Dublin English#Local Dublin English

In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the other regional accents of Ireland,Hickey, Raymond (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A6mZ5XceJY0C&q=distinct_phonetic_profile Dublin English: Evolution and Change]. J. Benjamins Publishing Company. pronouncing:

• {{sc2|FACE}} as a diphthong, {{IPA|[eɪ~ɛɪ]}}, similar to British Received Pronunciation (RP) or General American (GA) accents.
• {{sc2|GOAT}} in the range (local to non-local) of {{IPA|[ʌʊ~oʊ~əʊ]}}, similar to GA and RP.
• {{sc2|GOOSE}} as moderately or strongly fronted: {{IPA|[ʉu~ʉ~yʉ]}}.
• {{sc2|PRICE}} starting as mid or slightly centralised: {{IPA|[əɪ~äɪ]}}.
• {{sc2|MOUTH}} starting as fronted and/or raised: {{IPA|[æʊ~ɛʊ~eʊ]}}.

All these sounds are also typical of a standard Irish English accent, which developed out of Dublin but now largely transcends regional boundaries among the middle and higher classes throughout the Republic.

Local Dublin English (also, known by Hickey as popular Dublin English or conservative Dublin English) refers to a traditional, broad, working-class variety spoken in Dublin. It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history was fully non-rhotic; however, as of the 21st century it is weakly rhotic,Hickey, Raymond. A Sound Atlas of Irish English, Volume 1. Walter de Gruyter: 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TZK9cSYRrjMC pp. 57-60].{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=91}} and among the various Dublin accents it uniquely has:Hickey, Raymond (2012?). "[http://www.raymondhickey.com/VCDE_Glossary.htm Variation and Change in Dublin English: Glossary]". RaymondHickey.com.

• {{sc2|CHOICE}} starting as low and unrounded, {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑɪ}}, or rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒɪ}}.
• {{sc2|GOAT}} as widely diphthongal: {{IPA|[ʌʊ~ʌo]}}.
• {{sc2|PRICE}} as very narrowly diphthongal, starting as mid and centralised: {{IPA|[əɪ]}}.
• {{sc2|START}} as fronted and raised {{IPAblink|æ|æːɹˠ}} or at its most extreme {{IPAblink|ɛ|ɛːɹˠ|}}.
• {{sc2|THOUGHT}} as fully open: {{IPAblink|ä|ä(ː)}}. This potentially merges with {{sc2|LOT}}, {{IPA|ä}}: the cot-caught merger.
• {{sc2|TRAP}} as near-open: {{IPA|[æ]}}. This same quality also defines {{sc2|BATH/DANCE}}, though this set tends to be lengthened.
• A lack of the foot-strut split, with {{IPAblink|ʊ}} used for both sets.
• A lack of the earn-urn merger among particularly conservative speakers: earn {{IPA|[ɛːɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[əːɹˠ]}} versus urn {{IPA|[ʊːɹˠ]}}.
• A traditional distinction between {{sc2|NORTH}} {{IPA|[ɑːɹˠ]}} and {{sc2|FORCE}} {{IPA|[ɔːɹˠ]}}, thus avoiding a horse–hoarse merger.
• A traditional distinction between the consonants {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/hw/}}, thus avoiding a witch–which merger.
• {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}}, respectively, as the stops {{IPAblink|t|t(ʰ)}} and {{IPAblink|d|}}.
• Intervocalic or word-final {{IPA|/t/}} as dentalised {{IPA|[t̪]}}, a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, or {{IPA|[h]}}.Hickey, Raymond. "[https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/ Dublin English, Broad]". Universität Duisburg-Essen, June 2021.
• Certain vowels with "vowel breaking"; specifically, {{sc2|MOUTH}}, {{sc2|PRICE}}, {{sc2|GOOSE}} and {{sc2|FLEECE}} in closed syllables are "broken" into two syllables, approximating {{IPA|[ɛwə]}}, {{IPA|[əjə]}}, {{IPA|[uwə]}}, and {{IPA|[ijə]}}, respectively.{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=83–84}}
• Final cluster consonant reduction occurs, so {{IPAc-en|f|aɪ|n|d}} as {{IPA|[fəɪn]}}, and {{IPAc-en|f|ɝ|s|t}} as {{IPA|[fʊːɹs]}}. {{harvnb|Hickey|2007|pp=353–354}}

