary of State compared Cuba to an apple that, if severed from Spain, would gravitate towards the U.S.]]

Relations between the Spanish colony of Cuba and polities on the North American mainland first established themselves in the early 18th century through illicit commercial contracts by the European colonies of the New World, trading to elude colonial taxes. As both legal and illegal trade increased, Cuba became a comparatively prosperous trading partner in the region, and a center of tobacco and sugar production. During this period Cuban merchants increasingly traveled to North American ports, establishing trade contracts that endured for many years.

The British capture and temporary occupation of Havana in 1762, which many Americans participated in, opened up trade with the colonies in North and South America, and the American Revolution in 1776 provided additional trade opportunities. Spain opened Cuban ports to North American commerce officially in November 1776 and the island became increasingly dependent on that trade.

After the opening of the island to world trade in 1818, trade agreements began to replace Spanish commercial connections. In 1820 Thomas Jefferson thought Cuba is "the most interesting addition which could ever be made to our system of States" and told Secretary of War John C. Calhoun that the United States "ought, at the first possible opportunity, to take Cuba."[https://web.archive.org/web/20080616102605/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-sp/schlesinger.html The American Empire Not So Fast] Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. World Policy Journal (archived from [http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-sp/schlesinger.html the original] on 16 June 2008) In a letter to the U.S. Minister to Spain Hugh Nelson, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams described the likelihood of U.S. "annexation of Cuba" within half a century despite obstacles: "But there are laws of political as well as of physical gravitation; and if an apple severed by the tempest from its native tree cannot choose but fall to the ground, Cuba, forcibly disjoined from its own unnatural connection with Spain, and incapable of self support, can gravitate only towards the North American Union, which by the same law of nature cannot cast her off from its bosom."[http://janefranklin.info/Cuba.htm Cuba and the United States : A chronological History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801083633/http://janefranklin.info/Cuba.htm |date=1 August 2013 }} Jane Franklin. Ocean Press; 1997. {{ISBN|1-875284-92-3}}. {{ISBN|978-1875284924}}

The desire to procure Cuba intensified in the 1840s, not only in the context of manifest destiny but also in the interest of Southern power. Cuba, with some half a million slaves, would provide Southerners with extra leverage in Congress. In the late 1840s, President James K. Polk dispatched his minister to Spain Romulus Mitchell Saunders with a mission to offer $100 million to buy Cuba. Saunders however did not speak Spanish, and as then Secretary of State James Buchanan noted "even [English] he sometimes murders". Saunders was a clumsy negotiator, which both entertained and angered the Spanish. Spain replied that they would "prefer seeing [Cuba] sunk in the ocean" than sold. It may have been a moot point anyway, as it is unlikely that the Whig majority House would have accepted such an obviously pro-Southern move. The 1848 election of Zachary Taylor, a Whig, ended formal attempts to purchase the island.{{Cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15550774|title=Battle cry of freedom : the Civil War era|date=1988|isbn=0-19-503863-0|location=New York|pages=103–110|oclc=15550774|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115045/https://www.worldcat.org/title/battle-cry-of-freedom-the-civil-war-era/oclc/15550774|url-status=live}}

In August 1851, 40 Americans who took part in Narciso López's filibustering Lopez Expedition in Cuba, including the Attorney General's nephew William L. Crittenden, were executed by Spanish authorities in Havana.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmkUAAAAYAAJ|title=Lopez's Expeditions to Cuba, 1850 and 1851|last=Quisenberry|first=Anderson C.|publisher=John P. Morton & Company|year=1906|location=Louisville, KY|pages=86|via=Google Books|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113229/https://books.google.com/books?id=VmkUAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}} News of the executions caused a furor in the South, spawning riots in which the Spanish consulate in New Orleans was burned to the ground. In 1854, a secret proposal known as the Ostend Manifesto was devised by U.S. diplomats, interested in adding a slave state to the Union. The Manifesto proposed buying Cuba from Spain for $130 million. If Spain were to reject the offer, the Manifesto implied that, in the name of Manifest Destiny, war would be necessary. When the plans became public, because of one author's vocal enthusiasm for the plan,{{cite book|ref=Rhodes|oclc=272963 |last= Rhodes|first=James Ford|year=1893|publisher=Harper & Bros.|location=New York|title=History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Vol. II: 1854–1860|page = 38}} the manifesto caused a scandal, and was rejected, in part because of objections from anti-slavery campaigners.Hugh Thomas. Cuba : The pursuit for freedom. pp. 134–35

The Cuban rebellion 1868–1878 against Spanish rule, called by historians the Ten Years' War, gained wide sympathy in the United States. Juntas based in New York raised money and smuggled men and munitions to Cuba while energetically spreading propaganda in American newspapers. The Grant administration turned a blind eye to this violation of American neutrality.Charles Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations (1976) pp 53=59. In 1869, President Ulysses Grant was urged by popular opinion to support rebels in Cuba with military assistance and to give them U.S. diplomatic recognition. Secretary of State Hamilton Fish wanted stability and favored the Spanish government and did not publicly challenge the popular anti-Spanish American viewpoint. Grant and Fish gave lip service to Cuban independence, called for an end to slavery in Cuba, and quietly opposed American military intervention. Fish worked diligently against popular pressure, and was able to keep Grant from officially recognizing Cuban independence because it would have endangered negotiations with Britain over the Alabama Claims. Daniel Sickles, the American Minister to Madrid, made no headway. Grant and Fish successfully resisted popular pressures. Grant's message to Congress urged strict neutrality and no official recognition of the Cuban revolt.Campbell, Presidency, pp 179-98.{{full citation needed|date=May 2019}}

By 1877, Americans purchased 83 percent of Cuba's total exports. North Americans were also increasingly taking up residence on the island, and some districts on the northern shore were said to have more the character of America than Spanish settlements. Between 1878 and 1898 American investors took advantage of deteriorating economic conditions of the Ten Years' War to take over estates they had tried unsuccessfully to buy before while others acquired properties at very low prices.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/country-profile-cuba/ |title=Doing Business with Cuba – The Complete Guide |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=14 February 2015 |website=www.mercatrade.com |last=Patricia Maroday |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214100341/http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/country-profile-cuba/ |archive-date=14 February 2015 |df=dmy }} Above all this presence facilitated the integration of the Cuban economy into the North American system and weakened Cuba's ties with Spain.

{{See also|Spanish–American War}}

File:Cubanoccupation.jpg

As Cuban resistance to Spanish rule grew, rebels fighting for independence attempted to get support from U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. Grant declined and the resistance was curtailed, though American interests in the region continued. U.S. Secretary of State James G. Blaine wrote in 1881 of Cuba, "that rich island, the key to the Gulf of Mexico, and the field for our most extended trade in the Western Hemisphere, is, though in the hands of Spain, a part of the American commercial system ... If ever ceasing to be Spanish, Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination."{{cite web

|last=Sierra

|first=J.A.

|year=1898

|url=http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/marti/marti4.htm

|title=José Martí: Apostle of Cuban Independence

|publisher=historyofcuba.com

|access-date=7 July 2006

|archive-date=30 October 2006

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030110211/http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/marti/marti4.htm

|url-status=live

}}

After some rebel successes in Cuba's second war of independence in 1897, U.S. President William McKinley offered to buy Cuba for $300 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.international-relations.com/WbLatinAmerica/WBLA-Lec4-2006.doc|title=Cuba: Revolution, Resistance And Globalisation|publisher=International-relations.com|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222062349/http://www.international-relations.com/WbLatinAmerica/WBLA-Lec4-2006.doc|archive-date=22 February 2012|url-status=dead}} Rejection of the offer, and an explosion that sank the American battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor, led to the Spanish–American War. In Cuba the war became known as "the U.S. intervention in Cuba's War of Independence". On 10 December 1898 Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris and, in accordance with the treaty, Spain renounced all rights to Cuba. The treaty put an end to the Spanish Empire in the Americas and marked the beginning of United States expansion and long-term political dominance in the region. Immediately after the signing of the treaty, the U.S.-owned "Island of Cuba Real Estate Company" opened for business to sell Cuban land to Americans.{{cite web|url=http://historyofcuba.com/history/time/timetbl2d.htm|title=History of Cuba Timeline : Struggle for Independence - 5|publisher=Historyofcuba.com|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307021622/http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/time/timetbl2d.htm|url-status=live}} U.S. military rule of the island lasted until 1902 when Cuba was finally granted formal independence.

File:The Administration's Promises Have Been Kept.jpg depicting American rule in Cuba]]

File:Platt amendment page 1.jpg

The Teller Amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain in 1898 disavowed any intention of exercising "sovereignty, jurisdiction or control" over Cuba, but the United States only agreed to withdraw its troops from Cuba when Cuba agreed to the eight provisions of the Platt Amendment, an amendment to the 1901 Army Appropriations Act authored by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt, which would allow the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs if needed for the maintenance of good government and committed Cuba to lease to the U.S. land for naval bases. Cuba leased to the United States the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay, where a United States Naval Station had been established in 1898. The Platt Amendment defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations for the following 33 years and provided the legal basis for U.S. military interventions with varying degrees of support from Cuban governments and political parties.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Despite recognizing Cuba's transition into an independent republic, United States Governor Charles Edward Magoon assumed temporary military rule for three more years following a rebellion led in part by José Miguel Gómez. In the following 20 years the United States repeatedly intervened militarily in Cuban affairs: 1906–09, 1912 and 1917–22. In 1912 U.S. forces were sent to quell protests by Afro-Cubans against discrimination. At first President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) and Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan were determined to stay out of Cuban affairs. The political turmoil continued. Cuba joined in the war against Germany, and prospered from American contracts. US Marines were stationed to protect the major sugar plantations in the Sugar Intervention. However, in 1919 political chaos again threatened the Civil War and Secretary of State Robert Lansing sent General Enoch Crowder to stabilize the situation.George Baker, "The Wilson administration in Cuba, 1913-1921" Mid-America 46#1 pp 48-63.

