Dorsal attention network
{{short description|Large-scale brain network involved in voluntary orienting of attention}}
File:Dorsal and ventral attention systems.jpg networks enables dynamic control of attention in relation to top-down goals and bottom-up sensory stimulation.{{cite journal|last1=Vossel|first1=S|last2=Geng|first2=JJ|last3=Fink|first3=GR|title=Dorsal and ventral attention systems: distinct neural circuits but collaborative roles.|journal=The Neuroscientist |date=April 2014|volume=20|issue=2|pages=150–9|doi=10.1177/1073858413494269|pmid=23835449|pmc=4107817}}]]
The dorsal attention network (DAN), also known anatomically as the dorsal frontoparietal network (D-FPN), is a large-scale brain network of the human brain that is primarily composed of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and frontal eye fields (FEF).{{cite journal|last1 = Fox|first1 = M.D.|last2 = Corbetta|first2 = M.|last3 = Snyder|first3 = A.Z.|last4 = Vincent|first4 = J.L.|last5 = Raichle|first5 = M.E.|year = 2006|title = Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems|journal = PNAS|volume = 103|issue = 26|pages = 10046–10051|doi=10.1073/pnas.0604187103|pmid = 16788060|pmc = 1480402 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10310046F|doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Farrant|first1=Kristafor|last2=Uddin|first2=Lucina Q.|date=2015-02-12|title=Asymmetric development of dorsal and ventral attention networks in the human brain|journal=Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=12|pages=165–174|doi=10.1016/j.dcn.2015.02.001|issn=1878-9293|pmc=4396619|pmid=25797238}} It is named and most known for its role in voluntary orienting of visuospatial attention.{{cite journal|last1 = Kincade|first1 = J. M.|last2 = Abrams|first2 = R. A.|last3 = Astafiev|first3 = S. V.|last4 = Shulman|first4 = G. I.|last5 = Corbetta|first5 = M.|year = 2005|title = An Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Voluntary and Stimulus-Driven Orienting of Attention|journal = Journal of Neuroscience|volume = 25|issue = 18|pages = 4593–4604|doi=10.1523/jneurosci.0236-05.2005|pmid = 15872107|pmc = 6725019 }}{{cite journal|last1=Corbetta|first1=M|last2=Shulman|first2=GL|title=Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain.|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|date=March 2002|volume=3|issue=3|pages=201–15|doi=10.1038/nrn755|pmid=11994752|s2cid=1540678}}
As the IPS and FEF were noticed to be activated during many attention-demanding tasks, this network was sometimes referred to as the task-positive network to contrast it against the task-negative network, or default mode network.{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=M. D.|last2=Snyder|first2=A. Z.|last3=Vincent|first3=J. L.|last4=Corbetta|first4=M.|last5=Van Essen|first5=D. C.|last6=Raichle|first6=M. E.|title=From The Cover: The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=27|year=2005|pages=9673–9678|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504136102|pmid=15976020|pmc=1157105|doi-access=free}} However, this dichotomy is now considered misleading, because the default mode network can be active in certain cognitive tasks.{{Cite journal|title = The fallacy of a "task-negative" network|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|date = 2012-01-01|issn = 1664-1078|pmc = 3349953|pmid = 22593750|pages = 145|volume = 3|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00145|first = R. Nathan|last = Spreng|doi-access = free}}
Anatomy
The core regions of the DAN are the IPS and FEF of each hemisphere.{{cite journal|last1 = Astafiev|first1 = S. V.|last2 = Shulman|first2 = G. I.|last3 = Stanley|first3 = C. M.|last4 = Snyder|first4 = A. Z.|last5 = Van Essen|first5 = D. C.|last6 = Corbetta|first6 = M.|year = 2003|title = Functional organization of human intraparietal and frontal cortex for attending, looking, and pointing|pmid = 12805308|pmc = 6740811|journal = Journal of Neuroscience|volume = 23|issue = 11|pages = 4689–4699|doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04689.2003 }} Other regions of the network may include the middle temporal region (MT+), superior parietal lobule (SPL), supplementary eye field (SEF),{{cite journal|last1=Szczepanski|first1=SM|last2=Pinsk|first2=MA|last3=Douglas|first3=MM|last4=Kastner|first4=S|last5=Saalmann|first5=YB|title=Functional and structural architecture of the human dorsal frontoparietal attention network.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=2013-09-24|volume=110|issue=39|pages=15806–11|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313903110|pmid=24019489|pmc=3785784|bibcode=2013PNAS..11015806S|doi-access=free}} and ventral premotor cortex.
