Drava#Hydroelectric power plants

In ancient times the river was known as Dravus or Draus in Latin, and in Greek as Δράος{{cite journal |last1=Roesler |first1=R. |title=Einiges über das Thrakische |journal=Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien |date=1873 |volume=24 |page=111 |publisher=Carl Gerold's Sohn |location=Vienna}}{{cite journal |last1=Melich |first1=J. |title=Über slavische Flußnamen fremden Ursprungs. Milan von Rešetar zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet |journal=Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie |date=1932 |volume=9 |issue=1/2 |page=97 |jstor=24000481 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24000481 |access-date=December 7, 2020}} and Δράβος. Medieval attestations of the name include Dravis ({{circa}} AD 670), Drauva (in 799), Drauus (in 811), Trauum (in 1091), and Trah (in 1136). The name is pre-Roman and pre-Celtic, but probably of Indo-European origin, from the root *dreu̯- 'flow'.{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |page=124}} The river gives its name to the dravite species of tourmaline.{{cite book |last1=Deer |first1=William Alexander |last2=Howie |first2=Robert Andrew |last3=Zussman |first3=Jack |title=Rock-Forming Minerals: Volume 1B, Disilicates and Ring Silicates |date=1997 |publisher=The Geological Society |location=London |page=559}}

The Carpis (Greek: Κάρπίς) was a river which, according to Herodotus,Hdt. 4.49. flowed from the upper country of the Ombricans northward into the Ister (Danube), whence it has been supposed that this river is the same as the Dravus.Smith, William, ed. (1854). [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Dcarpis-geo02 "Carpis. 1"]. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

The Drava (along with one of its tributaries, the Slizza) and the Spöl are the only two rivers originating in Italy that belong to the Danube drainage basin. Its main left tributaries (from the north) are the Isel (contributes 39 m³/s), the Möll (25 m³/s), the {{interlanguage link|Lieser (Drava)|lt=Lieser|de|Lieser (Drau)}} (22 m³/s), the Gurk (30 m³/s) and the Lavant (12 m³/s) in Austria, and the Mur (166 m³/s) near Legrad at the Croatian–Hungarian border. Its main right tributaries (from the south) are the Gail (45 m³/s) in Austria, the Meža (12 m³/s) and Dravinja (11 m³/s) in Slovenia, and the Bednja (? m³/s) in Croatia.

Mean discharge is for the last station in the country mentioned in the source.

File:Drauquellen.jpg

The sources of the Drava are located at the drainage divide between the market town of Innichen/San Candido and neighbouring Toblach/Dobbiaco in the west, where the Rienz River rises, a tributary of the Adige/Etsch. At Innichen itself the 16+ km {{interlanguage link|Sextner Bach|de|}},[http://umwelt.provinz.bz.it/wasser/suedtiroler-fluesse-und-baeche.asp?news_action=4&news_article_id=550401 Sextner Bach] at the South Tyrol/Alto Adige agency for the environment website originating near the Sextener Rotwand, joins the ~2 km long source creek. The river than flows eastwards and after 8 kilometres crosses into East Tyrol in Austria. At Lienz it flows into the Isel, sourced from the glaciers of the Venediger and Glockner Groups. The Isel (average discharge 39 m³/s) is almost three times larger than the Drava (14 m³/s) where they meet and, starting from the source of its tributary {{interlanguage link|Schwarzach (Isel)|lt= Schwarzach|de|}} under the Rötspitze, the Isel (ca. 64 km) is also longer than the combined Drava and Sextner Bach (ca. 60 km) to that point.Hydrographisches Jahrbuch Österreichs 2008, S. OG322

The river then flows east into Carinthia at Oberdrauburg. The river separates the Kreuzeck range of the High Tauern in the north and the Gailtal Alps in the south, passes the Sachsenburg narrows and the site of the ancient city of Teurnia, before it reaches the town of Spittal an der Drau. Downstream of Villach, it runs along the northern slopes of the Karawanks to Ferlach and Lavamünd.

The Drava passes into Slovenia at Gorče near Dravograd, from where it runs for {{convert|142|km|mi}}{{GeoQuelle|SI|SURS}} via Vuzenica, Muta, Ruše, and Maribor to Ptuj and the border with Croatia at Ormož.

The river then passes north of Varaždin, after which it receives the Plitvica and Bednja from the right, and then Mura at the border with Hungary. It continues as a largely border river towards the southeast, receiving {{ill|Gliboki|hr}} and {{ill|Bistra Koprivnička|hr|Koprivnička rijeka}} from the right. It passes the city of Barcs in Hungary from the south. It starts to be navigable, for about {{convert|90|km|mi}} in Croatia, from the confluence of the Čađavica to its mouth. It passes Belišće from the north, receives the Karašica from the right, and then passes the city of Osijek from the north. Afterwards, it enters the Kopački Rit wetland and merges into the Danube from its right.