By 1926 U.S. companies owned 60% of the Cuban sugar industry and imported 95% of the total Cuban crop,Hugh Thomas. Cuba : The pursuit for freedom. p. 336 and Washington was generally supportive of successive Cuban governments. President Calvin Coolidge led the U.S. delegation to the Sixth International Conference of American States from January 15–17, 1928, in Havana, the only international trip Coolidge made during his presidency;{{cite web |last=Historian |date=2018 |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/coolidge-calvin |title=Travels of President Calvin Coolidge |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222151300/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/coolidge-calvin |url-status=live }} it would be the last time a sitting American president visited Cuba until Barack Obama did so on March 20, 2016.{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/heres-happened-last-time-us-president-visited-cuba-222336829--abc-news-topstories.html |title= Here's What Happened the Last Time a US President Visited Cuba |last=Kim |first=Susanna |work=ABC News |date=December 18, 2014 |access-date=March 1, 2016 |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106035453/https://www.yahoo.com/news/heres-happened-last-time-us-president-visited-cuba-222336829--abc-news-topstories.html |url-status=dead}} However, internal confrontations between the government of Gerardo Machado and political opposition led to his military overthrow by Cuban rebels in 1933. U.S. Ambassador Sumner Welles requested U.S. military intervention. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, despite his promotion of the Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, ordered 29 warships to Cuba and Key West, alerting United States Marines, and bombers for use if necessary. Machado's replacement, Ramón Grau assumed the Presidency and immediately nullified the Platt amendment. In protest, the United States denied recognition to Grau's government, Ambassador Welles describing the new regime as "communistic" and "irresponsible".{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/time/timetbl3.htm|title=History of Cuba: 1929 thru 1955|publisher=Historyofcuba.com|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115034239/http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/time/timetbl3.htm|url-status=live}}

The rise of General Fulgencio Batista in the 1930s to de facto leader and President of Cuba for two terms (1940–44 and 1952–59) led to an era of close co-operation between the governments of Cuba and the United States. The United States and Cuba signed another Treaty of Relations in 1934. Batista's second term as president was initiated by a military coup planned in Florida, and U.S. President Harry S. Truman quickly recognized Batista's return to rule providing military and economic aid. The Batista era witnessed the almost complete domination of Cuba's economy by the United States, as the number of American corporations continued to swell, though corruption was rife and Havana also became a popular sanctuary for American organized crime figures, notably hosting the infamous Havana Conference in 1946. U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Arthur Gardner later described the relationship between the U.S. and Batista during his second term as President:

{{blockquote|Batista had always leaned toward the United States. I don't think we ever had a better friend. It was regrettable, like all South Americans, that he was known—although I had no absolute knowledge of it—to be getting a cut, I think is the word for it, in almost all the things that were done. But, on the other hand, he was doing an amazing job.{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/gardner-smith.htm|title=Testimony of Arthur Gardner and Earl E. T. Smith|work=Latinamericanstudies.org|publisher=21 December 2014|access-date=23 August 2006|archive-date=9 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509103327/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/gardner-smith.htm|url-status=live}}}}

In July 1953, an armed conflict broke out in Cuba between rebels led by Fidel Castro and the Batista government. During the course of the conflict, the U.S. sold 8.238 million dollars worth of weapons to the Cuban government to help quash the rebellion.{{Cite web|date=2020|title=DSCA Historical Sales Book|url=https://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/dsca_historical_sales_book_FY20.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323164212/https://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/dsca_historical_sales_book_FY20.pdf|archive-date=2021-03-23|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.dsca.mil|publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency}} However, the U.S. was urged to end arms sales to Batista by Cuban president-in-waiting Manuel Urrutia Lleó. Washington made the critical move in March 1958 to end sales of rifles to Batista's forces, thus changing the course of the Cuban Revolution irreversibly towards the rebels. The move was vehemently opposed by U.S. ambassador Earl E. T. Smith, and led U.S. State Department adviser William Wieland to lament that "I know Batista is considered by many as a son of a bitch ... but American interests come first ... at least he was our son of a bitch."Hugh Thomas. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jejCQgAACAAJ Cuba: the pursuit of freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614235049/https://books.google.com/books?id=jejCQgAACAAJ |date=14 June 2016 }}. Picador; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-330-48417-6}}. p. 650.

{{See also|Bay of Pigs Invasion|Cuban Missile Crisis}}

{{blockquote|Until Castro, the U.S. was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man, sometimes even more important than the Cuban president.| Earl E. T. Smith, former American Ambassador to Cuba, during 1960 testimony to the U.S. SenateErnesto "Che" Guevara (World Leaders Past & Present), by Douglas Kellner, 1989, Chelsea House Publishers, {{ISBN|1-55546-835-7}}, p. 66}}

U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower officially recognized the new Cuban government after the 1959 Cuban Revolution which had overthrown the Batista government, but relations between the two governments deteriorated rapidly. Within days Earl E. T. Smith, U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, was replaced by Philip Bonsal. The U.S. government became increasingly concerned by Cuba's agrarian reforms and the nationalization of industries owned by U.S. citizens. Between 15 and 26 April 1959, Fidel Castro and a delegation of representatives visited the U.S. as guests of the Press Club. This visit was perceived by many as a charm offensive on the part of Castro and his recently initiated government, and his visit included laying a wreath at the Lincoln memorial. After a meeting between Castro and Vice President Richard Nixon, where Castro outlined his reform plans for Cuba,{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3182150.stm|title=BBC News – Timeline: US-Cuba relations|work=BBC News|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=25 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125094703/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3182150.stm|url-status=live}} the U.S. began to impose gradual trade restrictions on the island. On 4 September 1959, Ambassador Bonsal met with Cuban Premier Fidel Castro to express "serious concern at the treatment being given to American private interests in Cuba both agriculture and utilities."{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html|title=Bay of Pigs Chronology|publisher=Gwu.edu|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322153854/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html|url-status=live}}

File:Fidel Castro during a visit to Washington.jpg during a visit to Washington, D.C., shortly after the Cuban Revolution in 1959]]

The Escambray rebellion was a six-year rebellion (1959–1965) in the Escambray Mountains by a group of insurgents who opposed the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro. The rebelling group of insurgents was a mix of former Batista soldiers, local farmers, and former allied guerrillas who had fought alongside Castro against Batista during the Cuban Revolution.

As state intervention and take-over of privately owned businesses continued, trade restrictions on Cuba increased. The U.S. stopped buying Cuban sugar and refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil, with a devastating effect on the island's economy, leading to Cuba turning to their newfound trading partner, the Soviet Union, for petroleum. In March 1960, tensions increased when the French freighter La Coubre exploded in Havana Harbor, killing over 75 people. Fidel Castro blamed the United States and compared the incident to the sinking of the Maine, though admitting he could provide no evidence for his accusation.{{cite book|last1 = Fursenko|first1 = Aleksandr|last2 = Naftali|first2 = Timothy|title = "One Hell of a Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964|pages = 40–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4LXzAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|publisher = W. W. Norton & Company|date = 1998|isbn = 9780393317909|access-date = 23 October 2020|archive-date = 30 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113237/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LXzAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|url-status = live}} That same month, President Eisenhower quietly authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to organize, train, and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force to overthrow Castro.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/ops/bay-of-pigs.htm|title=Cuba|author=John Pike|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009124103/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/ops/bay-of-pigs.htm|url-status=live}}

US investors' holdings in Cuba equated to around $900 million in 1959 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|0.9|1959|r=1}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}),{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} and accounted for close to 40 percent of the sugar production.{{cite book|last=Rabe|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen G. Rabe|title=The Killing Zone: The United States Wages Cold War in Latin America|url=https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-killing-zone-9780190216252|chapter=War against Cuba|year=2012|pages=61–62|isbn=9780190216252|location=Oxford/New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515134214/https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-killing-zone-9780190216252|url-status=live}} {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|Each time the Cuban government nationalized property belonging to American citizens, the American government took countermeasures, resulting in the prohibition of all exports to Cuba on 19 October 1960. Consequently, Cuba began to consolidate trade relations with the USSR, leading the U.S. to break off all remaining official diplomatic relations. Later that year, U.S. diplomats Edwin L. Sweet and William G. Friedman were arrested and expelled from the island having been charged with "encouraging terrorist acts, granting asylum, financing subversive publications and smuggling weapons". On 3 January 1961 the U.S. withdrew diplomatic recognition of the Cuban government and closed the embassy in Havana.}}

Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy believed that Eisenhower's policy toward Cuba had been mistaken. He criticized what he saw as use of U.S. government influence to advance the interest and increase the profits of private U.S. companies instead of helping Cuba to achieve economic progress, saying that Americans dominated the island's economy and had given support to one of the bloodiest and most repressive dictatorships in the history of Latin America. "We let Batista put the U.S. on the side of tyranny, and we did nothing to convince the people of Cuba and Latin America that we wanted to be on the side of freedom".Original Spanish: " Mientras permitimos que Batista nos colocara de lado de la tiranía, nada hicimos para convencer al pueblo de Cuba y Latinoamérica que queríamos estar de lado de la libertad.", Mariano Ospina Peña, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723035035/http://www.caballerosandantes.net/index.php?cid=34&page=6 Las Elecciones Presidenciales de 1960]}}, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723035117/http://www.caballerosandantes.net/index.php?cid=34&page=5 La Bahía de Cochinos]}}, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140517044903/http://www.caballerosandantes.net/ caballerosandantes.net]}} (in Spanish).

File:A4D-2 Skyhawks of VA-34 in flight over USS Essex (CVS-9) during the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961.jpgs from the USS Essex flying sorties over combat areas during the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961]]

In April 1961, an armed invasion by about 1,500 CIA trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs was defeated by the Cuban armed forces.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4925262.stm|title=BBC News - Americas – Castro marks Bay of Pigs victory|date=20 April 2006 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=23 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423071159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4925262.stm|url-status=live}} During this time, the US sent seven ships to sail, two of which were owned by the United Fruit Company. Castro was not thrilled with the United Fruit Company or this plan as his father worked as a laborer.{{cite book |last1=Rabe |first1=Steven |title=The Killing Zone: The United States Wages Cold War in Latin America |publisher=Oxford University Press }} President Kennedy's complete assumption of responsibility for the venture, which provoked a popular reaction against the invasion, proved to be a further propaganda boost for the Cuban government.Angelo Trento. Castro and Cuba : From the revolution to the present. Arris books. 2005. The U.S. began the formulation of new plans aimed at destabilizing the Cuban government. The U.S. government engaged in an extensive series of terrorist attacks in Cuba. These activities were collectively known as the "Cuban Project" or Operation Mongoose.{{refn|name=Mongoose20}} The attacks formed a CIA-coordinated program of terrorist bombings, political and military sabotage, and psychological operations, as well as assassination attempts on key political leaders. The Joint Chiefs of Staff also proposed attacks on mainland U.S. targets, hijackings and assaults on Cuban refugee boats to generate U.S. public support for military action against the Cuban government, these proposals were known collectively as Operation Northwoods.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

File:USS Lexington (AVT-16) leaving Guantanamo Bay c1989.jpg as illegal"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31059030 US rejects Cuba demand to hand back Guantanamo Bay base] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207183342/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31059030 |date=7 December 2016 }}". BBC News. 30 January 2015.]]

