Docufiction

{{For|documentary fiction relating to novels|Historical fiction}}

File:Moana_tatoo.jpg, by Robert J. Flaherty, an early example of docufiction (1926)]]

Docufiction (or docu-fiction) is the cinematographic combination of documentary and fiction, this term often meaning narrative film. It is a film genre[http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/intgenre/intgenre7.html An Introduction to Genre Theory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118185337/http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/intgenre/intgenre7.html |date=November 18, 2011 }} by Daniel Chandler at [http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/ Aberystwyth University] which attempts to capture reality such as it is (as direct cinema or cinéma vérité) and which simultaneously introduces unreal elements or fictional situations in narrative in order to strengthen the representation of reality using some kind of artistic expression.[https://www.videomaker.com/article/c06/18290-a-creative-treatment-of-actuality A creative treatment of actuality] – article by Peter Biesterfeld at [https://www.videomaker.com/ Videomaker], 08/07/2015

More precisely, it is a documentary mixed with fictional elements,[http://www.tesionline.it/default/tesi.asp?idt=18073 Il difficile rapporto tra fiction e non fiction che si concretizza nella docu-fiction] (The difficult relationship between fiction and non-fiction patent in docufiction) – thesis in Italian by Laura Marchesi, Faculty of Communication Sciences (Università degli Studi di Pavia) at [http://www.tesionline.it/default/index.asp Tesionline], 2005/06 in real time, filmed when the events take place, and in which the main character or characters—often portrayed by non-professional or amateur actors—are essentially playing themselves, or slightly fictionalized versions of themselves, in a fictionalized scenario. In this sense, docufiction may overlap to an extent with some aspects of the mockumentary format, but the terms are not synonymous.

A film genre in expansion, it is adopted by a number of experimental filmmakers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The neologism docufictionWhat is docufiction? – See [http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf Section II, pages 37 to 75 (four chapters)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911104733/http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf |date=September 11, 2011 }} of the thesis by Prof. Theo Mäusli appeared at the beginning of the 21st century. It is now commonly used in several languages and widely accepted for classification by international film festivals.Indie Matra Bhumi ([http://cine-file.info/ccf/india.html The Motherland)] – Cannes Film Festival[http://en.daringtodo.com/?p=4178 Ablel Ferrara’s docufiction] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119000831/http://en.daringtodo.com/?p=4178 |date=January 19, 2012 }} – Venice Film Festival{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110913091103/http://www.redchannels.org/screenings/2010/quiet_one.html The Savage Eye: White Docu-Fiction & Black Reality]}} at [http://www.tribecafilm.com/ Tribeca Film Festival][http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/09/11/brian-de-palmas-on-his-ir_n_63981.html Brian De Palma's On His Iraq Docu-Fiction Comeback] at [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ The Huffington Post] – Toronto International Film Festival and Venice Film FestivalDarius Mehrjui’s film Diamond 33 – Venice Film Festival[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jan/01/this-weeks-new-film-events New Film Events] – London Short Film Festival[http://www.ioncinema.com/news/id/5095/oscilloscope-howl-for-off-beat-docu-fiction-sundance-selection Oscilloscope 'Howl' for Off Beat Docu-Fiction Sundance Selection] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227172219/http://www.ioncinema.com/news/id/5095/oscilloscope-howl-for-off-beat-docu-fiction-sundance-selection |date=December 27, 2011 }} at [http://www.ioncinema.com/ Ion Cinema][http://www.vivacinema.it/s/docu-fiction/ Docufiction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901125818/http://www.vivacinema.it/s/docu-fiction/ |date=2011-09-01 }} at several film festivalsSee: Hybrids (fiction/nonfiction films) at External links

File: Portrait of Robert J. Flaherty.jpg]]

Origins

The term involves a way of making films already practiced by such authors as Robert J. Flaherty, one of the fathers of documentary,[https://web.archive.org/web/20011122000707/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/Huffman/Frontier/define.html Definition of documentary – New Frontiers in American documentary] (American Studies at The University of Virginia)[http://www.transartinstitute.org/Example_Papers.html The Impulse of Documentary-Fiction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319052930/http://www.transartinstitute.org/Example_Papers.html |date=March 19, 2012 }} – Paper at [http://www.transartinstitute.org/About.html Transart Institute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831101542/http://transartinstitute.org/About.html |date=2011-08-31 }} and Jean Rouch, later in the 20th century.

