Cyclone Kina

{{Storm Path|Kina 1992 track.png}}

During the middle of December 1992, an active phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation combined with a low-level equatorial surge and an upper-level ridge of high pressure, to provide favourable conditions for the development of several circulations within the monsoon trough.{{cite report|title=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement December 1992|volume=11|issue=12|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|archive-date=February 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020516/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=May 21, 2020|issn=1321-4233|url-status=live}}{{cite report|title=Saison des perturbations tropicales Pacifique sud-ouest, 1993-1993|url=http://bibliotheque.meteo.fr/exl-php/docs/ILS_DOC/235600/doc00025191__PDF.txt|year=1994|issue=165|access-date=May 22, 2020|page=18|journal=MetMar}} During December 26, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to issue gale warnings on one of the circulation and classified it as a tropical depression, while it was located just to the east of the Solomon Islands.{{cite report|author=Prasad, Rajendra|title=Tropical Cyclone Report 92/1 Tropical Cyclone Kina, December 26, 1992 – January 5, 1993|date=February 19, 1993|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/JB_DM393g_FJI_1993_TC_Kina.pdf|access-date=May 2, 2024|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|archive-date=March 21, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321190616/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/JB_DM393g_FJI_1993_TC_Kina.pdf}} During that day, as the depression started to develop further, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 07P.{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993|publisher=United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center|pages=165–170, 216–224|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|access-date=July 8, 2014|year=1993|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040518/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|url-status=dead}} At this time, the system appeared to be moving south-southeastwards, which caused the FMS to think that the system posed a threat to the island nation of Vanuatu. The system continued to develop during December 27, before it was named Kina by the FMS, after it had become a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.{{cite web|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1992358S07161}}|title=1992 Tropical Cyclone Kina (1992358S07161)|publisher=International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship|access-date=May 21, 2020}} The system subsequently continued to develop as it moved south-eastwards away from Vanuatu and environmental conditions became more favourable with a warm spot appearing on satellite imagery during December 28.

During December 29, the JTWC reported that Cyclone Kina had reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on|round=5}}, which made the system equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. At around the same time TCWC Nadi also reported that the system had reached its initial peak intensity, with 10 - minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|80|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on|round=5}} which made it a category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. The system subsequently remained at its peak intensity until early on December 31, when it start to weaken and move eastwards towards the Yasawa island group. During the next day as the system approached the Northern Yasawa islands, Kina turned sharply towards the southeast, which made it pass between Fiji's two main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina impacted the island nations of Fiji and Tonga, while it also threatened Vanuatu during its developing stages. Kina was one of the most destructive tropical cyclones to affect Fiji, with parts of the archipelago experiencing the full brunt of a cyclone, for the first time in twenty years. Fiji also suffered its second-greatest ever financial loss from a tropical cyclone, as a result of Kinas strange track through the island nation. The only cyclone to cause more damage in Fiji was Winston of February 2016.{{cite web|last1=Romm|first1=Joe|title=Hottest Winter On Record By Far Drives Devastating Weather Disasters Globally|url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/03/17/3761359/hottest-winter-weather-disasters/|website=Climate Progress|publisher=Climate Progress|access-date=14 April 2016}} Due to the impact of this system, the name Kina was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.{{RA V Tropical cyclone operational plan}}

{{Wettest tropical cyclones in Fiji}}

The systems rain bands started to impact the island nation during December 28, and over the next few days produced torrential rainfall throughout the archipelago. Strong winds were observed in the islands during January 1 and gradually increased to hurricane force over the next few days, as the system passed virtually through the middle of Fiji. As a result, most parts of the archipelago suffered moderate to severe damage was recorded, while 23 people were killed in Fiji by Kina mostly as a result of drowning and being struck by flying objects.

Late on January 2, the FMS issued a gale warning for the Tongan island groups of Haʻapai, Tongatapu and Vavaʻu, while the system was located about {{convert|555|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the northwest of Nuku'alofa. During the next day as Kina moved more towards the south-southeast than had been expected, a hurricane warning was issued for Tongatapu, while a storm warning was issued for Haʻapai. Later that day the cyclone subsequently passed about {{convert|110|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the southwest of Nuku'alofa. The FMS subsequently downgraded the warnings to gale force as the system moved rapidly towards the south, before all warnings were cancelled early on January 4. Within the islands major damage was confined to the Tongatapu group where the system caused a moderate amount of damages, with severe damage reported to food crops while a minimal amount of damage was reported to dwellings. Within Nuku'alofa two people drowned, while another person was electrocuted.

