Dennō Senshi Porygon

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox television episode

| series = Pokémon

| image = Seizure clip from Dennō Senshi Porygon.webm

| caption = One of the scenes reported to trigger epileptic seizures.

| image_size = 200

| director = Kiyotaka Itani

| writer = Junki Takegami

| season = 1

| episode = 38

| airdate = {{Start date|1997|12|16}}

| production = 138

| episode_list = Lists of Pokémon episodes

| prev = Ditto's Mysterious Mansion

| next = Pikachu's Goodbye

}}

{{nihongo|"Dennō Senshi Porygon"|でんのうせんしポリゴン|Dennō Senshi Porigon|translated as "Computer Warrior Porygon", although more commonly "Electric Soldier Porygon"|lead=yes}} ({{IPA|ja|deɴnoː seɴɕi poɾiɡoɴ|IPA}}) is the 38th episode of the Pokémon anime's first season. During its sole broadcast in Japan on December 16, 1997, a scene with flashing lights induced photosensitive epileptic seizures in children across the country. Over 600 children were taken to hospitals. The incident is referred to in Japan as the {{nihongo|"Pokémon Shock"|ポケモンショック|Pokemon Shokku|}}.

The episode was written by Junki Takegami and directed by Kiyotaka Itani, and was broadcast on TV Tokyo.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} In the episode, Ash and his friends find that there is something wrong with the Poké Ball transmitting device at the local Pokémon Center. To find out what is wrong, they must go inside the machine. Towards the end of the episode, Pikachu stops a wave of missiles with an attack, resulting in an explosion that is depicted by rapid flashing lights that fill the screen.

After the incident, the Pokémon anime went into a four-month hiatus. The episode was pulled from rotation and was never aired in any other country. The incident complicated plans for an American localization of the series, and resulted in new broadcasting standards in Japan to ensure future incidents would be avoided.

Plot

Ash, Misty, Brock make their way to the nearest Pokémon Center to heal Pikachu's exhaustion, where they discover that the Poké Ball transmitting device is malfunctioning. On Nurse Joy's request, they go to Professor Akihabara, the one who created the Poké Ball transfer system. He tells them that Team Rocket stole his prototype Porygon, a digital Pokémon that can exist in cyberspace, and is using it to steal trainers' Pokémon from inside the computer system.

Akihabara sends Ash, Misty, Brock, Pikachu and his second Porygon into the cyberspace system using his Dimension Transporter. They realise that Team Rocket has set up a blockade that stops Poké Balls from completing their journey through the network. In an ensuing battle, Porygon is able to defeat Team Rocket's Porygon; unfortunately, Nurse Joy, monitoring the situation and unaware that Ash and the others are inside, approves the use of an antivirus program to resolve the problem.

The program manifests as cyber missiles and momentarily incapacitates Team Rocket before they are rescued by Porygon. As Porygon flees with everyone hanging on to its back, more missiles are fired at the group. Pikachu uses a Thunderbolt attack on the missiles, causing a large explosion. Two of the missiles enter the portal, completely destroying Akihabara's house and the Dimension Transporter, though everyone escapes safely.

Team Rocket thanks Ash and his friends for rescuing them before fleeing, after which Ash returns to Nurse Joy to finally request for Pikachu to be healed.

Broadcast

"Dennō Senshi Porygon" had its sole broadcast in Japan on Tuesday, December 16, 1997,{{Cite web |last=Plunkett |first=Luke |date=February 11, 2011 |title=The Banned Pokémon Episode That Gave Children Seizures |url=https://kotaku.com/the-banned-pokemon-episode-that-gave-children-seizures-5757570 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515164330/http://kotaku.com/5757570/the-banned-pokemon-episode-that-gave-children-seizures |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=September 11, 2014 |website=Kotaku}} at 6:30 PM Japan Standard Time (09:30 UTC).{{Cite news |last=Wudunn |first=Sheryl |date=December 18, 1997 |title=TV Cartoon's Flashes Send 700 Japanese Into Seizures |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/18/world/tv-cartoon-s-flashes-send-700-japanese-into-seizures.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308101934/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/18/world/tv-cartoon-s-flashes-send-700-japanese-into-seizures.html |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=August 9, 2020 |work=The New York Times}} It held the highest ratings for its time slot, and was watched by approximately 4.6 million households.{{Cite web |date=April 1998 |title=An Interim Report on the Display Techniques in Celluloid Animtion as studied from the Medical Point of View |url=http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/policyreports/english/group/broadcasting/interim_rep.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104000446/http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/policyreports/english/group/broadcasting/interim_rep.html |archive-date=November 4, 2002 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications}}