A U.S. Senate Select Intelligence Committee report later confirmed over eight attempted plots to kill Castro between 1960 and 1965, as well as additional plans against other Cuban leaders.{{cite web|url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/ir/html/ChurchIR_0043a.htm|title=AARC Public Digital Library – Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, pg|work=ASSASSINATION ARCHIVES|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918003331/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/ir/html/ChurchIR_0043a.htm|url-status=live}} After weathering the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba observed as U.S. armed forces staged a mock invasion of a Caribbean island in 1962 named Operation Ortsac. The purpose of the invasion was to overthrow a leader whose name, Ortsac, was Castro spelled backwards.{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03E3DC1F31F93BA35755C0A9659C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=all|title=Profile in Courage|date=8 June 2003|publisher=Query.nytimes.com|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=21 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421093102/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03E3DC1F31F93BA35755C0A9659C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=all|url-status=live}} Tensions between the two nations reached their peak in 1962, after U.S. reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet construction of intermediate-range missile sites. The discovery led to the Cuban Missile Crisis.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Trade relations also deteriorated in equal measure. In 1962, President Kennedy broadened the partial trade restrictions imposed after the revolution by Eisenhower to a ban on all trade with Cuba, except for non-subsidized sale of foods and medicines. A year later travel and financial transactions by U.S. citizens with Cuba was prohibited. The United States embargo against Cuba was to continue in varying forms. Despite tensions between the United States and Cuba during the Kennedy years, relations began to thaw somewhat after the Cuban Missile Crisis. Back channels that had already been established at the height of tensions between the two nations began to expand in 1963. Though Attorney General Robert Kennedy worried that such contact would hurt his brother's chances of re-election, President John Kennedy continued these contacts resulting in several meetings U.S. ambassador William Atwood and Cuban officials such as Carlos Lechuga. Other contacts would be established directly between President Kennedy and Fidel Castro through media figures such as Lisa Howard and French reporter Jean Daniel days before the Kennedy Assassination with Castro stating "I am willing to declare Goldwater my friend if that will guarantee Kennedy's re-election".{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Castro would continue efforts to improve relations with the incoming Johnson administration sending a message to Johnson encouraging dialogue saying:

{{blockquote|I seriously hope that Cuba and the United States can eventually respect and negotiate our differences. I believe that there are no areas of contention between us that cannot be discussed and settled within a climate of mutual understanding. But first, of course, it is necessary to discuss our differences. I now believe that this hostility between Cuba and the United States is both unnatural and unnecessary – and it can be eliminated.{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/LBJ-1.htm|title=Message from Castro to Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964|publisher=Historyofcuba.com|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218102332/http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/LBJ-1.htm|url-status=live}}}}

Continued tensions over various issues would hamper further efforts to normalization relations that started at the end of the Kennedy administration such as the Guantanamo dispute of 1964, or Cuba's embrace of American political dissidents such as Black Panther leaders who took refuge in Cuba during the 1960s. Perhaps the biggest clash during the Johnson administration would be the capture of Che Guevara in 1967 by Bolivia forces assisted by the CIA and U.S. Special forces.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Through the late 1960s and early 1970s a sustained period of aircraft hijackings between Cuba and the U.S. by citizens of both nations led to a need for cooperation. By 1974, U.S. elected officials had begun to visit the island. Three years later, during the Carter administration, the U.S. and Cuba simultaneously opened interests sections in each other's capitals.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

File:Propaganda a Cuba 07.jpg extolling Cuba's victory in the eponymous invasion. The translation reads "Girón, the first defeat of Yankee imperialism in Latin America."]]

From late 1975 to 1976, the United States and Cuba were on opposite sides of the Angolan Civil War. Cuba and the Soviet Union supported the communist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). The Cuban government sent combat troops to support the MPLA (see Cuban intervention in Angola). In reaction to the Cuban and Soviet support for MPLA, the CIA provided cash and weapons to the anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) (see CIA activities in Angola).{{cn|date=October 2024}}

In 1977, Cuba and the United States signed a maritime boundary treaty, agreeing on the location of their border in the Straits of Florida. The treaty was never sent to the United States Senate for ratification, but the agreement has been implemented by the U.S. State Department. In 1980, after 10,000 Cubans crammed into the Peruvian embassy seeking political asylum, Castro stated that any who wished to do so could leave Cuba, in what became known as the Mariel boatlift. Approximately 125,000 people left Cuba for the United States.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Beginning in the 1970s a growing and coordinated effort by US-based Cuban dissident groups organized to confront the Castro regime through international bodies such as the United Nations. The United Nations Human Rights Council in particular would become a major front in these confrontations as issues of human rights became more widely known, especially in the 1980s as the United States itself became more directly involved during the Reagan administration, which had a tougher anti-Castro stance. In 1981 the Reagan administration announced a tightening of the embargo. The U.S. also re-established the travel ban, prohibiting U.S. citizens from spending money in Cuba. The ban was later supplemented to include Cuban government officials or their representatives visiting the U.S.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

A significant turning point in the international United Nations efforts came in 1984 when the Miami-based Center for Human Rights led by Jesús Permuy successfully lobbied to have Cuba's diplomatic representative, Luis Sola Vila, removed from a key subcommittee of the UN Human Rights Council and replaced with a representative from Ireland, a Christian-Democratic ally in opposition of the Castro government.{{cite news|author1=Jay Ducassi|title=Exile Group Fights Castro With Words|work=The Miami Herald|date=June 17, 1984|pages=1B}} The following year Radio y Televisión Martí, backed by the Reagan administration, began to broadcast news and information from the U.S. to Cuba. In 1987 when US President Ronald Reagan appointed Armando Valladares, former Cuban political prisoner of 22 years, as the US ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Committee.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Since 1990, the United States has presented various resolutions to the annual UN Human Rights Commission criticizing Cuba's human rights record. The proposals and subsequent diplomatic disagreements have been described as a "nearly annual ritual".[http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/human-rights/un-vote.htm U.N. panel condemns Cuba for rights abuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225213921/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/human-rights/un-vote.htm |date=25 February 2021 }} Miami Herald April 19, 2001 Long-term consensus between Latin American nations has not emerged.[http://www.coha.org/2005/05/02/cuba-the-un-human-rights-commission-and-the-oas-race/ Cuba, the U.N. Human Rights Commission and the OAS Race] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719182937/http://www.coha.org/2005/05/02/cuba-the-un-human-rights-commission-and-the-oas-race/ |date=19 July 2008 }} Council on Hemispheric Affairs By the end of the Cold War in 1992, there had been a substantial change in Geneva as the United Nations Human Rights Committee representatives had shifted from initial rejection, then indifference and towards embrace of the anti-Castro Cuban human rights movement's diplomatic efforts.{{cite news|author1=Juan O. Tamayo|title=Exiles' Message Embraced at U.N.|work=The Miami Herald|date=March 3, 1992|pages=7A}}

The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, leaving Cuba without its major international sponsor. The ensuing years were marked by economic difficulty in Cuba, a time known as the Special Period. U.S. law allowed private humanitarian aid to Cuba for part of this time. However, the long-standing U.S. embargo was reinforced in October 1992 by the Cuban Democracy Act (the "Torricelli Law") and in 1996 by the Cuban Liberty and Democracy Solidarity Act (known as the Helms-Burton Act). The 1992 act prohibited foreign-based subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba, travel to Cuba by U.S. citizens, and family remittances to Cuba.Full text of Cuban Liberty and Democracy Solidarity Act Sanctions could also be applied to non-U.S. companies trading with Cuba. As a result, multinational companies had to choose between Cuba and the U.S., the latter being a much larger market.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

On 24 February 1996, two unarmed Cessna 337s flown by the group "Brothers to the Rescue" were shot down by Cuban Air Force MiG-29, killing three Cuban-Americans and one Cuban U.S. resident. The Cuban government claimed that the planes had entered into Cuban airspace.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Some veterans of CIA's 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion, while no longer being sponsored by the CIA, are still active, though they are now in their seventies or older. Members of Alpha 66, an anti-Castro paramilitary organization, continue to practice their AK-47 skills in a camp in South Florida.{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/01/14/cuba/|title=The coddled "terrorists" of South Florida|work=Salon.com|date=12 June 1999 |access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812045616/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/01/14/cuba|url-status=live}}

In January 1999, U.S. President Bill Clinton eased travel restrictions to Cuba in an effort to increase cultural exchanges between the two nations.{{cite news |author=David Ginsburg |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-may-02-sp-33359-story.html |title=Angelos 'Dominant' Force Behind Cuba-Orioles Series |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 May 1999 |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010154424/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/02/sports/sp-33359 |url-status=live }} The Clinton administration approved a two-game exhibition series between the Baltimore Orioles and the Cuba national baseball team, marking the end of the hiatus since 1959 that a Major League Baseball team played in Cuba.{{cite news |author=Murray Chass |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/sports/baseball-deal-is-finally-worked-out-for-orioles-cuba-exhibition.html |title=BASEBALL; Deal Is Finally Worked Out For Orioles-Cuba Exhibition |work=The New York Times |date=7 March 1999 |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518153014/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/sports/baseball-deal-is-finally-worked-out-for-orioles-cuba-exhibition.html |url-status=live }}