The hydrological parameters of Drava are regularly monitored in Croatia at Botovo, Terezino Polje, Donji Miholjac and Osijek.{{cite web | url = http://hidro.hr/hidro_e.php?id=hidro¶m=Podaci_e | title = Daily hydrological report | publisher = State Hydrometeorological Bureau of the Republic of Croatia | access-date = 2010-09-09 | archive-date = 2010-05-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100530062812/http://hidro.hr/hidro_e.php?id=hidro¶m=Podaci_e | url-status = dead }}

The Drava's mean annual discharge (Q) at Drávaszabolcs (Hungary, 77.7 rkm). Period from 1995 to 2023.{{cite web|url=https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/kor/hu/kor0028.html|title=KSH}}

Currently, there are 22 hydroelectric power plants on the Drava. The power plants are listed beginning at the headwaters:

The Drava is one of the most exploited rivers in the world in terms of hydropower, with almost 100% of its water potential energy being exploited.{{cite web | url=http://www.hse.si/en/interesting/did-you-know | title=HSE - Did you know? | publisher=HSE | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152859/http://www.hse.si/en/interesting/did-you-know | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.life-drau.at/?page=symposium&id=59&menu=15&lng=1&sub_id=15 | title=International Symposium "Drava River Vision" | work=LIFE Projekt Lebensader Obere Drau | date=2 September 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153559/http://www.life-drau.at/?page=symposium&id=59&menu=15&lng=1&sub_id=15 | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }} As the region of the river is a place of exceptional biodiversity, this raises several ecological concerns, together with other forms of exploitation such as use of river deposits.{{cite web | url=https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/drava-river-flowing-controversy | title=The Drava River – a flowing controversy | publisher=International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155156/https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/drava-river-flowing-controversy | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }}{{cite web | url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Obere_Drau_Symposium_Report.pdf | title=Is the Drava River Basin management sustainable and well on the way? | work=International Symposium "Drava River Vision" | publisher=Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management; Government of Carinthia, Department of Water Management | date=September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155646/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Obere_Drau_Symposium_Report.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }}

{{reflist

| refs =

{{cite web

| title = Power plants

| publisher = Dravske elektrarne Maribor

| url = http://www.dem.si/en-gb/Power-plants-and-generation/Power-plants

| access-date = 2016-08-25

| archive-date = 2016-08-27

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160827152614/http://www.dem.si/en-gb/Power-plants-and-generation/Power-plants

| url-status = dead

}}

{{cite web

| title = Kraftwerk Amlach

| publisher = Tiroler Wasserkraft

| url = https://www.tiwag.at/ueber-die-tiwag/kraftwerke/bestehende-kraftwerke/kraftwerkspark/

| language = de

| access-date = 2016-08-25

}}

{{cite web

| title = Die Drau

| publisher = Verbund

| url = https://www.verbund.com/de-de/ueber-verbund/kraftwerke/gewaesser/drau

| language = de

| access-date = 2016-08-25

}}

}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book

| last = Petrić

| first = Hrvoje

| year = 2014

| chapter = About Drava River Floodings. Some Aspects of the Interrelationship between Humans and the River Drava in the Pre-Industrial Times with an Emphasis on the Late 18th and Early 19th Century.

| title = Man, Nature and Environment Between the Northern Adriatic and the Eastern Alps in Premodern Times

| url = https://www.academia.edu/11363398

| publisher = University of Ljubljana

| isbn = 978-961-237723-6

}}

{{refend}}

{{commons category|Drava}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229204256/http://draudrava.net/ DrauDrava - old river and new sounds]
• Condition of Drava in various locations in Slovenia:
• [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H45_g_30.html Črneče] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235452/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H45_g_30.html |date=2016-03-03 }} - graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Črneče by ARSO)
• [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H46_g_30.html Ptuj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054921/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H46_g_30.html |date=2016-03-04 }} - graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Ptuj by ARSO)
• [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H01_g_30.html Borl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233717/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H01_g_30.html |date=2016-03-03 }} - graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Borl by ARSO)

{{Hydrography of Croatia}}

{{Hydrography of Slovenia}}

{{Danube}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Rivers of Croatia

Category:Border rivers

Category:Rivers of Styria (Slovenia)

Category:Rivers of Hungary

Category:Rivers of Italy

Category:Rivers of South Tyrol

Category:Rivers of Tyrol (federal state)

Category:Rivers of Carinthia

Category:Tributaries of the Danube

Category:International rivers of Europe

Category:Croatia–Hungary border

Category:Croatia–Slovenia border

Category:Austria–Slovenia border

Category:Natura 2000 in Slovenia

Category:Rivers of Austria