Incident

File:Denno Senshi Porygon Seizure.gifs shown here are {{code|#ed1c24}} and {{code|#00a2e8}}]]

Twenty minutes into the episode, Pikachu stops missiles with his Thunderbolt attack, resulting in an explosion that rapidly flashes red and blue lights. The exact scene that triggered the seizures aired at 6:51:34pm, towards the end of the episode.{{cite web |last1=Tagata |first1=Bergman |title=社会問題となった「ポケモンショック」が軍事利用されていた!? |url=https://www.excite.co.jp/news/article/E1488800805939/ |website=エキサイトニュース |language=ja |date=11 March 2017}} It was broadcast over 37 TV stations that Tuesday night.{{Cite web |title=ポケモン騒動を検証する |trans-title=Examining the Pokémon scandal |url=http://home-aki.la.coocan.jp/soudou01.htm |access-date=August 18, 2023 |publisher=coocan.jp |language=ja}}

Although there were similar parts in the episode with red and blue flashes, two anime techniques, called paka-paka{{efn|In anime, this technique uses different-colored lights flashing alternatively to cause a sense of tension.}} and "flash",{{efn|This technique emits a strong beam of light.}} made the scene particularly intense. These flashes were bright strobe lights, with blinks at a rate of about 12 Hz for approximately six seconds.

At this point, some of the viewers experienced blurred vision, headaches, dizziness and nausea.{{Cite news |date=December 17, 1997 |title=Japanese cartoon triggers seizures in hundreds of children |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9712/17/video.seizures.update/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150622123956/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9712/17/video.seizures.update/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 22, 2015 |access-date=August 9, 2020 |publisher=CNN}} Some suffered seizures, blindness, convulsions and unconsciousness. The Japanese press referred to this incident as {{nihongo|"Pokémon Shock"|ポケモンショック|Pokémon Shokku|}}.{{Cite book |last=Papapetros |first=Spyros |title=On the Animation of the Inorganic: Life in Movement in the Art and Architecture of Modernism, 1892–1944 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley, California |oclc=51930122}}

=Affected people=

According to a survey by Japan's Fire and Disaster Management Agency, 685 viewers – 310 male and 375 female – were taken to hospitals by ambulances.{{cite journal |last1=Ishida |first1=Shigenobu |last2=Yamashita |first2=Yushiro |last3=Matsuishi |first3=Toyojiro |last4=Ohshima |first4=Masachika |last5=Ohshima |first5=Hiroharu |last6=Kato |first6=Hirohisa |last7=Maeda |first7=Hisao |title=Photosensitive Seizures Provoked While Viewing "Pocket Monsters," a Made-for-{{as written|Telev|ison [sic]}} Animation Program in Japan |journal=Epilepsia |date=1998 |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=1340–1344 |doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01334.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01334.x |doi-access=free |quote=According to a survey by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, 685 children (310 boys, 375 girls) were transferred to hospitals by ambulance and seen by physicians, and >150 were admitted to hospitals all over Japan.}}{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |title=Flashing-Light Cartoon Series to Resume |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/world/flashing-light-cartoon-series-to-resume.html |access-date=15 December 2024 |work=New York Times |page=3 |quote=On Dec. 16, 685 children were taken to hospitals after watching the evening show.}} Of these, 208 were admitted to hospitals, including three who were admitted while unconscious.

There was a higher incidence in the 11 to 15-year old demographic, with over 90% of the affected being from middle and high school age ranges; the oldest victim was a 58-year old from Kanagawa Prefecture. TV Tokyo had a limited terrestrial coverage area, but there were some victims from outside of the network's range who received one of its stations either by terrestrial or cable overspill who were affected. Although approximately 1 in 5000 people are susceptible to these types of seizures, the number of people affected by the Pokémon episode was unprecedented.