At the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000, Castro and Clinton spoke briefly at a group photo session and shook hands. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan commented afterwards, "For a U.S. president and a Cuban president to shake hands for the first time in over 40 years—I think it is a major symbolic achievement". While Castro said it was a gesture of "dignity and courtesy", the White House denied the encounter was of any significance.{{cite web |url = http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/Archive-2000/c09-18.html|url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060519190451/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/Archive-2000/c09-18.html|archive-date=19 May 2006|title = The earth-shattering, 'delightful' Clinton-Castro handshake|work = World Tribune.com|first = Claudio|last = Campuzano|date = 18 September 2000}} In November 2001, U.S. companies began selling food to the country for the first time since Washington imposed the trade embargo after the revolution. In 2002, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter became the first former or sitting U.S. president to visit Cuba since 1928.{{citation|author=The Carter Center|title=Activities by Country: Cuba|url=http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/cuba.html|access-date=17 July 2008|archive-date=9 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509092722/http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/cuba.html|url-status=live}}

Americans for Humanitarian Trade with Cuba

On May 21st, 2002, a U.S. senate hearing before the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce, and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation aimed at opening up food sales with Cuba. In attendance at the hearing was Lissa Weinmann, the Executive Director of the Americans for Humanitarian Trade with Cuba. In a statement to the Senate, Weinmann explained that the organization is "a national group of prominent Americans who advocate normal trade of food and medical products between the United States and Cuba." Weinmann noted that polls of the American people reflected overwhelming support for free trade of food and medicine products. Furthermore, the U.S. administration deeming Cuba to be a "terrorist state" damaged trade relations and created unnecessary obstacles for both individuals traveling between the two countries and small businesses aiming to trade across the border. She stated that despite some sales occurring within large companies, "for small to medium-sized buyers, the arcane regulations that govern such. trade make it an impractical situation for them." Weinmann argues that trade between the U.S. and Cuba is mutually beneficial.{{Cite web |title=- U.S. TRADE POLICY WITH CUBA |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-107shrg94877/html/CHRG-107shrg94877.htm |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.govinfo.gov}}

Americans for Humanitarian Trade with Cuba was established in January 1998 and included Cuban-Americans, farmers, physicians, and elected officials. Its most prominent members included David Rockefeller, Milton Friedman, Carla Hills, Frank Carlucci, John Whitehead, Paul Volcker, Julius Richmond, Craig L. Fuller, Sam Gibbons, James Rodney Schlesinger, among others.{{Cite web |title=- U.S. TRADE POLICY WITH CUBA |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-107shrg94877/html/CHRG-107shrg94877.htm |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.govinfo.gov}}

Tightening embargo

Relations deteriorated again following the election of George W. Bush. During his campaign Bush appealed for the support of Cuban-Americans by emphasizing his opposition to the government of Fidel Castro and supporting tighter embargo restrictions.Perez, Louis A. Cuba: Between Reform And Revolution, New York, NY. 2006, p326 Cuban Americans, who until 2008 tended to vote Republican,{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/24/after-decades-of-gop-support-cubans-shifting-toward-the-democratic-party/|title=After decades of GOP support, Cubans shifting toward the Democratic Party|last=Krogstad|first=Jens|date=24 June 2014|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624104407/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/24/after-decades-of-gop-support-cubans-shifting-toward-the-democratic-party/|url-status=live}} expected effective policies and greater participation in the formation of policies regarding Cuba-U.S. relations. Approximately three months after his inauguration, the Bush administration began expanding travel restrictions. The United States Department of the Treasury issued greater efforts to deter American citizens from illegally traveling to the island.{{cite web|url=http://www.antiwar.com/lobe/?articleid=2493|title=Bush Tightens Cuba Embargo|date=7 May 2004 |publisher=Antiwar.com|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220010903/http://www.antiwar.com/lobe/?articleid=2493|url-status=live}} Also in 2001, five Cuban agents were convicted on 26 counts of espionage, conspiracy to commit murder, and other illegal activities in the United States. On 15 June 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court denied review of their case. Tensions heightened as the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs, John R. Bolton, accused Cuba of maintaining a biological weapons program. Many in the United States, including ex-president Carter, expressed doubts about the claim. Later, Bolton was criticized for pressuring subordinates who questioned the quality of the intelligence John Bolton had used as the basis for his assertion.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421144126/http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=BOLTON-04-11-05&cat=WW Bolton faces tough questioning from Democrats] McClatchy Newspapers (archived from [http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=BOLTON-04-11-05&cat=WW the original] on 21 April 2008){{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/americas/05/06/cuba.weapons/index.htm|title=CNN – Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News|publisher=Archives.cnn.com|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113202/https://www.cnn.com/|url-status=live}} Bolton identified the Castro government as part of America's "axis of evil", highlighting the fact that the Cuban leader visited several U.S. foes, including Libya, Iran and Syria.{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1977839.stm |title = US and Cuba's complex relations |work = BBC |first = Daniel |last = Schweimler |date = 9 May 2002 |access-date = 17 July 2006 |archive-date = 25 June 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060625160918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1977839.stm |url-status = live }}

Following his 2004 reelection, Bush declared Cuba to be one of the few "outposts of tyranny" remaining in the world.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

File:Billboard opposit USA interest office.jpg. The translation reads: "Mister Imperialists, None of us fear you!"]]

In January 2006, United States Interests Section in Havana began, in an attempt to break Cuba's "information blockade", displaying messages, including quotes from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on a scrolling "electronic billboard" in the windows of their top floor. Following a protest march organized by the Cuban government, the government erected a large number of poles, carrying black flags with single white stars, obscuring the messages.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4638240.stm|title=BBC News – Americas – US Havana messages outrage Castro|date=23 January 2006 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221215818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4638240.stm|url-status=live}}

On 10 October 2006, the United States announced the creation of a task force made up of officials from several U.S. agencies to pursue more aggressively American violators of the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, with penalties as severe as 10 years of prison and hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines for violators of the embargo.{{cite web|date=10 October 2006|url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=146094|title=US tightens Cuba embargo enforcement|publisher=TurkishPress.com|access-date=22 October 2006|archive-date=24 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124202910/http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=146094|url-status=live}}

In November 2006, U.S. Congressional auditors accused the development agency USAID of failing properly to administer its program for promoting democracy in Cuba. They said USAID had channeled tens of millions of dollars through exile groups in Miami, which were sometimes wasteful or kept questionable accounts. The report said the organizations had sent items such as chocolate and cashmere jerseys to Cuba. Their report concluded that 30% of the exile groups who received USAID grants showed questionable expenditures.{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6153848.stm | work=BBC News | title=Cuba aid money 'wasted' by exiles | date=16 November 2006 | access-date=17 November 2006 | archive-date=8 August 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808010349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6153848.stm | url-status=live }}

After Fidel Castro's announcement of resignation in 2008, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte said that the United States would maintain its embargo.{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/19/us.castro/index.html|title=Castro's resignation won't change U.S. policy, official says |work=CNN|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009124100/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/19/us.castro/index.html|url-status=live}}

File:Rice Cuba Commission.jpg in December 2005]]

In 2003, the United States Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba was formed to "explore ways the U.S. can help hasten and ease a democratic transition in Cuba." The commission immediately announced a series of measures that included a tightening of the travel embargo to the island, a crackdown on illegal cash transfers, and a more robust information campaign aimed at Cuba. Castro insisted that, in spite of the formation of the commission, Cuba is itself "in transition: to socialism [and] to communism" and that it was "ridiculous for the U.S. to threaten Cuba now".Rigoberto Diaz. [http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1855339,00.html Castro Calls Rice 'Mad'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522091615/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0%2C%2C2-10-1462_1855339%2C00.html |date=22 May 2007 }}. News24, 24 December 2005

In a 2004 meeting with members of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, President Bush stated, "We're not waiting for the day of Cuban freedom; we are working for the day of freedom in Cuba." The President reaffirmed his commitment to Cuban-Americans just in time for his 2004 re-election with promises to "work" rather than wait for freedom in Cuba.

In April 2006, the Bush administration appointed Caleb McCarry "transition coordinator" for Cuba, providing a budget of $59 million, with the task of promoting the governmental shift to democracy after Castro's death. Official Cuban news service Granma alleges that these transition plans were created at the behest of Cuban exile groups in Miami, and that McCarry was responsible for engineering the overthrow of the Aristide government in Haiti.{{cite web|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4899414.stm|website = BBC News|title = Planning for a Cuba without Castro|first = Nick|last = Caistor|date = 11 April 2006|access-date = 18 July 2006|archive-date = 29 June 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060629123321/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4899414.stm|url-status = live}}[http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2005/octubre/vier28/45mccarry-i.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027032951/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2005/octubre/vier28/45mccarry-i.html|date=27 October 2006}}

In 2006, the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba released a 93-page report. The report included a plan that suggested the United States spend $80 million to ensure that Cuba's communist system did not outlive the death of Fidel Castro. The plan also featured a classified annex that Cuban officials mistakenly claimed could be a plot to assassinate Fidel Castro or a United States military invasion of Cuba.{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/787408 |title=Cuban official discounts US action |date=14 July 2006 |work=Television New Zealand |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214142956/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/787408 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |df=dmy }}{{cite web|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/16/ap/world/mainD8IT88D00.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424012041/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/16/ap/world/mainD8IT88D00.shtml|title=Cuba Vows Communist Succession Post-Castro |first=Anita|last = Snow|archive-date=24 April 2008|work=CBS News|date = 16 July 2006|agency = Associated Press}}

{{main|Cuban thaw}}

While relations between Cuba and the United States remained tenuous, by the late 2000s they began to improve. Fidel Castro stepped down from his leadership of the Cuban state in 2006 but officially from 2008 and Barack Obama became the president of the United States in 2009.Jonathan C. Poling, [http://www.akingump.com/en/news-insights/obama-administration-loosens-restrictions-on-cuba-travel-and.html Obama Administration loosens restrictions on Cuba travel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725023812/https://www.akingump.com/en/news-insights/obama-administration-loosens-restrictions-on-cuba-travel-and.html |date=25 July 2015 }} Akin Gump

File:Capitolio havana.jpg in Havana was built in 1929 and is said to be modeled on the Capitol building in Washington, D.C.]]