Being both fiction and documentary,[http://www.avila.edu/journal/fall03/StonePaper.htm (NON)FICTION AND THE VIEWER: RE-INTERPRETING THE DOCUMENTARY FILM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325153902/http://www.avila.edu/journal/fall03/StonePaper.htm |date=2012-03-25 }} – Paper by Tammy Stone, [http://www.avila.edu/ Avila University] docufiction is a hybrid genre,See [http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf hybrid genre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911104733/http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf |date=September 11, 2011 }} – page 50, thesis on docufiction by Prof. Theo Mäusli raising ethical problems[http://latineos.com/en/articles/popular-culture/item/84-open-ended-realities.html Open-ended Realities] – article by Luciana Lang at [http://latineos.com/ Latineos][http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/french_forum/v035/35.2-3.loftus.pdf The appeal of hybrid documentary forms in West Africa] at [http://muse.jhu.edu/ Project Muse][https://archive.today/20120707064104/http://centerforsocialmedia.wikispaces.com/message/view/Ethical+Practices/90224 Ethics and Documentary Filmmaking] – Article by Marty Lucas at [https://archive.today/20120711010041/http://futureofpublicmedia.wikispaces.com/home Center for Social Media] (American University in Washington, D.C.)[http://www.communication.usf.edu/faculty/butchart/ethics-documentary.pdf On Ethics and Documentary: A Real and Actual Truth] – Article by Garnet C. Butchart at Cultural Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, published [http://www.communication.usf.edu University of South Florida][http://www.documentary.org/content/what-do-about-documentary-distortion-toward-code-ethics-0 What to Do About Documentary Distortion? Toward a Code of Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323061134/http://www.documentary.org/content/what-do-about-documentary-distortion-toward-code-ethics-0 |date=2012-03-23 }} – Article by Bill Nichols at [http://www.documentary.org/ Documentary.org][https://utdallas.academia.edu/ArdavonNaimi/Papers/844614/Documentary_Film_Prompts-Ethics_in_Documentary_Fiction_vs._Documentary Documentary Film Prompts-Ethics in Documentary/Fiction vs. Documentary] – Paper by Ardavon Naimi at [https://utdallas.academia.edu University of Texas at Dallas][http://www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/filmmaking Ethics and Filmmaking in Developing Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513163142/http://www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/filmmaking |date=2021-05-13 }} at [http://www.uniteforsight.org/ Unite For Sight] concerning truth, since reality may be manipulated and confused with fiction (see Ethics at creative non-fiction).

In the domain of visual anthropology, the innovating role of Jean Rouch[http://www.rouge.com.au/3/rouch_valediction.html Jean Rouch 1917-2004, A Valediction] – Article by Michael Eaton at [http://www.rouge.com.au/ Rouge] allows one to consider him as the father of a subgenre called ethnofiction.[http://www.maitres-fous.net/glossary.html Glossary] at MAITRES_FOUS.NETJean Rouch and the Genesis of Ethnofiction, thesis by Brian Quist, Long Island University This term means: ethnographic documentary film with natives who play fictional roles. Making them play a role about themselves will help portray reality, which"Ethnofiction: drama as a creative research practice in ethnographic film." Journal of Media Practice 9, no. 3(2008), eScholarID:1b5648, article by Johannes Sjöberg will be reinforced with imagery. A non-ethnographic documentary with fictional elements uses the same method and, for the same reasons, may be called docufiction.

