Derzhprom
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Short description|Constructivist building in Kharkiv, Ukraine}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Derzhprom
| native_name = {{native name|uk|Держпром}}
{{native name|ru|Госпром}}
| image = Derzhprom building.jpg
| caption = Aerial view in 2020
| building_type = office, conference
| architectural_style = Constructivism
| address = Maidan Svobody, 5, Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast, 61022
| location_town =
| location_country = {{UKR}}
| client =
| owner =
| current_tenants =
| coordinates = {{coord|50|0|24|N|36|13|37.5|E|type:landmark_region:BE|display=inline}}
| start_date = 1925
| inauguration_date = 7 November 1928
| cost = 14,176,000 UAK
| height =
| architectural =
| antenna_spire = {{convert|108|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| roof = {{convert|63|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| floor_count = 13
| floor_area = {{convert|60,000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| elevator_count = 12
| architect = Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger
| engineer = Pavlo Rottert
| developer = Economic Council of the USSR
| public_transit =
| embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Будинок держпромисловості (ДЕРЖПРОМ)}}
(House of State Industry (DERZHPROM)) |designation1_type = Architecture, Urban Planning |designation1_number = 200031}}
| website = https://www.derzhprom.kh.ua/
}}
The Derzhprom ({{langx|uk|Держпром}}) or Gosprom ({{langx|ru|Госпром}}) building is an office building located on Freedom Square in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Built in the Constructivist style, it was the first modern skyscraper building in the Soviet Union upon its completion in 1928.{{Cite web|title=The First Soviet Skyscraper|url=http://travel.uaportal.com/news/52616.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807173634/http://travel.uaportal.com:80/news/52616.html |archive-date=7 August 2007 }} Its name is an abbreviation of two words that, taken together, mean State Industry. In English the structure is known as the State Industry Building or the Palace of Industry.
Derzhprom takes its place as a unique phenomenon of world architecture among the various structures that represent the modernist architecture of the first half of the 20th century, which are already on the UNESCO World Heritage List or the Tentative List.{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6249/|title = Derzhprom (The State Industry Building)}}
On 28 October 2024, Derzhprom was bombed by Russia, sustaining significant damage.
History
File:Gosprom to Build 1925.jpg
The grand opening of the "first Soviet skyscraper" took place on 7 November 1928.
The building was one of a few showcase projects designed when Kharkiv was the capital of the Ukrainian SSR. It was built by the architects from Leningrad Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger in only three years. Upon completion in 1928 it was the most spacious single structure in the world, and wasn't surpassed until the 1930's. Its unique feature lies in the symmetry which can only be sensed at one point, in the centre of the square.
The use of concrete in its construction and the system of overhead walkways and individual interlinked towers made the building extremely innovative.{{Cite web|last=ua_archi|date=13 November 2009|title=Госпром|url=https://ua-archi.livejournal.com/517.html|access-date=19 April 2021|website=Україна. Архітектура. Історія.}} The critic Reyner Banham in his Theory and Design in the First Machine Age regarded the building as one of the major architectural achievements of the 1920s, comparable in scale only to the Dessau Bauhaus and the Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam.(Architectural Press 1972, p. 297). This allowed the structure to fully survive any destruction attempts during the Second World War.
In the spring of 1926, it was decided to close the construction due to financial difficulties. Then the head of construction of the State Industry, Pavlo Rottert, left for Moscow, where he managed to find support for the construction from Felix Dzerzhinsky. In March 1926, he returned to build a skyscraper, and in August 1926 it was decided to finance the construction on an extraordinary basis.{{Cite book |last1=Shuvalova |first1=E.A. |last2=Nuriddinov |first2=K.K. |last3=Hovakimyan |first3=S.S. |title=Conference Materials |date=2019 |chapter=Waste wood-based building materials |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-06-2019-25 |publisher=LJournal |doi=10.18411/sr-10-06-2019-25}}
The Derzhprom complex was used as a symbol of modernity in films such as Dziga Vertov's Three Songs about Lenin and Sergei Eisenstein's The General Line. The building's notability was overshadowed following the moving of the Ukrainian capital to Kyiv in 1934, the later denunciation of Constructivism in favour of Stalinist architecture, and the Second World War. More recently, one of its towers was used as a television centre and a TV relay tower was built on its roof.