In April 2009, Obama, who had received nearly half of the Cuban Americans vote in the 2008 presidential election, began implementing a less strict policy towards Cuba. Obama stated that he was open to dialogue with Cuba, but that he would only lift the trade embargo if Cuba underwent political change. In March 2009, Obama signed into law a congressional spending bill which eased some economic sanctions on Cuba and eased travel restrictions on Cuban-Americans (defined as persons with a relative "who is no more than three generations removed from that person")[http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/cuba/gl_omni2009.pdf "Cuban Assets Control Regulations, 31 CFR Part 515: General License for Visits to Close Relatives in Cuba"], 11 March 2009, Department of the Treasury. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417070156/http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/cuba/gl_omni2009.pdf |date=17 April 2009 }} traveling to Cuba. The April executive decision further removed time limits on Cuban-American travel to the island. Another restriction loosened in April 2009 was in the realm of telecommunications, which would allow quicker and easier access to the internet for Cuba.{{cite news|title=Obama eases curbs on Cuba travel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7997063.stm|access-date=13 April 2009|work=BBC News|date=13 April 2009|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414165337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7997063.stm|url-status=live}} The loosening of restrictions is likely to help nonprofits and scientists from both countries who work together on issues of mutual concern, such as destruction of shared biodiversity{{cite journal|last=Boom|first=Brian|title=Biodiversity without Borders|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=14 August 2012|volume=1|issue=3|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103003008/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders|url-status=live}} and diseases that affect both populations.{{cite journal|last1=Jiménez|first1=Marguerite|title=Epidemics and Opportunities for U.S.-Cuba Collaboration|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=6 September 2014|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2014/epidemics-and-opportunities-for-us-cuba-collaboration|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026104257/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2014/epidemics-and-opportunities-for-us-cuba-collaboration|url-status=live}} At the 2009 5th Summit of the Americas, President Obama signaled the opening of a new beginning with Cuba.{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8004798.stm|title=Obama offers Cuba 'new beginning'|date=18 April 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009124057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8004798.stm|url-status=live}}

Obama's overtures were reciprocated, to some degree, by new Cuban leader Raúl Castro. On 27 July 2012, Raúl Castro said that the Government of Cuba is willing to hold talks with the United States government to "discuss anything".{{cite news|title = Raul Castro: Cuba willing to sit down with US|url = https://news.yahoo.com/raul-castro-cuba-willing-sit-down-us-132320715.html|agency = Associated Press|website = Yahoo! News|date = 26 July 2012|first = Peter|last = Orsi|access-date = 14 January 2017|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054627/http://news.yahoo.com/raul-castro-cuba-willing-sit-down-us-132320715.html|url-status = live}} On 10 December 2013, at a state memorial service for Nelson Mandela, Barack Obama and Raúl Castro shook hands,{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mandela-obama-castro-idUSBRE9B90E220131210 | work=Reuters | first=Pascal | last=Fletcher | title=Obama shakes hand of Cuba's Raúl Castro at Mandela memorial | date=10 December 2013 | access-date=5 July 2021 | archive-date=9 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009124124/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mandela-obama-castro-idUSBRE9B90E220131210 | url-status=live }} with Castro saying in English: "Mr. President, I am Castro." Though both sides played down the handshake (much like the Clinton handshake of 2000),{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/12/president-i-am-castro-raul-obama-2013121916400983699.html|title='Mr President, I am Castro': Raúl to Obama|work=aljazeera.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221010729/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/12/president-i-am-castro-raul-obama-2013121916400983699.html|url-status=live}} an adviser to Obama said that Obama wanted to improve relations with Cuba, yet had concerns about human rights on the island.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304014504579249904073347112|title=Obama-Castro Handshake Shows Thaw in Relations With Cuba|author=Carol E. Lee and Jared A. Favole|date=10 December 2013|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723123400/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304014504579249904073347112|url-status=live}}

File:Press conference, Havana.jpg Barack Obama and Cuban leader Raul Castro, in Havana, March 2016. Obama's visit to Cuba was the first by an American president in more than 80 years.]]

Beginning in 2013, Cuban and U.S. officials held secret talks brokered in part by Pope Francis and hosted in Canada and Vatican City{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/u-s-to-normalize-relations-with-cuba-isolation-has-not-worked-1.2151767|title=U.S. to normalize relations with Cuba; 'Isolation has not worked'|publisher=CTV.ca|access-date=17 December 2014|date=17 December 2014|archive-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217173941/http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/u-s-to-normalize-relations-with-cuba-isolation-has-not-worked-1.2151767|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa-gross-idUSKBN0JV1H520141217|title=U.S., Cuba restore ties after 50 years|publisher=Reuters|access-date=17 December 2014|date=17 December 2014|archive-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115200949/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa-gross-idUSKBN0JV1H520141217|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/pope-us-cuba-vatican-diplomacy|title=Renewed US-Cuba relations biggest success in Vatican diplomacy in decades|work=The Guardian|access-date=19 December 2014|date=17 December 2014|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219141230/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/pope-us-cuba-vatican-diplomacy|url-status=live}} to start the process of restoring diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States. On 17 December 2014, the framework of an agreement to normalize relations and eventually end the longstanding embargo was announced by Castro in Cuba and Obama in the United States. Cuba and the United States pledged to start official negotiations with the aim of reopening their respective embassies in Havana and Washington.{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html|title = Obama Announces U.S. and Cuba Will Resume Relations|work = The New York Times|first = Peter|last = Baker|date = 17 December 2014|access-date = 15 February 2017|archive-date = 5 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151105152931/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html|url-status = live}} As part of the agreement, aid worker Alan Gross and Rolando Sarraff Trujillo, a Cuban national working as a U.S. intelligence officer, were released by the Cuban government, which also promised to free an unspecified number of Cuban nationals from a list of political prisoners earlier submitted by the United States. For its part, the U.S. government released the last three remaining members of the Cuban Five. Reaction to this change in policy within the Cuban-American community was mixed,{{cite news |author=Alan Gomez |author2=Marisol Bello |date=17 December 2014 |title=Reaction In Little Havana: Deal is 'ultimate bailout' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/12/17/cuban-americans-react/20532429/ |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217202801/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/12/17/cuban-americans-react/20532429/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |author=William E. Gibson |author2=Mike Clary |date=17 December 2014 |title=Mixed reaction in Miami as Florida's Cuban-American leaders blast policy shift |url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/nationworld/fl-south-florida-cuban-reaction-20141217-story.html#page=1 |newspaper=Sun Sentinel |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217172320/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/nationworld/fl-south-florida-cuban-reaction-20141217-story.html#page=1 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Wides-Munoz |first=Laura |agency=Associated Press |date=17 December 2014 |title=Mixed emotions in Cuban exile community as Castro, Obama move to normalize relations |url=http://www.startribune.com/nation/286113051.html |newspaper=Star Tribune |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218041418/http://www.startribune.com/nation/286113051.html |url-status=live }} and Cuban-American senators Bob Menendez (D-NJ), Marco Rubio (R-FL), and Ted Cruz (R-TX) all condemned the Obama administration's change in policy.{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Colin |date=17 December 2014 |title=MARCO RUBIO: Cuba Deal Part Of Obama's 'Long Record Of Coddling Dictators And Tyrants' |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/marco-rubio-cuba-deal-part-of-obamas-long-record-of-coddling-tyrants-2014-12 |newspaper=Business Insider |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218030358/http://www.businessinsider.com/marco-rubio-cuba-deal-part-of-obamas-long-record-of-coddling-tyrants-2014-12 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Bobic |first=Igor |date=17 December 2014 |title=Bob Menendez, Marco Rubio Torch Obama Administration Over Cuba Announcement |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/17/bob-menendez-marco-rubio-obama-cuba_n_6340906.html |newspaper=Huffington Post |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217163116/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/17/bob-menendez-marco-rubio-obama-cuba_n_6340906.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Tamari |first=Jonathan |date=17 December 2014 |title=Menendez blasts Obama on Cuba |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/capitolinq/Menendez-blasts-Obama-on-Cuba.html |newspaper=The Inquirer |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Interstate General Media, LLC |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130325/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/capitolinq/Menendez-blasts-Obama-on-Cuba.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=Alex |date=17 December 2014 |title=Cuban-American Senators Rip Obama's Cuba Trade |url=https://time.com/3637812/cuba-obama-senate-congress-alan-gross/ |newspaper=Time |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217161344/http://time.com/3637812/cuba-obama-senate-congress-alan-gross/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Rebecca |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ted Cruz: Obama's New Cuba Policy 'Will Be Remembered as a Tragic Mistake' |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/ted-cruz-obama-s-new-cuba-policy-will-be-remembered-as-a-tragic-mistake-20141217 |newspaper=National Journal |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218043108/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/ted-cruz-obama-s-new-cuba-policy-will-be-remembered-as-a-tragic-mistake-20141217 |url-status=live }} However, opinion polls indicated the thaw in relations was broadly popular with the American public.{{cite news|url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/politics/2014/12/24/cnnorc-poll-americans-side-with-obama-on-cuba/20860439/|agency=WTSP|title=CNN/ORC Poll: Americans side with Obama on Cuba|date=24 December 2014|access-date=15 January 2015}}

High-level diplomats from Cuba and the United States met in Havana in January 2015. While the talks did not produce a significant breakthrough, both sides described them as "productive", and Cuban Foreign Ministry official Josefina Vidal said further talks would be scheduled.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-cuba-begin-talks-aimed-at-ending-decades-long-estrangement/2015/01/22/cda610b6-a1ba-11e4-91fc-7dff95a14458_story.html|agency=The Washington Post|title=U.S., Cuba find 'profound differences' in first round of talks|date=22 January 2015|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122201015/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-cuba-begin-talks-aimed-at-ending-decades-long-estrangement/2015/01/22/cda610b6-a1ba-11e4-91fc-7dff95a14458_story.html|url-status=live}}

Under new rules implemented by the Obama administration, restrictions on travel by Americans to Cuba were significantly relaxed as of 16 January 2015, and the limited import of items like Cuban cigars and rum to the United States was allowed, as was the export of American computer and telecommunications technology to Cuba.{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-us-cuba-embargo-20150115-story.html|agency=Chicago Tribune|title=Moving swiftly, U.S. eases travel and trade rules on Cuba|date=15 January 2015|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115191412/http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-us-cuba-embargo-20150115-story.html|url-status=live}}