More recent works indicate that the cerebellum may participate in this network as well.{{Cite journal|last1=Somers|first1=David C.|last2=Halko|first2=Mark A.|last3=Levin|first3=Emily J.|last4=Osher|first4=David E.|last5=Tobyne|first5=Sean M.|last6=Brissenden|first6=James A.|date=2018-11-05|title=Topographic Cortico-cerebellar Networks Revealed by Visual Attention and Working Memory|url=|journal=Current Biology|language=English|volume=28|issue=21|pages=3364–3372.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.059|issn=0960-9822|pmid=30344119|pmc=6257946}}{{Cite journal|last1=Somers|first1=David C.|last2=Halko|first2=Mark A.|last3=Osher|first3=David E.|last4=Levin|first4=Emily J.|last5=Brissenden|first5=James A.|date=2016-06-01|title=Functional Evidence for a Cerebellar Node of the Dorsal Attention Network|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|language=en|volume=36|issue=22|pages=6083–6096|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0344-16.2016|issn=0270-6474|pmid=27251628|pmc=4887569}} Less studied regions include the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior colliculus.
Function
The DAN is most prominently involved in goal-directed, voluntary control of visuospatial attention. Corbetta et al., who first defined and named the DAN in the early-to-mid 2000s,{{Cite journal|last1=Corbetta|first1=Maurizio|last2=Kincade|first2=Michelle J.|last3=Lewis|first3=Chris|last4=Snyder|first4=Abraham Z.|last5=Sapir|first5=Ayelet|date=November 2005|title=Neural basis and recovery of spatial attention deficits in spatial neglect|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1574|journal=Nature Neuroscience|language=en|volume=8|issue=11|pages=1603–1610|doi=10.1038/nn1574|pmid=16234807|s2cid=18224715|issn=1546-1726}} suggest that the network is involved in general top-down selection of stimuli and responses, including other modalities (e.g. auditory, tactile).{{cite journal|last1=Corbetta|first1=M|last2=Patel|first2=G|last3=Shulman|first3=GL|title=The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind.|journal=Neuron|date=2008-05-08|volume=58|issue=3|pages=306–24|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017|pmid=18466742|pmc=2441869}} However, evidence that the full DAN is involved in auditory top-down attention has been questioned, as tests that make said claims incorporated both auditory and visual stimuli.{{cite journal|last1=Braga|first1=RM|last2=Wilson|first2=LR|last3=Sharp|first3=DJ|last4=Wise|first4=RJ|last5=Leech|first5=R|title=Separable networks for top-down attention to auditory non-spatial and visuospatial modalities.|journal=NeuroImage|date=2013-07-01|volume=74|pages=77–86|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.023|pmid=23435206|pmc=3898942}}
The dorsal attention network dynamically interacts with the ventral attention network (or salience network) according to task demands. The inferior frontal junction configures this interaction between the two networks during task switches or attention shifts.{{cite journal|last1=Tamber-Rosenau|first1=BJ|last2=Asplund|first2=CL|last3=Marois|first3=R|title=Functional dissociation of the inferior frontal junction from the dorsal attention network in top-down attentional control.|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|date=2018-11-01|volume=120|issue=5|pages=2498–2512|doi=10.1152/jn.00506.2018|pmid=30156458|pmc=6295539}}
Clinical significance