The building was placed under in the tentative UNESCO World Heritage list in 2017{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Kharkiv’s historic Derzhprom skyscraper becomes latest victim of Russian bombardments |url=https://kyivindependent.com/kharkivs-historic-skyscraper-becomes-the-latest-victim-of-russias-bombardments/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Kyiv Independent |author=Elsa Court |language=en}} and was placed under provisional enhanced protection by UNESCO in 2022.{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29|title=UPDATED: Russia’s attack on Kharkiv injures 9, damages historic landmark |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-strikes-center-of-kharkiv-with-aerial-glide-bombs-injuring-at-least-5-people/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Kyiv Independent |author1=Kateryna Hodunova |author2=Olena Goncharova |language=en}}
File:Attack on Derzhprom, 28 October 2024 (40).jpg
During the Russo-Ukrainian War, Derzhprom was hit by a Russian guided bomb on 28 October 2024, believed to be of the FAB-500 model, causing significant damage and nine injuries.{{Cite web |date=2024-10-28 |title=Навіть Гітлер не зруйнував: у Харкові "приліт" по будівлі Держпрому (фото, відео) |url=https://tsn.ua/ukrayina/u-harkovi-prilit-po-budivli-derzhpromu-socmerezhi-foto-2689140.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ТСН.ua |language=uk}}{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Warren |date=2024-10-29 |title=Ukraine war briefing: Bomb shatters historic landmark in Kharkiv |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/29/ukraine-war-briefing-bomb-derzhprom-historic-landmark-kharkiv |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} As the result, the mayor of Kharkiv Ihor Terekhov and the Bureau of UNESCO in Ukraine have initiated an accelerated procedure of nominating the Freedom Square ensemble (including Derzhprom) to the World Heritage list.{{Cite web |last=Koloniei |first=Dmytro |date=4 November 2024 |title= |script-title=uk:ЮНЕСКО допоможе відновити будівлю Держпрому у Харкові |trans-title=UNESCO will help restore the building of Derzhprom in Kharkiv |url=https://infocity.kharkiv.ua/obshchestvo/iunesko-dopomozhe-vidnovyty-budivliu-derzhpromu-u-kharkovi/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Infocity}}
Architecture
File:Panorama of Derzhprom Building - Kharkiv (Kharkov) - Ukraine - 01 (43963740521).jpg
File:Facade of Derzhprom Building - Kharkiv (Kharkov) - Ukraine - 03 (30095271458).jpg
Derzhprom is a symbol of Kharkiv as an industrial, modern and big city.{{Cite web|title=Госпром – символ Харькова и символ стиля|url=https://galinaaksyenova.livejournal.com/10275.html|access-date=19 April 2021|website=galinaaksyenova.livejournal.com}}
The architecture of Derzhprom relates to international Constructivism, its forms are industrial.{{Cite web|title=Госпром – символ Харькова. Есть ли у него будущее |url=https://vecherniy.kharkov.ua/news/26020/|access-date=19 April 2021|website=vecherniy.kharkov.ua}} The house has a high aesthetic potential and functionality; its construction is compared to a "communication leap". In the 1920s, such architecture was a novelty not only in Europe but also around the world.{{Cite journal|last=В.в|first=Бородин|date=13 August 2007|title=Системы показателей, используемые для оценки финансово – хозяйственной деятельности туристских организаций|url=http://www.rusnauka.com/9._EISN_2007/Stroitelstvo/21548.doc.htm|journal=Наука: теория и практика|volume=2|issue=2007}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Architectural functionalism includes the following functions:
- Utilitarian – a place for industrial management activities in Ukraine.
- Ideological – the disclosure of the idea of industrialization as a progressive phenomenon.
- Social – a spacious center of the new Kharkiv, a socially significant object of government, a place of mass events such as holidays and demonstrations.
- Symbolic – "organized world", a symbol of a new era and of industrialization.
- Compositional – dominance in the spatial structure of the city; connecting the spaces of the square and the city; demarcation of the square and the city (at the level of the square).
- Symatic – laconic forms that lead to archetypal schemes; inclusion in the symbolism of the landscape.
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/search/results.html?object_id=%2265e45e1597e2c1c05ddbae896ddd921ec67b0875%22&display=Palace+of+Industry 1930s photographs by Robert Byron ]
- [http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html Article on the building] {{in lang|ru}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080204034754/http://news.webshots.com/photo/2255496620089413999ycXTEE View during the war]
- [http://englishrussia.com/?p=2952 Photos by Luftwaffe pilots during World War II, some of the Derzhprom building]
- [https://www.panoramio.com/photo/2534222 Photo of the Derzhprom building]
- [https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=Gosprom&filters=%7B%22forms_collection_library_bookstore%22%3A%5B%22photographs%22%5D%7D Derzhprom/Gosprom building, photographs by Georges Dedoyard and others], Canadian Centre for Architecture ([https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=Gosprom&img_filter=1 digitized items])
{{coord|50|0|23|N|36|13|38|E|type:landmark_region:UA|display=title}}
Category:Buildings and structures in Kharkiv
Category:Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
Category:Commercial buildings completed in 1928
Category:Constructivist architecture