Later studies showed that 5–10% of the viewers had mild symptoms that did not need hospital treatment.{{Cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Takeo |last2=Tsukahara |first2=Yasuo |date=1998 |title=Pocket Monster incident and low luminance visual stimuli |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119944452/abstract |url-status=dead |journal=Pediatrics International |publisher=Blackwell Science Asia |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=631–637 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-200X.1998.tb02006.x |issn=1328-8067 |oclc=40953034 |pmid=9893306 |s2cid=19236421 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208154158/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119944452/abstract |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2008|url-access=subscription }} Twelve thousand children who were not sent to hospitals reported mild symptoms of illness; however, their symptoms more closely resembled mass hysteria than a seizure.{{Cite magazine |last=Radford |first=Benjamin |date=May–June 2001 |title=The Pokémon Panic of 1997 |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2001/05/the-pokemon-panic-of-1997/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020125093204/http://www.csicop.org/si/2001-05/pokemon.html |archive-date=January 25, 2002 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |magazine=Skeptical Inquirer |pages=26–31 |volume=25 |issue=3}}{{Cite journal |last1=Radford |first1=Benjamin |last2=Bartholomew |first2=Robert |date=2001 |title=Pokémon contagion: photosensitive epilepsy or mass psychogenic illness? |journal=South Med J |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=197–204 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200194020-00005 |pmid=11235034}}{{Cite web |last=Goodhart |first=Benjie |date=16 December 2022 |title='There was an explosion, and I had to close my eyes': how TV left 12,000 children needing a doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/dec/16/pokemon-explosion-tv-japan-children-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230928225321/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/dec/16/pokemon-explosion-tv-japan-children-hospital |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=The Guardian |quote=The condition is perhaps best understood as the placebo effect in reverse. People can make themselves ill from an idea}} A study following 103 patients over three years after the event found that only 22% were reported to have had seizures after the incident. 15 of these patients were determined to have had visually induced seizures, while 56% of the patients who did have more seizures following the incident also having epilepsy.{{Cite journal |last1=Ishiguro |first1=Yoshiko |last2=Takada |first2=Hiroyuki |last3=Watanabe |first3=Kazuyoshi |last4=Okumura |first4=Akihasa |last5=Aso |first5=Kosaburo |last6=Ishikawa |first6=Tatsuya |date=April 2004 |title=A Follow-up Survey on Seizures Induced by Animated Cartoon TV Program "Pocket Monster" |journal=Epilepsia |location=Copenhagen |publisher=E. Munksgaard |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=377–383 |doi=10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.18903.x |issn=0013-9580 |oclc=1568121 |pmid=15030500 |s2cid=32309680 |doi-access=free}} The three-year study of 103 surveyed patients also found that only 25 (24%) of them were determined to have had seizures before the incident took place.

== By prefecture ==

The following is a breakdown of the number of people taken to hospital in each prefecture, totaling to 685.{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Takeo |last2=Tsukahara |first2=Yasuo |last3=Nomura |first3=Masahide |last4=Matsuoka |first4=Hiroo |title=Pokemon seizures |journal=Neurological Journal of South East Asia |date=June 1999 |volume=4 |page=2 |url=https://www.neurology-asia.org/articles/19991_001.pdf}}

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
PrefectureNumber of people taken to hospital
Hokkaido38
Aomori1
Iwate0
Miyagi0
Akita0
Yamagata0
Fukushima2
Ibaraki26
Tochigi18
Gunma18
Saitama70
Chiba45
Tokyo74
Kanagawa76
Niigata0
Nagano7
Yamanashi6
Toyama0
Ishikawa0
Fukui0
Shizuoka12
Aichi60
Gifu10
Mie7
Osaka76
Shiga0
Kyoto29
Hyogo5
Nara2
Wakayama0
Tottori0
Shimane1
Hiroshima0
Yamaguchi11
Okayama18
Kagawa10
Tokushima1
Ehime1
Kochi0
Fukuoka45
Saga10
Nagasaki5
Kumamoto0
Oita1
Miyazaki0
Kagoshima0
Okinawa0

Aftermath

=Immediate response=

More than three hours after the controversial scene was broadcast, NHK General TV became the first channel to report on the seizures at 9:59pm that evening during a news bulletin,{{cite web | url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/chronicle/detail/?crnid=A199712162159001300100 | title=データベースで探す }} {{dead link|date=December 2024}} followed by FNN's News JAPAN later that evening. The topic was heavily discussed on the next day's news programs, but with the footage frozen in order to prevent further damage.