Reduced connectivity within the dorsal and ventral attention networks has been linked to higher levels of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms.{{cite journal|last1=Castellanos|first1=FX|last2=Aoki|first2=Y|title=Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development.|journal=Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging|date=May 2016|volume=1|issue=3|pages=253–261|doi=10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.004|pmid=27713929|pmc=5047296}}{{cite journal|last1=McCarthy|first1=H|last2=Skokauskas|first2=N|last3=Mulligan|first3=A|last4=Donohoe|first4=G|last5=Mullins|first5=D|last6=Kelly|first6=J|last7=Johnson|first7=K|last8=Fagan|first8=A|last9=Gill|first9=M|last10=Meaney|first10=J|last11=Frodl|first11=T|title=Attention network hypoconnectivity with default and affective network hyperconnectivity in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood.|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|date=December 2013|volume=70|issue=12|pages=1329–37|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2174|pmid=24132732|doi-access=}} Similarly, reduced connectivity between the DAN and the frontoparietal network is associated with major depressive disorder.{{cite journal|last1=Kaiser|first1=RH|last2=Andrews-Hanna|first2=JR|last3=Wager|first3=TD|last4=Pizzagalli|first4=DA|title=Large-Scale Network Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity.|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|date=June 2015|volume=72|issue=6|pages=603–11|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071|pmid=25785575|pmc=4456260}} On the other hand, overactivation of the DAN has been observed in patients with schizophrenia.{{cite journal|last1=Jimenez|first1=AM|last2=Lee|first2=J|last3=Wynn|first3=JK|last4=Cohen|first4=MS|last5=Engel|first5=SA|last6=Glahn|first6=DC|last7=Nuechterlein|first7=KH|last8=Reavis|first8=EA|last9=Green|first9=MF|title=Abnormal Ventral and Dorsal Attention Network Activity during Single and Dual Target Detection in Schizophrenia.|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|date=2016|volume=7|pages=323|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00323|pmid=27014135|pmc=4781842|doi-access=free}}
Nomenclature
There are several variations of this network's name in neuroscience literature, such as the dorsal attention system, dorsal frontoparietal attention network, and frontoparietal attention network.{{cite journal|last1=Ptak|first1=R|title=The frontoparietal attention network of the human brain: action, saliency, and a priority map of the environment.|journal=The Neuroscientist |date=October 2012|volume=18|issue=5|pages=502–15|doi=10.1177/1073858411409051|pmid=21636849|s2cid=19702611}} Until the discovery of other networks, such as the frontoparietal control network, the term task-positive network referred to the DAN.{{cite journal|last1=Vincent|first1=JL|last2=Kahn|first2=I|last3=Snyder|first3=AZ|last4=Raichle|first4=ME|last5=Buckner|first5=RL|title=Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity.|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|date=December 2008|volume=100|issue=6|pages=3328–42|doi=10.1152/jn.90355.2008|pmid=18799601|pmc=2604839}} The term task-positive networks is still sometimes used to refer to all non-default-mode networks.{{cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=BD|last2=Miranda-Dominguez|first2=O|last3=Mills|first3=KL|last4=Earl|first4=E|last5=Cordova|first5=M|last6=Painter|first6=J|last7=Karalunas|first7=SL|last8=Nigg|first8=JT|last9=Fair|first9=DA|title=ADHD and attentional control: Impaired segregation of task positive and task negative brain networks.|journal=Network Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)|date=2018|volume=2|issue=2|pages=200–217|doi=10.1162/netn_a_00034|pmid=30215033|pmc=6130439}}
In 2019, Uddin et al. proposed that dorsal frontoparietal network (D-FPN) be used as a standard anatomical name for this network.{{Cite journal|last1=Uddin|first1=Lucina Q.|last2=Yeo|first2=B. T. Thomas|last3=Spreng|first3=R. Nathan|date=2019-11-01|title=Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks|journal=Brain Topography|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=926–942|doi=10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6|pmid=31707621|pmc=7325607|issn=1573-6792}}
References
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{{Human connectomics}}