Docudrama and mockumentary

In contrast, docudrama is usually a dramatized recreation of factual events in form of a documentary, at a time subsequent to the "real" events it portrays.See [http://www.sadibey.com/dosyalar/Gerekli_Seyler/Documentary_Genres.doc Docudrama: the real (his)tory Confusion of genres] – Page 2 on the thesis by Çiçek Coşkun (New York University School of Education) While docudrama can be confused with docufiction, "docudrama" refers specifically to film or other television recreations that dramatize certain events, often with actors. {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

A mockumentary is also a film or television show in which fictitious events are presented in documentary format, sometimes a recreation of factual events after they took place or a comment on current events, typically satirical, comedic or even dramatic.A television programme or film which takes the form of a serious documentary in order to satirize its subject. – definition at The Free Dictionary and Dictionary.com Whereas mockumentaries are usually fully scripted comedies or dramas that merely adopt some aspects of documentary format as a framing device, docufictions are usually not scripted, instead placing the participants in a fictionalized scenario while portraying their own genuine reactions and their own improvisational dialogue and character development.

First docufictions by country

1926: United States – Moana[http://www.indiewire.com/article/why-the-first-docufiction-in-history-deserves-a-new-life-20140703 Why 'Moana,' the First Docufiction in History, Deserves a New Life] – article by Laya Maheshwari at Indiewire, July 3, 2014 by Robert J. FlahertyNote, however, that Flaherty's earlier film, Nanook of the North from 1922, incorporates many docufiction elements, including the "casting" of locals into fictitious "roles" and family relationships, as well as anachronistic hunting scenes
1930: Portugal – Maria do Mar by José Leitão de Barros[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021125/ Maria do Mar] at IMdb
1930: Germany - People on Sunday by Robert Siodmak and Edgar G. Ulmer
1932: France – L'or des mers by Jean Epstein[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0203759/ L'Or des mers at IMdb]
1948: Italy – La Terra Trema by Luchino Visconti
1952: Japan – Children of Hiroshima by Kaneto Shindo
1963: Canada – Pour la suite du monde (Of Whales, the Moon and Men) by Pierre Perrault and Michel Brault
1981: Morocco – Trances by Ahmed El Maânouni
1988: Guiné-Bissau – Mortu Nega (Death denied) by Flora Gomes
1990: Iran – Close-up by Abbas Kiarostami
1991: Finland – Zombie and the Ghost Train by Mika Kaurismäki[https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D0CE6D6113CF937A35753C1A967958260 Zombie and the Ghost Train (1991)Review/Film Festival; How a Zombie Became One With Alcohol and Self-Pity]
2002: Brazil – City of God by Fernando Meirelles and Kátia Lund[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/17/movies/film-review-boys-soldiering-in-an-army-of-crime.html Boys Soldiering in an Army of Crime] – article by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/stephen-holden?action=click&contentCollection=Movies&module=Byline®ion=Header&pgtype=article Stephen Holden], NY Times, January 17, 2003
2005: Iraq – Underexposure by Oday Rasheed[http://www.indiewire.com/2013/11/how-the-arab-spring-changed-the-arab-screen-and-why-you-need-to-start-paying-attention-33276/ How the Arab Spring Changed the Arab Screen and Why You Need to Start Paying Attention] – review by [http://www.indiewire.com/author/ronan-doyle/ Ronan Doyle], November 5, 2013[https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-jun-23-la-fg-iraq-movie-20110623-story.html Trying to find beauty in the darkness of Iraq] review by Salar Jaff and Ned Parker at Los Angeles Times, June 23, 2011

