frontoparietal network
{{short description|Large-scale brain network involved in sustained attention and complex cognition}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
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File:Fnbeh-08-00171-g002.jpg and frontoparietal network (central executive network).{{cite journal|last1=Sridharan|first1=D.|last2=Levitin|first2=D. J.|last3=Menon|first3=V.|date=22 August 2008|title=A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=34|pages=12569–12574|bibcode=2008PNAS..10512569S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0800005105|pmc=2527952|pmid=18723676|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal|last1=Nekovarova|first1=Tereza|last2=Fajnerova|first2=Iveta|last3=Horacek|first3=Jiri|last4=Spaniel|first4=Filip|date=30 May 2014|title=Bridging disparate symptoms of schizophrenia: a triple network dysfunction theory|journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience|volume=8|pages=171|doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00171|pmc=4038855|pmid=24910597|doi-access=free}}]]
The frontoparietal network (FPN), generally also known as the central executive network (CEN) or, more specifically, the lateral frontoparietal network (L-FPN) (see Nomenclature), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex,{{Cite journal|last1=Gong|first1=Diankun|last2=He|first2=Hui|last3=Ma|first3=Weiyi|last4=Liu|first4=Dongbo|last5=Huang|first5=Mengting|last6=Dong|first6=Li|last7=Gong|first7=Jinnan|last8=Li|first8=Jianfu|last9=Luo|first9=Cheng|date=2016-01-14|title=Functional Integration between Salience and Central Executive Networks: A Role for Action Video Game Experience|journal=Neural Plasticity|volume=2016|pages=1–9|doi=10.1155/2016/9803165|pmid=26885408|pmc=4739029|language=en|doi-access=free}} around the intraparietal sulcus.{{Cite journal|last1=Gratton|first1=Caterina|last2=Sun|first2=Haoxin|last3=Petersen|first3=Steven E.|date=2018|title=Control networks and hubs|journal=Psychophysiology|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=e13032|doi=10.1111/psyp.13032|issn=1469-8986|pmc=5811327|pmid=29193146}} It is involved in sustained attention, complex problem-solving and working memory.{{Cite journal|last=Menon|first=Vinod|date=2011-10-01|title=Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661311001719|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=en|volume=15|issue=10|pages=483–506|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003|pmid=21908230|s2cid=26653572|issn=1364-6613|url-access=subscription}}
The FPN is one of three networks in the so-called triple-network model, along with the salience network and the default mode network (DMN).{{Cite journal|last1=van Oort|first1=J.|last2=Tendolkar|first2=I.|last3=Hermans|first3=E. J.|last4=Mulders|first4=P. C.|last5=Beckmann|first5=C. F.|last6=Schene|first6=A. H.|last7=Fernández|first7=G.|last8=van Eijndhoven|first8=P. F.|s2cid=35066027|date=2017-12-01|title=How the brain connects in response to acute stress: A review at the human brain systems level|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763417303275|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|language=en|volume=83|pages=281–297|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.015|pmid=29074385|issn=0149-7634|hdl=2066/181920|hdl-access=free}} The salience network facilitates switching between the FPN and DMN.
Anatomy
The FPN is primarily composed of the rostral lateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (especially the middle frontal gyrus) and the anterior inferior parietal lobule. Additional regions include the middle cingulate gyrus and potentially the dorsal precuneus, posterior inferior temporal lobe, dorsomedial thalamus and the head of the caudate nucleus.