To prevent any similar incidents from occurring, the episode was pulled from rotation, and it has not aired since in any country.

The following day, the television station that had originated the lone broadcast of that episode, TV Tokyo, issued an apology to the Japanese public, suspended the program, and said it would investigate the cause of the seizures. Numerous video retailers across Japan removed the Pokémon anime from their rental shelves in response to the incidents.

Officers from Atago police stations were ordered by Japan's National Police Agency to question the anime's producers about the show's contents and production process.

On the Tokyo Stock Exchange, shares in Nintendo (the company that publishes the games that the anime is based on) fell by 400 yen the following morning to 12,200 yen (almost 3.2%). The president of Nintendo, Hiroshi Yamauchi, said at a press conference the day after the episode had aired that the video game company was not responsible since the original Pokémon game for its Game Boy product was presented in black and white.{{Cite news |date=December 17, 1997 |title=Popular TV cartoon blamed for mass seizures |url=http://www.virtualpet.com/vp/farm/pmonster/seizures/pmnews1.htm |access-date=November 3, 2008 |work=Virtual Pet |publisher=The Asahi Shimbun}}

=Effect on the Pokémon anime=

After the airing of "Dennō Senshi Porygon", the Pokémon anime went into a nearly four-month hiatus.

The episode "Holiday Hi-Jynx", which would have aired the following week, December 23, 1997, was pulled following the incident, and would not air until October 5, 1998. Airing out of order caused confusion to viewers because Ash still had a Charmander instead of Charizard, and Misty did not have Togepi yet, but Starmie and Horsea.

All 37 episodes of Pokémon: Indigo League were rerun on Kids Station in Tokyo leading up to the show's return on April 16, 1998, with airing of "Pikachu's Goodbye" and "The Battling Eevee Brothers".{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=George |date=March 27, 2007 |title=10th Anniversary of Pokémon in Japan |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-03-27/10th-anniversary-of-pokemon-in-japan |access-date=October 18, 2008 |website=Anime News Network}}{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Robert |date=April 2002 |title=Empire of Kitsch: Japan as Represented in Western Pop Media |url=http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2002/60/hamilton.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927225136/http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2002/60/hamilton.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=October 18, 2008 |publisher=Bad Subjects}} After the hiatus, the time slot changed from Tuesday to Thursday.

Before broadcasting resumed, the special program {{nihongo|"Problem Inspection Report on the Pocket Monsters Anime"|アニメ ポケットモンスター問題検証報告|Anime Poketto Monsutā Mondai Kenshō Hōkoku}} was shown. Broadcast in Japan on April 16, 1998, host Miyuki Yadama went over the circumstances of the program format and the on-screen advisories at the beginning of animated programs, as well as showing letters and fan drawings sent in by viewers, most of whom were concerned that the incident would lead to the anime being cancelled.

"Dennō Senshi Porygon" itself has never been aired again, in any country. The Pokémon anime has not featured Porygon or its evolutions, Porygon2 and Porygon-Z, in any subsequent episodes outside of brief cameos, despite Pikachu being the one to cause the seizure-inducing strobe effect.{{Cite web |last=Innes |first=Kenneth |title=Character Profile: Porygon |url=http://www.absoluteanime.com/pokemon/porygon.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191108/http://www.absoluteanime.com/pokemon/porygon.htm |archive-date=June 1, 2009 |access-date=November 21, 2008 |website=Absolute Anime}}

== By station ==

The series was and still is syndicated to stations outside of the direct coverage area of the six stations of the TX Network. The following table lists the final episode of the Pokémon anime that aired on the station before the hiatus and the title of the program that initially replaced its timeslot.