Other notable examples

1927: Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack (US){{cite news |last1=Biggs |first1=Andrew |title=What's past is prologue |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1716191/whats-past-is-prologue |quote=pseudo-documentary |access-date=November 17, 2024 |work=Bangkok Post |date=July 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011025026/https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1716191/whats-past-is-prologue |archive-date=2023-10-11 |url-status=live }}
1931: Tabu by Robert Flaherty and F.W. Murnau (US){{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/21/tabu-murnau-classic-dvd | title=Tabu | newspaper=The Guardian | date=20 July 2013 | last1=French | first1=Philip }}
1934: Man of Aran by Robert Flaherty (US){{Cite news |date=3 August 2016 |title=Robert J. Flaherty, Who Blurred the Line Between Nonfiction and Fiction in Film |work=NY Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/07/movies/robert-j-flaherty-who-blurred-the-line-between-nonfiction-and-fiction-in-film.html}}
1942: Ala-Arriba! by Leitão de Barros (Portugal)[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034439/ Ala-Arriba!] at [https://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]
1948: Louisiana Story by Robert Flaherty (US){{Cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |date=1948-09-29 |title=' Luisiana Story,' a Flaherty Film About a Boy in the Bayou Country, at the Sutton |language=en |work=NY Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/09/29/archives/-luisiana-story-a-flaherty-film-about-a-boy-in-the-bayou-country-at.html}}
1956: On the Bowery by Lionel Rogosin (US)[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/movies/homevideo/lionel-rogosins-on-the-bowery-on-blu-ray.html Out of the Bowery’s Shadows (Then Back In)] – article by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/dave-kehr?action=click&contentCollection=DVD&module=Byline®ion=Header&pgtype=article Dave Kehr], February 24, 2012[https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/lionel-rogosins-on-the-bowery-looks-at-skid-row/Content?oid=5635899 One drink over the line] – article by [https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/ArticleArchives?author=866632 J.R. Jones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427081945/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/ArticleArchives?author=866632 |date=2018-04-27 }} at the Chicago Reader, February 16, 2012
1958: ''Walt Disney's White Wilderness by James Algar (US){{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/cruelcamera/fakery.html|title=Cruel Camera, FAKERY in Wildlife Documentaries|at=event of 1958|series=CBC news, the fifth estate|date=2008-11-26|website=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131072142/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/cruelcamera/fakery.html|archive-date=2009-01-31|url-status=dead}}
1958: Moi, un noir (Me, A Black Man) by Jean Rouch (France)[https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-434412736/the-film-is-the-search-j-hoberman-on-jean-rouch-s The Film Is the Search: J. Hoberman on Jean Rouch's Moi, Un Noir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011622/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-434412736/the-film-is-the-search-j-hoberman-on-jean-rouch-s |date=2018-04-28 }} – article by J. Hoberman, Artforum International, November 2015
1959 India Matri Bhumi (The Motherland){{cite web|url=http://cine-file.info/ccf/india.html |title=Chicago Cinema Forum |publisher=Cine-file.info |date=2007-08-29 |access-date=2012-08-29}}[http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/2007/03/18/india-matri-bhumi-1958/ India: Matri Bhumi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905085934/http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/2007/03/18/india-matri-bhumi-1958/|date=September 5, 2008}} – Article by Doug Cummings at [http://filmjourney.weblogger.com Filmjourney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029182855/http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/|date=2015-10-29}} (March 18th, 2007)[https://archive.today/20130126095101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/digitally-cleaned-india-matri-bhumi-screened-at-vienna-film-festival/196651-8.html Digitally cleaned 'India, Matri Bhumi' screened at Vienna film festival] – Article at IBN Live by Roberto Rossellini, released{{cite web |last=Christopher |first=Rob |url=http://chicagoist.com/tags/lucgodard |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628211510/http://chicagoist.com/tags/lucgodard |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-28 |title=Q: What Do You Call a Movie That's Getting Its Chicago Premiere 48 Years After Being Made? |publisher=Chicagoist |date=2007-08-29 |access-date=2012-08-29 }} 2007 (Italy)