On 14 April 2015, the Obama administration announced that Cuba would be removed from the United States "State Sponsors of Terrorism" list. The House and Senate had 45 days from 14 April 2015 to review and possibly block this action,{{cite news | work= New York Times | access-date= 15 March 2016 | title= Cuba to Be Removed From U.S. List of Nations That Sponsor Terrorism | date= 14 April 2015 | first1= Randall C. | last1= Archibold | first2= Julie Hirschfeld | last2= Davis | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/world/americas/obama-cuba-remove-from-state-terror-list.html | archive-date= 1 October 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151001153816/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/world/americas/obama-cuba-remove-from-state-terror-list.html | url-status= live }} but this did not occur, and on 29 May 2015, the 45 days lapsed, therefore officially removing Cuba from the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism.{{cite web|title=US removes Cuba from list of state sponsors of terror|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32926821|website=BBC.com|publisher=BBC News|date=29 May 2015|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529170056/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32926821|url-status=live}} On 1 July 2015, President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and Havana.{{cite web|title=Obama announces re-establishment of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/obama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties/|website=CNN|date=July 2015 |access-date=1 July 2015|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702130342/http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/obama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties/|url-status=live}} Relations between Cuba and the United States were formally re-established on 20 July 2015, with the opening of the Cuban embassy in Washington and the U.S. embassy in Havana.{{Cite web|title = U.S., Cuba re-establish diplomatic relations|url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/20/politics/cuba-u-s-embassies-opening/index.html|website = CNNPolitics.com| date=20 July 2015 |access-date = 21 July 2015|archive-date = 21 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150721140124/http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/20/politics/cuba-u-s-embassies-opening/index.html|url-status = live}} The agreement led to the lifting of some U.S. travel restrictions, fewer restrictions on remittances, access to the Cuban financial system for U.S. banks, and the establishment of a U.S. embassy in Havana.{{cite web |title=Cuba's Half Century of Isolation to End |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-17/obama-to-announce-u-s-cuba-relations-shift-as-gross-is-released.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217154834/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-17/obama-to-announce-u-s-cuba-relations-shift-as-gross-is-released.html |archive-date=2014-12-17 |access-date=21 December 2014 |website=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg}}{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |date=18 December 2014 |title=Obama Announces U.S. and Cuba Will Resume Relations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105152931/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html |archive-date=5 November 2015 |access-date=18 December 2014 |work=The New York Times}}{{cite news |last=Whitefield |first=Mimi |date=20 July 2015 |title=United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720212326/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html |archive-date=20 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |work=The Miami Herald}} In 2016, Obama visited Cuba, becoming the first sitting U.S. president in 88 years to visit the island.{{Cite news |last=Cave |first=Damien |date=26 March 2016 |title=With Obama Visit to Cuba, Old Battle Lines Fade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/world/americas/with-obama-visit-to-cuba-old-battle-lines-fade.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327012228/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/world/americas/with-obama-visit-to-cuba-old-battle-lines-fade.html |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=27 March 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}} Barack Obama visited Cuba for three days in March 2016.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/20/barack-obama-cuba-visit-us-politics-shift-public-opinion-diplomacy|title=Obama lands in Cuba as first US president to visit in nearly a century|last=Roberts|first=Dan|date=21 March 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330062518/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/20/barack-obama-cuba-visit-us-politics-shift-public-opinion-diplomacy|url-status=live}} In August 2016, JetBlue Flight 387 landed in Santa Clara, becoming the first direct commercial flight to travel between the two countries since the early 1960s.{{cite web |last1=Oppmann |first1=Patrick |last2=Marsh |first2=Rene |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/politics/cuba-flights-commercial-security/index.html |title=US commercial flights take off for Cuba |date=31 August 2016 |work=CNN |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901004304/http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/politics/cuba-flights-commercial-security/index.html |url-status=live }} On 28 November 2016, the first normally scheduled commercial flight after more than 50 years landed in Havana from Miami on an American Airlines jet.{{cite news|last1=Associated Press|title=In another Cuba-U.S. milestone, a commercial flight leaves Miami and lands in Havana|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-flight-miami-havana-20161128-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129074417/http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-flight-miami-havana-20161128-story.html|url-status=live}}

File:President Trump in Miami on June 16, 2017, signing the Presidential Memorandum for the new Cuban policy.jpg in Miami on June 16, 2017, signing Cuban policy.]]

With the election of Donald Trump as U.S. president, the state of relations between the United States and Cuba was unclear as of January 2017. While a candidate for the presidency, Trump criticized aspects of the Cuban Thaw, suggesting he could suspend the normalization process unless he can negotiate "a good agreement".{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/16/world/americas/cuba-donald-trump.html|work=The New York Times|title=Business or Politics? What Trump Means for Cuba|date=15 November 2016|first=Frances|last=Robles|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-date=20 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120032011/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/16/world/americas/cuba-donald-trump.html|url-status=live}} On 16 June 2017, President Trump announced that he was suspending what he called a "completely one-sided deal with Cuba". In June 2017, President Donald Trump announced that he was suspending the policy for unconditional sanctions relief for Cuba, while also leaving the door open for a "better deal" between the U.S. and Cuba.{{Cite web |author=Dan Merica and Jim Acosta |date=15 June 2017 |title=Trump chips away at Obama's legacy on Cuba |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/15/politics/trump-cuba-obama/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615205719/http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/15/politics/trump-cuba-obama/index.html |archive-date=15 June 2017 |access-date=2017-06-16 |website=CNN}}{{Cite news |title=Live stream: Trump announces policy changes on Cuba |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/06/16/live-stream-trump-announces-policy-changes-cuba/102918946/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617222611/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/06/16/live-stream-trump-announces-policy-changes-cuba/102918946/ |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=2017-06-16 |work=USA Today |language=en}} The following November, it was announced that the business and travel restrictions which were loosened by the Obama administration would be reinstated{{Cite web |last=Lederman |first=Josh |date=8 November 2017 |title=U.S. tightens travel rules to Cuba, blacklists many businesses |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-us-cuba-travel-restrictions-20171108-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101005542/https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-us-cuba-travel-restrictions-20171108-story.html |archive-date=1 November 2019 |access-date=8 September 2019 |website=Chicago Tribune}} and they went into effect on 9 November.{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=Essential Washington |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-pol-essential-washington-updates-201711-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910061927/https://www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-pol-essential-washington-updates-201711-htmlstory.html |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=8 September 2019 |website=Los Angeles Times}} In June 2019, the Trump administration announced new restrictions on American travel to Cuba.{{Cite news |date=4 June 2019 |title=US bans cruise ship travel to Cuba amid new restrictions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48503821 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605104501/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48503821 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=6 June 2019 |work=BBC News}} Trump characterized Obama's policy as having granted Cuba economic sanctions relief for nothing in return. Afterwards, the administration's policy aimed to impose new restrictions with regards to travel and funding; however, traveling via airlines and cruise lines has not been prohibited completely. Moreover, diplomatic relations remain intact and embassies in Washington D.C. and Havana stay open.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/15/politics/trump-cuba-obama/index.html|title=Trump chips away at Obama's legacy on Cuba |first1=Dan |last1=Merica |first2=Jim |last2=Acosta |website=CNN |date=June 16, 2017 |access-date=2017-06-16|archive-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615205719/http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/15/politics/trump-cuba-obama/index.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/trump-cancels-obamas-one-sided-deal-with-cuba-10918100 |date=June 17, 2017 |title=Trump cancels Obama's 'one-sided deal' with Cuba|first=Cordelia|last=Lynch|publisher=Sky News|access-date=2017-06-20|archive-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620214803/http://news.sky.com/story/trump-cancels-obamas-one-sided-deal-with-cuba-10918100|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa/drastic-staff-cuts-at-u-s-embassy-in-cuba-now-permanent-idUSKCN1GE2HX |date=March 2, 2018 |title=Drastic staff cuts at U.S. Embassy in Cuba now permanent|last=Marsh|first=Sarah|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-06-03|language=en-US|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421142151/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa/drastic-staff-cuts-at-u-s-embassy-in-cuba-now-permanent-idUSKCN1GE2HX|url-status=live}}

On 12 January 2021, the U.S. State Department added Cuba to its list of state sponsors of terrorism. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stated that Cuba harbored several American fugitives, including Assata Shakur, as well as members of the Colombian National Liberation Army and supported the regime of Nicolás Maduro. This decision was interpreted as being linked to the support of President Trump by the Cuban-American community during the 2020 U.S. election.{{citenews|last1=Crowley|first1=Michael|last2=Augustin|first2=Ed|title=Pompeo Returns Cuba to Terrorism Sponsor List, Constraining Biden's Plans|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/cuba-terrorism-trump-pompeo.html|access-date=12 January 2021|work=The New York Times|date=11 January 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111235059/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/cuba-terrorism-trump-pompeo.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Hudson|first1=John|last2=Faiola|first2=Anthony|last3=DeYoung|first3=Karen|title=On its way out the door, Trump administration names Cuba a state sponsor of terrorism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-cuba-state-sponsor-terrorism/2021/01/11/109aa636-542d-11eb-89bc-7f51ceb6bd57_story.html|access-date=12 January 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=11 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000302/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-cuba-state-sponsor-terrorism/2021/01/11/109aa636-542d-11eb-89bc-7f51ceb6bd57_story.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|title=Cuba Named a State Sponsor of Terrorism by Trump Administration|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/cuba-named-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-by-trump-administration-11610391193?page=1|access-date=12 January 2021|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=11 January 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113214/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cuba-named-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-by-trump-administration-11610391193?page=1|url-status=live}}

In August 2017, reports surfaced that American and Canadian diplomats stationed in Havana had experienced unusual physical symptoms ("named the Havana syndrome") affecting the brain—including hearing loss, dizziness, and nausea. American investigators have been unable to identify the cause of these symptoms. In September 2017, the U.S. ordered nonessential diplomats and families out of Cuba as a result of these mysterious health issues.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/29/politics/us-cuba-sonic-attacks-pulls-out-diplomats/index.html|title=State Department orders nonessential diplomats and families out of Cuba following mysterious attacks|author=Elise Labott and Patrick Oppmann|date=29 September 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001055422/http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/29/politics/us-cuba-sonic-attacks-pulls-out-diplomats/index.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/17/us/politics/tillerson-cuba-embassy.html|title=Tillerson Says U.S. May Close Cuba Embassy Over Mystery Ailments|last=Harris|first=Gardiner|date=2017-09-17|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029070032/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/17/us/politics/tillerson-cuba-embassy.html|url-status=live}}