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
RegionStationNetworkLast episode aired before suspensionTemporary replacement
Aomori

| Aomori Asahi Broadcasting

ANN37{{ill|Class King Yamazaki|lt=Class King Yamazaki|ja|学級王ヤマザキ}}
Iwate

| Iwate Menkoi Television

FNN/FNS37unknown
Miyagi

| Higashinippon Broadcasting

ANN36 or 37Class King Yamazaki
Akita

| Akita Television

FNN/FNS36Class King Yamazaki
Yamagata

| TV-U Yamagata

JNN36{{ill|Manga Nippon Mukashi Banashi|lt=Manga Nippon Mukashi Banashi|ja|まんが日本昔ばなし}}
Fukushima

| Fukushima Television

FNN33Kiteretsu Daihyakka
Niigata

| Television Niigata Network

NNN/NNS34Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! and Class King Yamazaki
Nagano

| Nagano Broadcasting Systems

FNN/FNS37unknown
Yamanashi

| UHF Television Yamanashi

JNNat least 10Manga Nippon Mukashi Banashi
Toyama

| Tulip Television

JNN36Class King Yamazaki
Ishikawa

| Hokuriku Asahi Broadcasting

ANN34Class King Yamazaki
Fukui

| Fukui Television Broadcasting

FNN/FNSat least 10Class King Yamazaki
Shizuoka

| Shizuoka Broadcasting System

JNN23Manga Nippon Mukashi Banashi
Gifu

| Gifu Broadcasting System

JAITS37Class King Yamazaki
Mie

| Mie Television

JAITS34Class King Yamazaki
Shiga

| Biwako Broadcasting

JAITS36unknown
Kyoto

| Kyoto Broadcasting System

JAITS33Class King Yamazaki
Nara

| Nara Television

JAITS37Class King Yamazaki
Wakayama

| Wakayama Telecasting Corporation

JAITS36Class King Yamazaki
San'in

| Broadcasting System of San-in

JNN36Class King Yamazaki
Hiroshima

| RCC Broadcasting

JNN34Class King Yamazaki
Yamaguchi

| Television Yamaguchi Broadcasting Systems

JNN2Shōnen Ashibe
Tokushima

| Shikoku Broadcasting

|NNN/NNS1Chibi Maruko-chan
Ehime

| Nankai Broadcasting

NNN/NNS36Detective Conan and Class King Yamazaki
Kochi

| Kochi Broadcasting

JNN34 or 35Class King Yamazaki
Saga

| Saga Television Station

FNN/FNSunknownunknown
Nagasaki

| Nagasaki International Television

NNN/NNS35Anpanman and Detective Conan
Kumamoto

| TV Kumamoto

FNN/FNS37Class King Yamazaki
Oita

| Television Oita System

NNN/NNS/FNN/FNS32Class King Yamazaki
Miyazaki

| TV Miyazaki

FNN/FNS/ANN/NNN12World Fairy Tale Series
Kagoshima

| Kagoshima Broadcasting

ANN34 or 35Crayon Shin-chan
Okinawa

| Ryukyu Asahi Broadcasting

ANN20Class King Yamazaki

==Effect on localization==

When the episode aired, Pokémon was only distributed in Japan. Shortly after the incident, speaking to USA Today, Mike Lazzo, vice president of programming for Cartoon Network, reassured parents that American children were unlikely to suffer seizures provoked by cartoons as U.S. networks at the time rarely aired anime, which he argued was substantially different to animation aired on Cartoon Network.{{Cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Jefferson |last2=Friend |first2=Tim |date=18 December 1997 |title=U.S. Kids Safe From Cartoon Seizures?? |url=http://www.rense.com/ufo/cartoon2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617035459/http://rense.com/ufo/cartoon2.htm |archive-date=17 June 2013 |work=rense.com |publisher=USA Today}}

According to then-president of Nintendo of America, Minoru Arakawa, he had first raised the possibility of bringing Pokémon to the US market three weeks before this episode aired. The incident occurred while Nintendo of America was in negotiations with ShoPro to localize Pokémon for an American audience. However, Arakawa believed that the coverage of the incident in the US was fairly calm compared to Japan, as the US had previously reported on cases of epilepsy being induced by video games so the concept was already well-known—instead, he argued that it only increased the series' name recognition.{{Cite book |last1=Hatakeyama |first1=Kenji |url=https://dogasu.bulbagarden.net/features/english_dub_beginnings/Pokemon_Story_America_v1.pdf |title=ポケモンストーリー |last2=Kubo |first2=Masakazu |date=December 10, 2000 |publisher=Nikkei, Inc. |isbn=4822241998 |trans-title=Pokémon Story |chapter=Chapter 3: America}}