1959: Come Back, Africa by Lionel Rogosin (US){{cite journal | url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/579603/summary | title=Come Back, Africa: The Films of Lionel Rogosin, Volume II (Review) | journal=The Moving Image | year=2014 | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=118–120 | last1=McClune | first1=Caitlin }}
1961: La pyramide humaine by Jean Rouch (The Human Pyramid)[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196879/ The Human Pyramid] at IMdb. (France)
1962: Rite of Spring by Manoel de OliveiraSee [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056811 Acto da Primavera] (Portugal)
1964: Belarmino by Fernando Lopes (Portugal)[https://letterboxd.com/film/belarmino/ Belarmino] – reference note at [https://letterboxd.com/ Letterbox]
1967: David Holzman's Diary by Jim McBride (US)[https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/david-holzmans-diary David Holzman's Diary] – review by [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/49 Jaime N. Christley] at [https://www.slantmagazine.com/ Slant Magazine], June 13, 2011
1970: The Clowns by Federico Fellini (Italy)[http://the-artifice.com/i-clowns-fellini-mockumentary/ I clowns: Fellini's Mockumentary] – article at [http://the-artifice.com/ The Artifice][http://louderthanwar.com/i-clowns-1970-dir-by-federico-fellini-film-review/ Revue] by Jamie Havlin at [http://louderthanwar.com/ Louder than War][http://monstermoviemusic.blogspot.pt/2015/09/i-clowns-federico-fellini-1970.html Frames from scenes] at [http://monstermoviemusic.blogspot.pt/ MMM]
1973: Trevico-Torino (viaggio nel Fiat-Nam) by Ettore Scola (Italy)[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0144647/ Trevico-Torino (viaggio nel Fiat-Nam] at IMdb
1974: Orders (Les Ordres), by Michel Brault (Canada)[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/despite-success-of-les-ordres-filmmaker-michel-brault-preferred-fact-to-fiction/article17957257/ Despite success of Les Ordres, filmmaker Michel Brault preferred fact to fiction] – article by [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/authors/robert-everett-green/ Robert Everett-Green] at [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/ The Globe and Mail], April 14, 2017
1974: Montreal Main, by Frank Vitale (Canada)[https://www.donshewey.com/arts_articles/montreal-main-rubber-gun.html Lives more interesting than movies] – article by [https://www.donshewey.com/ Don Shewey], Soho News, June 18, 1980
1976: Trás-os-Montes (Portugal)[http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2012aprjun/reis.html#tras Trás-os-Montes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002023424/http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2012aprjun/reis.html#tras |date=2012-10-02 }} at [http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/ Harvard Film Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231205620/http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/ |date=2012-12-31 }} by António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro[http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2012-07-06/films-and-legacy-antonio-reis-and-margarida-cordeiro António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro] at UCLA
1982: Ana by António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro (Portugal)[http://www.thelmagazine.com/newyork/rep-pick-ana/Content?oid=2239579 Rep Pick: Ana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712182605/http://www.thelmagazine.com/newyork/rep-pick-ana/Content?oid=2239579|date=2014-07-12}} – Review by Aaron Cutler at The L Magazine