Function
The FPN is involved in executive function and goal-oriented, cognitively demanding tasks. It is crucial for rule-based problem solving, actively maintaining and manipulating information in working memory and making decisions in the context of goal-directed behaviour. Efficient processing in the frontoparietal network during cognitive control tasks enables the fulfillment of cognitive demands.{{cite journal | vauthors = Saberi M, Rieck JR, Golafshan S, Grady CL, Misic B, Dunkley BT, Khatibi A | title = The brain selectively allocates energy to functional brain networks under cognitive control | journal = Scientific Reports | date = 2024 | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 32032 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7 | pmid = 39738735 | url = https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7 | pmc = 11686059 | bibcode = 2024NatSR..1432032S }} Based on current cognitive demands, the FPN flexibly divides into two subsystems that connect to other networks: the default mode network for introspective processes and the dorsal attention network for perceptual attention.{{cite journal |last1=Dixon |first1=ML |last2=De La Vega |first2=A |last3=Mills |first3=C |last4=Andrews-Hanna |first4=J |last5=Spreng |first5=RN |last6=Cole |first6=MW |last7=Christoff |first7=K |title=Heterogeneity within the frontoparietal control network and its relationship to the default and dorsal attention networks. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=2018-02-13 |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=E1598–E1607 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1715766115 |pmid=29382744 |pmc=5816169|doi-access=free }}
Clinical significance
Disruption of the nodes of the FPN has been found in virtually every psychiatric and neurological disorder, from autism, schizophrenia and depression to frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Nomenclature
The term central executive network (CEN) is generally equivalent to the frontoparietal network in literature,{{Cite journal|last1=Philippi|first1=Carissa L.|last2=Pujara|first2=Maia S.|last3=Motzkin|first3=Julian C.|last4=Newman|first4=Joseph|last5=Kiehl|first5=Kent A.|last6=Koenigs|first6=Michael|date=2015-04-15|title=Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Cortical Networks in Psychopathy|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|language=en|volume=35|issue=15|pages=6068–6078|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5010-14.2015|issn=0270-6474|pmid=25878280|pmc=4397604}}{{Cite book|last=Brodal|first=Per|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z81aCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA578|title=The Central Nervous System|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022895-8|pages=578|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Littow|first1=Harri|last2=Huossa|first2=Ville|last3=Karjalainen|first3=Sami|last4=Jääskeläinen|first4=Erika|last5=Haapea|first5=Marianne|last6=Miettunen|first6=Jouko|last7=Tervonen|first7=Osmo|last8=Isohanni|first8=Matti|last9=Nikkinen|first9=Juha|last10=Veijola|first10=Juha|last11=Murray|first11=Graham|s2cid=14879568|date=2015|title=Aberrant Functional Connectivity in the Default Mode and Central Executive Networks in Subjects with Schizophrenia – A Whole-Brain Resting-State ICA Study|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|language=en|volume=6|page=26|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00026|pmid=25767449|pmc=4341512|issn=1664-0640|doi-access=free}} distinguishing it from the dorsal attention network (DAN), with which it has several similarities, though sometimes it has been used to include the DAN.
The FPN has fewer similarities with the salience network (which has also been equated with the cingulo-opercular network or ventral attention network). Regardless, it has sometimes been grouped together with either the DAN or the salience network (usually the latter) under the name executive control network (ECN). The term frontoparietal control network (FPCN) has also been used, generally also for a grouping of the FPN and the salience network.{{Cite journal|last1=Spreng|first1=R. Nathan|last2=Sepulcre|first2=Jorge|last3=Turner|first3=Gary R.|last4=Stevens|first4=W. Dale|last5=Schacter|first5=Daniel L.|date=January 2013|title=Intrinsic architecture underlying the relations among the default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks of the human brain|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=25|issue=1|pages=74–86|doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00281|issn=0898-929X|pmc=3816715|pmid=22905821}}
Other names for the FPN have included the multiple-demand system, extrinsic mode network, domain-general system and cognitive control network.
In 2019, Uddin et al. proposed that lateral frontoparietal network (L-FPN) be used as the standard name for this network.{{Cite journal|last1=Uddin|first1=Lucina Q.|last2=Yeo|first2=B. T. Thomas|last3=Spreng|first3=R. Nathan|date=2019-11-01|title=Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks|journal=Brain Topography|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=926–942|doi=10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6|pmid=31707621|pmc=7325607|issn=1573-6792}}