On September 19th, 2019, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Fifth Estate news organization posted an article indicating that "Havana Syndrome" may have been caused by accidental exposure to neurotoxic agents. The researchers found that since 2016, Cuba had launched an aggressive campaign against mosquitoes to stop the spread of the Zika virus.https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/havana-syndrome-neurotoxin-enqu%C3%AAte-1.5288609

File:Jill Biden visits Cuba, October 2016 11.jpg visits Cuba, October 2016]]

Initially, the Biden administration has kept the sanctions against Cuba that were issued by the previous presidential administration, despite one of Biden's campaign promises being to lift restrictions against the country.{{Cite news|last=O’Grady|first=Mary Anastasia|date=2021-09-06|title=Opinion {{!}} A Sanction Worth Lifting in Cuba|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sanction-cuba-fishing-communists-protests-dollar-remittance-let-cubans-live-petition-emily-mendrala-biden-administration-11630938612|access-date=2021-09-13|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913194230/https://www.wsj.com/articles/sanction-cuba-fishing-communists-protests-dollar-remittance-let-cubans-live-petition-emily-mendrala-biden-administration-11630938612|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Over 100 Democrats urge Biden to engage with Cuba, lift restrictions|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/100-democrats-urge-biden-engage-cuba-lift-restrictions-rcna9072|access-date=2022-01-19|website=NBC News|date=17 December 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119232115/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/100-democrats-urge-biden-engage-cuba-lift-restrictions-rcna9072|url-status=live}} In 2021, the Biden administration was initially labeled as "tougher than Donald Trump on the island's government",{{Cite news |last1=Londoño |first1=Ernesto |last2=Robles |first2=Frances |date=2021-08-09 |title=Biden Ramps Up Pressure on Cuba, Abandoning Obama's Approach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/09/world/americas/cuba-government-biden-pressure.html |access-date=2021-08-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113640/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/09/world/americas/cuba-government-biden-pressure.html |url-status=live }} but later reversed some of the restrictions imposed by the Trump administration.{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |date=2022-05-16 |title=Biden Administration Lifting Some Trump-Era Restrictions on Cuba |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/16/us/politics/biden-cuba-policy.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} In May 2022, the United States refused to invite the island nation to attend the 9th Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles, drawing criticism from other Latin American countries.{{cite web |date=5 May 2022 |title=U.S. Refuses to invite Cuba to Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-05-05/us-refuses-invite-cuba-summit-americas-los-angeles |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611042750/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-05-05/us-refuses-invite-cuba-summit-americas-los-angeles |url-status=live }} In June 2021, the Biden administration continued America's tradition of voting against an annual United Nations General Assembly resolution calling for an end to the U.S. economic embargo against Cuba.{{Cite web|last=Nichols|first=Michelle|date=2021-06-23|title=U.S. again votes against U.N. call to end Cuba embargo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-continues-vote-against-un-call-end-cuba-embargo-2021-06-23/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Reuters|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142627/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-continues-vote-against-un-call-end-cuba-embargo-2021-06-23/}} The resolution was adopted for the 29th time with 184 votes in favor, three abstentions, and two no votes: the U.S. and Israel.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=UN General Assembly calls for US to end Cuba embargo for 29th consecutive year|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1094612|access-date=2021-07-27|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714185126/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1094612|url-status=live}}

In July 2021, protesters gathered in front of the White House and demonstrators called on President Joe Biden to take action in Cuba.{{Cite web|last1=Rouh|first1=Alex J.|date=2021-07-26|title=Protesters clash in front of White House over Cuba crisis, demand Biden increase pressure|url=https://www.newsweek.com/protesters-clash-front-white-house-over-cuba-crisis-demand-biden-increase-pressure-1613257|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727044008/https://www.newsweek.com/protesters-clash-front-white-house-over-cuba-crisis-demand-biden-increase-pressure-1613257|url-status=live}} The Biden administration sanctioned a key Cuban official and a government special forces unit known as the Boinas Negras for human rights abuses in the wake of historic protests on the island.{{Cite web|author1=Kylie Atwood|author2= Patrick Oppmann |author3= Jennifer Hansler|date=2021-07-22|title=Biden administration sanctions Cuban regime in wake of protests {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/22/politics/biden-cuba-sanctions/index.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=CNN|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727052135/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/22/politics/biden-cuba-sanctions/index.html|url-status=live}} On July 22, 2021, directly before hosting a meeting with Cuban American leaders,{{Cite web|title=U.S. announces Cuba sanctions as Biden meets with Cuban American leaders|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/us-announces-cuba-sanctions-biden-meets-cuban-american-leaders-rcna1567|access-date=2021-09-13|website=NBC News|date=31 July 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119232111/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/us-announces-cuba-sanctions-biden-meets-cuban-american-leaders-rcna1567|url-status=live}} President Biden stated "I unequivocally condemn the mass detentions and sham trials that are unjustly sentencing to prison those who dared to speak out in an effort to intimidate and threaten the Cuban people into silence."{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Statement by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. on Continuing Crackdown in Cuba|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/22/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-continuing-crackdown-in-cuba/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The White House|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726233652/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/22/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-continuing-crackdown-in-cuba/|url-status=live}} President Biden has also ordered government specialists to develop ideas for the U.S. to unilaterally extend internet access on the island, and he has promised to enhance backing for Cuban dissidents.

In August 2021, Biden sanctioned three additional Cuban officials who were also reportedly involved in the suppression of anti-government protesters in Cuba.{{Cite web|title=U.S. sanctions more Cuban officials; Mayorkas meets with Cuban Americans|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/us-sanctions-cuban-officials-mayorkas-meets-cuban-americans-rcna1722|access-date=2021-09-13|website=NBC News|date=20 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119232129/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/us-sanctions-cuban-officials-mayorkas-meets-cuban-americans-rcna1722|url-status=live}} In December 2021, 114 Democratic House members signed a letter that urged President Biden to lift restrictions and sanctions against Cuba in order to make their access to food and medicine easier. In January 2022, Biden again sanctioned Cuban officials, this time placing travel restrictions on eight members of the Cuban government.{{Cite web|title=Biden administration slaps US travel bans on 8 Cuban officials|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/6/biden-administration-slaps-us-travel-ban-on-eight-cuban-officials|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118173658/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/6/biden-administration-slaps-us-travel-ban-on-eight-cuban-officials|url-status=live}} In May 2022, the Biden administration lifted some sanctions on Cuba, with policy changes such as expansion of flights to Cuba and resumption of a family reunification program.

On May 20, 2022, the Biden administration added Cuba to a small list of countries that the U.S. accuses of "not cooperating fully" in the battle against terrorism.{{cite news |title=U.S. says Cuba not cooperating fully against terrorism, inflaming tensions |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-says-cuba-not-cooperating-fully-against-terrorism-inflaming-tensions-2022-05-20/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=Reuters |date=20 May 2022}} Based on "continuing difficulties caused by the ongoing U.S. embargo", the Cuban government established an embargo in 2021. Cuba's people hadn't been able "to deposit dollars in cash into their accounts at banks and other financial institutions for almost two years". This embargo was imposed due to the economic pressures of the United States, but it led to Cuba facing a shortage of medicine, food, and gasoline. The Cuban government canceled their embargo in March 2023.{{cite news |last1=Buschschlüter |first1=Vanessa |title=Cuba lifts ban on cash deposits in US dollars at banks |work=BBC News |date=11 April 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65230672 |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415093032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65230672 |url-status=live }}

A report by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) stated that Cuban officials worked to build relationships with members of the American media who held sympathetic views of the Cuban government in order to discredit U.S. politicians viewed as hostile to the Cuban state during the 2022 United States elections.{{Cite news |last=Wilner |first=Michael |date=December 19, 2023 |title=U.S. intelligence finds Cuba tried to influence Florida races during 2022 elections |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article283215328.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204010640/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article283215328.html |archive-date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |work=Miami Herald}} During the 2024 United States elections, according to the ODNI, the Cuban government undertook "localized influence operations that are much more narrowly focused on opposing anti-regime candidates in the United States".{{Cite news |last=Wilner |first=Michael |date=July 29, 2024 |title=U.S. intelligence official says Cuban attempt to influence local races is underway |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article290532664.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802001446/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article290532664.html |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |work=Miami Herald}}{{Cite web |last=Klepper |first=David |date=2024-10-07 |title=Intelligence officials say US adversaries are targeting congressional races with disinformation |url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-russia-trump-china-cuba-disinformation-election-a4de250124d7cb93f16718831d0715a9 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009073143/https://apnews.com/article/congress-russia-trump-china-cuba-disinformation-election-a4de250124d7cb93f16718831d0715a9 |url-status=live }} The U.S. government briefly removed, under President Biden, but then re-instated, under President Trump, Cuba on their known international sponsors of terrorism list in January 2025, in concert with a prisoner exchange.{{Cite web |last=Smolinski |first=Paulina |date=2025-01-14 |title=Biden to lift Cuba's designation as terror sponsor in exchange for release of prisoners - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-lifting-cuba-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-designation/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Eimil |first=Eric |date=2025-01-21 |title=Trump quickly puts Cuba back on the list of state sponsors of terrorism |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/01/20/donald-trump-inauguration-day-news-updates-analysis/a-quick-reversal-on-cuba-00199531 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}

In February 2025 the U.S. government halted foreign aid funding for Cuba-focused media outlets and expanded visa restrictions related to Cuban programs that send healthcare and other workers overseas, which U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio described as "forced labor".{{Cite news |last=Sheerwood |first=David |date=February 10, 2025 |title=US-funded Cuban media in limbo after Trump orders USAID closed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-funded-cuban-media-limbo-after-trump-orders-usaid-closed-2025-02-10/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250215002011/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-funded-cuban-media-limbo-after-trump-orders-usaid-closed-2025-02-10/ |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Katharine |date=February 26, 2025 |title=US expands visa restrictions on Cubans tied to labor export program |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expands-visa-restrictions-cubans-tied-labor-export-program-2025-02-25/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Reuters}}

{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}

The U.S. has maintained a comprehensive trade embargo against Cuba since 1958. Under the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000, exports from the U.S. to Cuba in the industries of food and medical products are permitted with the proper licensing and permissions from the U.S. Commerce Department and U.S. Treasury.