1982: After the Axe, by Sturla Gunnarsson (Canada)[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083525/ After the Axe] at IMDb[https://www.nfb.ca/film/after_axe/ After the Axe] – reference note with film online by Sturla Gunnarsson, National Film Board of Canada
1984: The Masculine Mystique by Giles Walker and John N. Smith (Canada)[https://www.nfb.ca/film/masculine_mystique/ The Masculine Mystique] - reference note with film online by [https://www.nfb.ca/directors/john-n-smith/ John N. Smith] and [https://www.nfb.ca/directors/giles-walker/ Giles Walker], National Film Board of Canada
1985: 90 Days by Giles Walker (Canada)[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/movies/screen-90-days-canadian-comedy.html Screen: '90 Days,' Canadian comedy] – review by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/janet-maslin?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=Byline®ion=Header&pgtype=article Janet Maslin], NY Times, 1986
1986: Sitting in Limbo by John N. Smith (Canada)[http://www.reelcanada.ca/film/sitting-in-limbo/ Sitting in Limbo] – reference note with film at [http://www.reelcanada.ca/about-us/ Reel Canada]
1987: The Last Straw by Giles Walker (Canada)[https://www.straight.com/news/gwynne-dyer-shortage-sperm Gwynne Dyer: A shortage of sperm] – commentary by [https://www.straight.com/user/215 Gwynne Dyer], December 2012
1987: Train of Dreams by John N. Smith (Canada)[http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/our-collection/?idfilm=16914 Train of Dreams] – reference note at [http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/home/ ONF][https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094173/ Train of Dreams] at the [IMDb]
1989: Welcome to Canada by John N. Smith (Canada)[https://www.nfb.ca/film/welcome_to_canada/ Welcome to Canada] – reference note by [https://www.nfb.ca/directors/john-n-smith/ John N. Smith] at [https://www.nfb.ca ONF] with film online
1990: The Company of Strangers by Cynthia Scott (Canada)[http://workforall.nfb.ca/film/company_of_strangers/ The Company of Strangers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093546/http://workforall.nfb.ca/film/company_of_strangers/ |date=2018-04-28 }} – reference note at [https://www.nfb.ca ONF] with film for download
1991: And Life Goes On by Abbas Kiarostami (Iran)[http://inreviewonline.com/2011/09/05/life-and-nothing-more/ Life, and Nothing More] – review by [http://inreviewonline.com/category/the-writers/writer-tina-hassannia/ Tina Hassannia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626082236/http://inreviewonline.com/category/the-writers/writer-tina-hassannia/ |date=2018-06-26 }} at [http://inreviewonline.com/ Inreviewonline], September 5, 2011
2000: In Vanda's Room by Pedro Costa (Portugal)[https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/on-the-knifes-edge-pedro-costas-in-vandas-room On the Knife’s Edge: Pedro Costa’s In Vanda’s Room] – review by [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/115 Travis Hoover] at [https://www.slantmagazine.com/ Slant Magazine], July 5, 2007[https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/movies/in-vandas-room In Vanda's Room] – review by Richard Brody at [https://www.newyorker.com The New Yorker]
2001: Tutto in un Giorno by Giorgio J. Squarcia (Italy){{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/herald_202503 |title=The Herald, March 2025 |website=Internet Archive |access-date=March 24, 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/07/26/tutto-in-un-giorno-ai-confini-della.html |title=Tutto in un giorno on the edge of reality |author= |publisher=la Repubblica |date=July 26, 2001 |access-date=March 24, 2025}}.”{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/tutto-in-un-giorno-avvenire |title=Tutto in un Giorno – Avvenire |website=Internet Archive |access-date=March 24, 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/9-10-07-02-gazzparma |title=Squarcia, the Winning TV |author=Filiberto Molossi |website=Internet Archive |access-date=March 24, 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/8-09-04-02-gazzparma |title=8-09-04-02 Gazzetta di Parma |website=Internet Archive |access-date=March 24, 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/tutto-in-un-giorno-il-giornale |title=Tutto in un Giorno – Il Giornale |website=Internet Archive |access-date=March 24, 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/tutto-in-un-giorno-ilsecoloxix |title=Tutto in un Giorno – Il Secolo XIX |author=Tiziana Leone |website=Internet Archive |access-date=March 24, 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0442851/ |title=Tutto in un giorno (2004) |website=IMDb |access-date=March 24, 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaitaliano.info/tuttoinungiorno |title=Tutto in un giorno |website=CinemaItaliano.info |access-date=March 24, 2025}}