In conjunction with Kina, Nina affected Wallis and Futuna between January 3–4, however, there were no tropical cyclone warnings were issued for the French Territory by the FMS.{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna-cyclone/cyclones-passes-wf |title=Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours |publisher=Météo-France |access-date=December 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701170259/http://meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna-cyclone/cyclones-passes-wf |archive-date=July 1, 2014 }} Kina affected Futuna during January 3, where sustained winds of up to {{convert|53|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|69|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were recorded. Nina affected Wallis Island later that day where sustained winds of up to {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|68|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were recorded.{{cite news|date=January 4, 1993|title=Pacific storms leave 15 dead and thousands homeless|agency=Agence France Presse}} Within the islands some damage to crops and houses was reported.

After Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni had affected Tuvalu during the previous month, Nina and Kina indirectly impacted the island nation during the opening days of January 1993.{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992 – January 4, 1993 |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |url-status=live |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID1030/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_13.NAR|date=May 20, 1996 |access-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150752/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1993_6.NAR }}{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tuvalu/tuvalu-cyclone-nina-jan-1993-dha-undro-situation-report-1 |title=Tuvalu Cyclone Nina January 1993 DHA-UNDRO Situation Report 1 |website=Relief Web |publisher=The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=December 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030195156/http://www.met.gov.sb/tcnames.pdf |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |date=January 5, 1993 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal|url=http://www2.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/web/filedata/05040204.pdf |title=Causes of Land Loss in Tuvalu, a small island nation in the Pacific |author=Chunting, Xue |journal=Journal of Ocean University of China |access-date=December 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145255/http://www2.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/web/filedata/05040204.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |date=April 30, 2005 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=120 |doi=10.1007/s11802-005-0004-8 |bibcode=2005JOUC....4..115X |s2cid=189949564 |issn=1672-5182 |url-status=dead }} The systems contributed to the strength of the westerly winds that were already present over the islands, with winds of up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} reported throughout the islands. As these winds combined with a heavy westerly swell and high seas, where they caused flooding of up to {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} over the islands of Nanumea, Nanumaga, Niutao, Nui and Vaitupu.{{cite report|url=http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/cc-inputs/Tuvalu_CCIS.pdf |title=Tuvalu's Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session |publisher=The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=December 18, 2015 |date=January 5, 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222181912/http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/cc-inputs/Tuvalu_CCIS.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }} As a result, damage was reported to crops and several buildings in the island nation, including thirty houses.{{cite report|page=15 |title=Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994 |access-date=December 11, 2015 |url-status=live |url=http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |date=February 16, 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133732/http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf |website=Prevention Web }} The two cyclones caused a severe amount of erosion in the island nation, with the shoreline on Vaitupu, receding by about {{convert|5|-|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The Vaitupu Fisheries Harbour, that had only just been built during 1992, was seriously damaged by waves attributed to the two cyclones.{{cite web|url=http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/TR0243.pdf |title=Coastal erosion and management of Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu. |publisher=he Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission |author=Xue, Chunting |access-date=December 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145255/http://www2.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/web/filedata/05040204.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |date=April 30, 2005 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=120 |issn=1672-5182 |ref=TR0243 |url-status=dead }}

On the island of Nanumea, a poorly designed sea wall trapped the storm surge on the island, which caused salt water contamination of the island vegetation and killed several trees. An appeal for international assistance was subsequently made by the Government of Tuvalu, as supplies of food and other essentials like petrol and kerosene on the worst affected islands were running low. International assistance was subsequently provided, by the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, who provided an emergency grant of {{ntsp|10000||US$}}.{{cite report |access-date=December 11, 2015 |url=https://fts.unocha.org/arfts/nd1993/tuv931.htm |title=OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tuvalu — Cyclone "Nina" - January 1993 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |date=April 14, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081742/https://fts.unocha.org/arfts/nd1993/tuv931.htm |url-status=dead }} The European Commission also provided emergency aid to Tuvalu which enabled the Red Cross, to provide foodstuffs, shelter, medical supplies and utensils to people whose homes were destroyed.{{cite journal|title=EU-Tuvalu cooperation|journal=The Courier|volume=149|issue=January–February 1995|url=http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00-0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=hdl&cl=CL3.11&d=HASH0113784e007edb122d3513c0.4.2.4}}

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