Trade relations were temporarily eased between 2015 to 2017 during a period known as the Cuban thaw under U.S. president Barack Obama.{{cite news | title= Obama Administration Continues to Loosen the Rules Regarding Cuba | work= ABC News | date= 14 January 2011 | url= http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2011/01/obama-administration-continues-to-loosen-rules-regarding-cuba.html#tp | access-date= 16 January 2011 | archive-date= 18 January 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110118012318/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2011/01/obama-administration-continues-to-loosen-rules-regarding-cuba.html#tp | url-status= live }} In January 2011, a delegation from the U.S. Congress called on Cuban leader Raúl Castro on 24 February 2012 to discuss bilateral relations. The Congress delegation included Patrick Leahy, Democratic Senator, and Richard Shelby, Republican Senator; they went to Cuba as part of a congressional delegation.{{cite web|last=latina|first=prensa|title=Presidente cubano intercambia con senadores estadounidenses|url=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=481294&Itemid=1|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703035456/http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=481294&Itemid=1|url-status=live}} Travel and import restrictions imposed by the U.S. were relaxed by executive order in January 2015. Trade relations deteriorated once more during the late-2010s under U.S. President Donald Trump and Joe Biden with nearly all commercial restrictions re-activated by the early-2020s.{{cite web |last=Lederman |first=Josh |date=November 8, 2017 |title=U.S. tightens travel rules to Cuba, blacklists many businesses |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-us-cuba-travel-restrictions-20171108-story.html |website=Chicago Tribune}}

Cuba’s medical missions, a key export service, have long been a source of diplomatic and trade tensions with the USA. In 2025, U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio expanded these sanctions, restricting visas for Cuban officials and global collaborators. Caribbean leaders, reliant on Cuban doctors, have pushed back, with some, like Barbados' Prime Minister Mia Mottley, condemning the U.S. stance. Despite bipartisan U.S. opposition, Cuba continues to provide medical aid to nations worldwide, generating revenue and maintaining trade partnerships.{{Cite web |last=Najjar |first=Farah |title=Why are Caribbean leaders fighting Trump to keep Cuban doctors? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/15/why-are-caribbean-leaders-fighting-trump-to-keep-cuban-doctors |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

{{Main|Baseball in Cuba}}

Academic relations between the two nations have fluctuated, but have generally been limited since 1959. Breaking diplomatic ties 1961 stopped the routine flow of intellectual exchanges. As relations improved between the United States and Soviet Union in the 1970s, increased academic ties with Cuba became possible. For example, several American universities established departments of Cuban studies, while some Cuban universities set up American studies programs. Typically the main emphasis was on literary and cultural history. The Carter administration relaxed travel restrictions in the late 1970s, but Reagan reimposed them after 1981. As the Cold War ended in the late 1980s, restrictions were again relaxed. In 1992, the Toricelli Law set up "Track 2", which facilitated intellectual cooperation between the two countries. Under Democratic President Bill Clinton, a 1999 executive directive granted licenses to universities for study abroad programs in Cuba in 1999. In 2001, however, Republican President George W. Bush reversed that decision, restricting travel through new legislation and the renewal of older laws. Under Democrat Barack Obama restrictions were cut back, but were reimposed under President Donald Trump.Milagros Martínez, "Academic Exchange between Cuba and the United States: A Brief Overview." Latin American Perspectives 33.5 (2006): 29-42.Carlos Alzugaray, "Academic exchanges and transnational relations: Cuba and the United States." Latin American Perspectives 33.5 (2006): 43-57.Jacqueline Laguardia Martinez, et al. "Advancements in the Cuba-US relationship." in Changing Cuba-US relations (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 61-92.

{{See also|Guantanamo Bay Naval Base}}

File:030104-N-7676W-058 - M60E3 live fire exercise.jpg]]

The U.S. continues to operate a naval base at Guantánamo Bay under a 1903 lease agreement "for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations". The leasing of land like the Guantánamo Bay tract was one of the requirements of the Platt Amendment, conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba following the Spanish–American War. The U.S. issues a cheque to Cuba annually for its lease, but since the revolution, Cuba has cashed only one payment.{{cite news | publisher = Reuters | access-date = 13 March 2016 | title = Castro: Cuba not cashing US Guantanamo rent checks | date = 17 August 2007 | first = Anthony | last = Boadle | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN17200921 | archive-date = 24 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142014/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN17200921 | url-status = live }}{{cite news|title=Castro is Letting Rent for U.S. Base Pile Up|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/10/03/112122254.pdf |access-date=22 March 2016|work=The New York Times|date=3 October 1979}}

• Agreement for Democracy
• Cuban Americans
• Americans in Cuba
• Spain–United States relations
• United States–Vietnam relations
• Canada–Cuba relations
• Peaceful coexistence
• Cuban Thaw

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Chomsky |first1=Noam|last2=Vltchek |first2=Andre|title=On Western Terrorism: From Hiroshima to Drone Warfare |date=2013 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-1849649377|ref=CV}}

• Air Force Fellows Program Maxwell AFB. The United States and Cuba – Past, Present and Future (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/United-States-Cuba-Present-Future/dp/149752038X/ Excerpt]
• Bergad, Laird W. Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States (Cambridge U. Press, 2007). 314 pp.
• Bernell, David. Constructing US foreign policy: The curious case of Cuba (2012).
• Freedman, Lawrence. Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (Oxford UP, 2000)
• Grenville, John A. S. and George Berkeley Young. Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873-1917 (1966) pp 179–200 on "The dangers of Cuban independence: 1895-1897"
• Hernández, Jose M. Cuba and the United States: Intervention and Militarism, 1868–1933 (2013)
• Horne, Gerald. Race to Revolution: The United States and Cuba during Slavery and Jim Crow. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014.
• Jones, Howard. The Bay of Pigs (Oxford University Press, 2008)
• Laguardia Martinez, Jacqueline et al. Changing Cuba-U.S. Relations: Implications for CARICOM States (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Changing-Cuba-U-S-Relations-Implications-CARICOM/dp/3030203654/ online]
• LeoGrande, William M. "Enemies evermore: US policy towards Cuba after Helms-Burton." Journal of Latin American Studies 29.1 (1997): 211–221. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120124082139/http://www1.american.edu/faculty/leogrande/JLAS-Enemies_Evermore.pdf Online]
• LeoGrande, William M. and Peter Kornbluh. Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana. (UNC Press, 2014). {{ISBN|1469617633}}
• López Segrera, Francisco. The United States and Cuba: From Closest Enemies to Distant Friends (2017) for secondary school audiences. [https://www.amazon.com/United-States-Cuba-Perspectives-Classroom-dp-1442267216/dp/1442267216/ Excerpt]
• Mackinnon, William P. "Hammering Utah, Squeezing Mexico, and Coveting Cuba: James Buchanan's White House Intriques" Utah Historical Quarterly, 80#2 (2012), pp. 132–15 https://doi.org/10.2307/45063308 in 1850s
• Offner, John L. An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898 (U of North Carolina Press, 1992) [https://archive.org/details/unwantedwardiplo0000offn online]
• Pérez, Louis A., Jr. Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (2003) [https://archive.org/details/cubaunitedstates0000pere online]
• Pettinà, Vanni. "The shadows of Cold War over Latin America: the US reaction to Fidel Castro's nationalism, 1956–59." Cold War History 11.3 (2011): 317–339.
• Sáenz, Eduardo, and Rovner Russ Davidson, eds. The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking, Smuggling, and Gambling in Cuba from the 1920s to the Revolution (U of North Carolina Press, 2008)
• Smith, Wayne. The Closest of Enemies: A Personal and Diplomatic History of the Castro Years (1988), by American diplomat in Havana
• Welch, Richard E. Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1961 (U of North Carolina Press, 1985)
• White, Nigel D. "Ending the US embargo of Cuba: international law in dispute." Journal of Latin American Studies 51.1 (2019): 163–186. [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48311/1/White%20JLAS%20Revised5.pdf Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081417/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48311/1/White%20JLAS%20Revised5.pdf |date=28 April 2019 }}

• Horowitz, Irving Louis. "One Hundred Years of Ambiguity: US-Cuba Relations in the 20th Century." in Irving Louis Horowitz and Jaime Suchlicki, eds. Cuban Communism, 1959-2003 (11th ed. 2018). 25–33.
• Pérez, Louis A., Jr. Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008). 352 pp

• Hoff, Rhoda, & Margaret Regler, eds. Uneasy Neighbors: Cuba and the United States (Franklin Watts, 1997) 185 pp. From Columbus to Castro

• {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chYBlArm9Ao |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/chYBlArm9Ao |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=A brief history of America and Cuba|publisher=Vox|date=2016-04-12}}{{cbignore}}

{{Commons category|Relations of Cuba and the United States}}

• [https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba History of Cuba – U.S. relations]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031807/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552532 Post-Soviet Relations Between Cuba and the US] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
• [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection Cold War International History Project: Primary Document Collection on US-Cuban Relations]
• BBC: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3182150.stm Timeline: US-Cuba Relations]
• [http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/teller.htm Complete text of the Teller amendment]
• [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1901platt.html Complete text of the Platt amendment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127165615/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1901platt.html |date=27 November 2014 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060804210322/http://www.cafc.gov/ U.S. Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224104729/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/diaz-lanz-hearing.htm US Judiciary Hearings of Communist Threats to America Through the Caribbean]
• [http://www.democracynow.org/2014/10/2/secret_history_of_us_cuba_ties Secret History of U.S.-Cuba Ties Reveals Henry Kissinger Plan to Bomb Havana for Fighting Apartheid]. Democracy Now! 2 October 2014.

{{Cuba-United States relations}}

{{Foreign relations of Cuba}}

{{Foreign relations of the United States}}

{{Florida}}

{{Portal bar|Cuba|United States|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuba-United States Relations}}

United States

Category:Bilateral relations of the United States

Category:Relations of colonizer and former colony