2002: Ten by Abbas Kiarostami (Iran)[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ten-2003 Ten] – review by Roger Ebert, April 11, 2003[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/sep/27/artsfeatures Ten] – review by Peter Bradshaw, The Guardian, 27 Sep 2002[http://sensesofcinema.com/2003/abbas-kiarostami-remembered/ten/ Ten] – review by [http://sensesofcinema.com/author/rolando-caputo/ Rolando Caputo] at Senses of Cinema, December 2003
2006: Colossal Youth by Pedro Costa (Portugal)[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/sep/27/artsfeatures Life, Assembled One Room at a Time] review by Manohla Dargis, NY Times, August 3, 2007[https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/apr/29/pedrocostasultraminimalcolo Colossal Youth is a colossal confusion] – review by [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/samuelwigley Samuel Wigley], April 29, 2008
2007: Criminals Gone Wild by Ousala Aleem (US)[http://nymag.com/news/features/crime/2008/42607/ Criminals Gone Wild] review by Logan Hill, NY Magazine, January 7, 2008[http://nymag.com/news/features/crime/2008/42607 Crime Porn (With Simulated Action)] – review by [http://nymag.com/nymag/author_230], January 7, 2008
2008: Our Beloved Month of August by Miguel Gomes (Portugal)[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/28/our-beloved-month-of-august-review Our Beloved Month of August] – review by Peter Bradshaw at The Guardian, January 28, 2018[https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/204 film/review/our-beloved-month-of-august Our Beloved Month of August] – review by [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/204 Glenn Heath Jr.] at [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/204 Slant Magazine], September 7, 2010
2009: Carcasses by Denis Côté (Canada)"A meditation on what it means to be marginal". Montreal Gazette, May 29, 2009.
2009: The Mouth of the Wolf by Pietro Marcello (Italy)[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/movies/the-mouth-of-the-wolf-review.html A Study of Time, Love and Decay in Genoa] – review by Stephen Holden, August 3, 2011[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/wolfs-mouth-film-review-29286 The Wolf's Mouth] – review by Neil Young at The Hollywood Reporter, October 14, 2010
2013: Closed Curtain by Jafar Panahi and Kambuzia Partovi (Iran)[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/06/closed-curtain-review-iranian-auteur-confronts-depression Closed Curtain review – Iranian auteur confronts depression and creativity] – review by Mark Kermode, The Guardian, September 6, 2015[http://www.indiewire.com/2014/07/review-closed-curtain-directed-by-jafar-panahi-and-kambuzia-partovi-274641/ ‘Closed Curtain’ Directed8 by Jafar Panahi And Kambuzia Partovi] – review by Christopher Bell at IndieWire, July 10, 2014
2015: Taxi by Jafar Panahi (Iran){{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/01/taxi-tehran-review-admirable-jafar-panahi-takes-to-the-streets | title=Taxi Tehran review – Jafar Panahi's joy ride | newspaper=The Observer | date=November 1, 2015 | last1=Romney | first1=Jonathan }}[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/jafar-panahis-remarkable-taxi Jafar Panahi’s Remarkable “Taxi”] – review by Richard Brody, New Yorker, October 13, 2015
2016: Tuktuq by Robin Aubert (Canada)[http://www.filmsquebec.com/films/tuktuq-robin-aubert/ "Tuktuq – Film de Robin Aubert"]. Films du Québec, March 2, 2017
2018: Mad Dog Labine by Jonathan Beaulieu-Cyr and Renaud Lessard (Canada)[https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/cinema/551441/mad-dog-labine-irresistiblement-rough "«Mad Dog Labine»: irrésistiblement «rough»"]. Le Devoir, April 6, 2019
2019: Rolling Thunder Revue by Martin Scorsese (US)
2023: Blue Hour by Daniel Bowhers (US)