In his book Pokémon Story, Masakazu Kubo of ShoPro notes that initially the incident increased the reluctance to bring the series to the US market, but due to concerns that the entire Pokémon TV show could end up being banned from Japanese TV, instead it was decided that pursuing an American release was essential to repairing the series' reputation in Japan. Kubo argues that once it became accepted in Japan that the incident was due to technical problems with how the show was broadcast rather than the show itself, there was no longer a need for a US release to restore the series' reputation in Japan, but the negotiations continued regardless.

Starting on January 4, 1998, ShoPro conducted in-person negotiations with Nintendo of America for licensing the Pokémon anime for the US market. In early January 1998, 4Kids Entertainment announced that they intended to air Pokémon in the U.S., albeit ensuring that the flashing effects were removed.{{Cite magazine |date=March 1998 |title=Invasion of the Seizure-inducing Cartoons |url=https://archive.org/details/ElectronicGamingMonthly_201902/Electronic%20Gaming%20Monthly%20Issue%20104%20%28March%201998%29/page/n35/mode/2up |magazine=Electronic Gaming Monthly |publisher=Ziff Davis |page=34 |issue=104}} Pokémon successfully premiered in the U.S. (without this episode) in September 1998.{{Cite web |date=March 31, 1999 |title=10-K |url=https://yahoo.brand.edgar-online.com/displayfilinginfo.aspx?FilingID=498210-1238-105389&type=sect&TabIndex=2&companyid=2289&ppu=%252fdefault.aspx%253fcompanyid%253d2289 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005043926/http://yahoo.brand.edgar-online.com/displayfilinginfo.aspx?FilingID=498210-1238-105389&type=sect&TabIndex=2&companyid=2289&ppu=%252fdefault.aspx%253fcompanyid%253d2289 |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |website=Yahoo |page=6}}

=Changes to television standards=

File:TV Tokyo logo 2023 en.svg

Many Japanese television broadcasters and medical officials (along with the United Kingdom's Independent Television Commission{{Cite journal |last=Faught |first=Edward |date=September 2004 |title=Attack of the Pocket Monsters: No Lasting Effects |journal=Epilepsy Currents |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=198–199 |doi=10.1111/j.1535-7597.2004.04511.x |pmc=1176371 |pmid=16059499 |quote=The Pokemon incident also resulted in modification in television broadcast standards in Japan and the United Kingdom, based on a detailed analysis of the culpable features of the visual stimulus.}}) came together to find ways to make sure the incident was not repeated. They established a series of guidelines for future animated programs,{{Cite web |title=Animated Program Image Effect Production Guidelines |url=http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/kouhou/guideenglish.htm |access-date=November 21, 2008 |publisher=TV Tokyo}} including that flashing images, especially those with red, should not flicker faster than three times per second; if the image does not have red, it still should not flicker faster than five times per second; flashing images should not be displayed for a total duration of more than two seconds; and stripes, whirls and concentric circles should not take up a large part of the television screen. The Harding test for content that now airs on Japanese TV and streaming sites ensures no more than one flashing light occurs every 10 frames, reproduced at 29.97 FPS, where "flashing lights" are classified as extreme changes in colors from one frame to the next. Footage may either clear or fail checks, or "pass with a warning" in which case the video's luminance is automatically adjusted to mitigate potential effects.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

After the incident, TV broadcasters voluntarily added on-screen warnings to shows targeted at young children encouraging viewers to watch anime in a well-lit room and to sit far away from the television set.{{Cite web |last=Sevakis |first=Justin |date=June 21, 2017 |title=Answerman - What Happened To The 'Watch This Program In A Well-Lit Room' Warnings? |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2017-06-21/.117773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621214110/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2017-06-21/.117773 |archive-date=June 21, 2017 |access-date=August 14, 2017 |website=Anime News Network}}

See also

{{Portal|Video games|Anime and manga|1990s}}

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}