References

Sources and bibliography

THESES online

{{in lang|en}} [https://jeunescoeurs.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/honours_thesis.pdf Docufiction in the Digital Age] – thesis by Tay Huizhen, National University of Singapore
{{in lang|en}} [http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/12592/The%20Zulu%20Mask%20%20The%20Role%20of%20Creative%20Imagination%20in%20Documenta.pdf?sequence=1 The Zulu Mask: The Role of Creative Imagination in Documentary Film] – thesis by Clifford Derrick, Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.sadibey.com/dosyalar/Gerekli_Seyler/Documentary_Genres.doc Docudrama: the real (his)tory] thesis by Çiçek Coşkun (New York University School of Education)
{{in lang|en}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=HzcPuN6XCQIC&pg=PR1 Issues in contemporary documentary] by Jane Chapman at Google Books (pages 1 to 34)

ARTICLES and ESSAYS

{{in lang|en}} [http://scan.net.au/scan/journal/display.php?journal_id=144 Shaping the Real: Directorial imagination and the visualisation of evidence in the hybrid documentary] – article by [https://web.archive.org/web/20160227120800/http://gogirlproductions.com.au/about.html Janet Merewether] at [http://scan.net.au/scn/index.html Scan], Media Department at Macquarie University, Sydney
{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235018/http://airmediaworks.org/blog/docufiction-where-art-and-life-merge-and-diverge Docufiction: Where Art and Life Merge and Diverge]– Article by Julie Drizin at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904022326/http://www.mq2.org/ Makers Quest 2.0]
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.gunthar.com/gatech/digital_documentary/Database_Documentary.pdf New Media Documentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721084417/http://www.gunthar.com/gatech/digital_documentary/Database_Documentary.pdf |date=2013-07-21 }} – Paper by Gunthar Hartwig
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.sadibey.com/dosyalar/Gerekli_Seyler/Documentary_Genres.doc Docudrama: the real (his)tory]
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.voxmagazine.com/blog/2011/03/panel-review-%e2%80%9cat-the-edge-of-truth-hybrid-documentaries%e2%80%9d/ Panel: At The Edge of Truth: Hybrid Documentaries] at [http://www.voxmagazine.com/ Vox Talk] magazine
{{in lang|en}} [http://repository.iitgn.ac.in/handle/123456789/1720?show=full The dual phase oscillation hypothesis and the neuropsychology of docu-fiction film] – article by [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095824/http://cogs.iitgn.ac.in/people/post-doctoral-scholars/dyutiman-mukhopadhyay/ Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay], Consciousness, Literature and the Arts, vol. 16, no. 1, April 2015
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.videomaker.com/article/c06/18290-a-creative-treatment-of-actuality A creative treatment of actuality] – paper by [http://www.videomaker.com/users/peter-biesterfeld Peter Biesterfeld] at [http://www.videomaker.com/taxonomy/term/18680 Videomaker], August 7, 2015
{{in lang|en}} [http://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier/2012/09/17/the-art-paradox/ The art paradox] – article by [http://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier Bert Oliver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074309/http://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier |date=2015-12-08 }} at [http://thoughtleader.co.za/ Thought Leader], September 17, 2012

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{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.cairn.info/revue-vingtieme-siecle-revue-d-histoire-2005-4-page-95.htm Le documentaire historique au péril du « docufiction] – thesis by {{Ill|François Garçon|fr}} (abstract in English and French)
{{in lang|fr}} [http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/3983.htm 3 questions à…Isabelle Veyrat-Masson] – interview (Le Journal du CNRS)
{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.critikat.com/panorama/retrospective/peter-watkins/ Peter Watkins, un cinéaste maudit] article at Critikat

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{{in lang|it}} [http://www.tesionline.it/default/tesi.asp?idt=18073 Un genere cinematografico: la docu-fiction. Il caso di 150 ore a Pavia] by Laura Marchesi (thesis – abstract)

CITATIONS

{{in lang|en}} {{cite book|title=No Other Way to Tell It. Dramadoc/docudrama on television|last=Paget|first=Derek|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7190-4533-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nootherwaytotell0000page}}
{{in lang|en}} {{cite book|title=Why Docudrama? : Fact-Fiction on Film and TV |first=Alan|last=Rosenthal|publisher=Southern Illinois Press|location=Carbondale & Edwardsville |date=199|isbn=978-0-8093-2186-5}}
{{in lang|en}} {{cite book|title=Real Emotional Logic. Film and Television Docudrama As Persuasive Practice|editor1-last=Lipkin|editor1-first=Steven N.|publisher=Southern Illinois Press|location=Carbondale|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8093-2409-5}}