• Damien Dempsey – "his distinctly Dublin sounds" and "a working class Dublin accent"Reynolds, Deirdre. "[http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/lunch-with-damien-dempsey-ronnie-drew-never-watered-down-his-accent-why-should-i-29417339.html Lunch with Damien Dempsey: Ronnie Drew never watered down his accent – why should I?]". Independent.ie. 2013.
• Conor McGregor – "his famous Dublin accent"{{Cite web|url=https://www.joe.ie/sport/watch-snl-had-a-skit-about-conor-mcgregor-and-the-accent-is-all-over-the-place-570311|title=WATCH: SNL had a skit about Conor McGregor and the accent is all over the place|website=JOE.ie|date=11 December 2016 }}
• Becky Lynch
• Rhasidat Adeleke – "her Tallaght accent still clear";{{Cite news |first=Ian |last=O'Riordan |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/athletics/2023/04/08/rhasidat-adeleke-i-just-want-to-work-harder-run-faster-thats-what-drives-me-on/ |title=Rhasidat Adeleke: 'I just want to work harder, run faster, that's what drives me on'|newspaper=Irish Times |date=April 8, 2023 }} "hearing her Tallaght accent in interviews has 'put Tallaght on the map'”{{cite web | url=https://www.echo.ie/tallaght-sensation-rhasidat-puts-area-on-the-map/ | title=Tallaght sensation Rhasidat puts area on the map | date=31 August 2023 }}

Evolving as a fashionable outgrowth of non-local Dublin English,{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007|p=355}} advanced Dublin English (also, new Dublin English and, formerly, fashionable Dublin English) is a relatively young variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the "avant-garde" and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication".{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007|p=355}} Advanced Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of southside Dublin, is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s.

This "new mainstream" accent of Dublin's youth, rejecting traditional working-class Dublin, has:

• {{sc2|CHOICE}} as high as {{IPAblink|ɔ|ɔɪ}} or even {{IPAblink|o|oɪ}}.
• {{sc2|GOAT}} as narrowly diphthongal: {{IPA|[əʊ]||audio=En-uk-oh.ogg}}, similar to British Received Pronunciation.
• {{sc2|PRICE}} as starting more open than in local Dublin: {{IPA|[ɐɪ~ɑɪ]}}, though the retracted variant has fallen out of fashion since the 1990s.
• {{sc2|START}} may be {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑːɻ|audio=en-us-r.ogg}}, with a backer vowel than in other Irish accents.
• {{sc2|TRAP}} as fully open: {{IPAblink|a}}, perhaps even open central {{IPAblink|ä}}. This same quality also defines {{sc2|BATH/DANCE}}, though this set tends to be lengthened.
• {{sc2|THOUGHT}} as high as {{IPA|[ɔː~oː]}}, thus avoiding a local Dublin-style cot-caught merger, since {{sc2|LOT}} remains low: {{IPAblink|ɒ}}. However, a new split is possible in advanced Dublin, where {{sc2|THOUGHT}} in a closed syllable is {{IPAblink|o|oː}} but in an open syllable is slightly more open {{IPAblink|ɔ|ɔː}}.
• The foot-strut split, with a {{sc2|STRUT}} vowel more open that the {{IPA|[ʊ]}} of local Dublin and possibly unrounded.
• A completed earn-urn merger, creating a unified {{sc2|NURSE}} set, which possibly expands to encompass a third set, {{sc2|SQUARE}}, since both {{sc2|SQUARE}} and {{sc2|NURSE}} are potentially rounded {{IPAblink|ø|øːɻ|}}: thus, a per-pair-purr merger.
• A collapse of {{sc2|NORTH}} and {{sc2|FORCE}}, leading to a horse–hoarse merger.
• A collapse of {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/hw/}}, leading to a witch–which merger.
• Syllable-initial {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} possibly affricated, thus: {{IPAblink|ts}} and {{IPAblink|dz}}.
• Word-final {{IPA|/l/}} as possibly velarised: {{IPAblink|ɫ}}.
• {{IPA|/r/}} as a retroflex approximant, {{IPAblink|ɻ}}, in contrast to most of Ireland, which traditionally has a slightly velarised approximant, {{IPAblink|ɹˠ}}.

====Dublin 4 English ====

Advanced Dublin English largely evolved out of an even more innovative and briefly-fashionable accent, Dublin 4 (or D4) English, which originated around the 1970s or 1980s from middle- or higher-class speakers in South Dublin before spreading outwards and then rapidly disappearing. Also known as DART-speak after the suburban Dublin commuter railway system, or, mockingly, Dortspeak, this accent rejected traditional, conservative, and working-class notions of Irishness, with its speakers instead regarding themselves as more trendy and sophisticated.{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007|p=357}} However, particular aspects of the D4 accent became quickly noticed and ridiculed as sounding affected or elitist by the 1990s, causing its defining features to fall out of fashion within that decade.Hickey, Raymond. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AmpOAwl3KzcC&q=%22the+label+%27dublin+4%27%22 Dublin English: Evolution and Change]. John Benjamins Publishing: 2005, pp. 46-48 Still, it originated certain (less salient) other features that continue to be preserved in advanced Dublin English today. The salient defining features that are now out of fashion include pronouncing the {{sc2|BATH}} and {{sc2|START}} lexical sets with a back, long and rounded vowel, thus a glass in the bar like {{IPA|[ə glɒːs ɪn ðə bɒːɹ]}}. Other sounds, however, like the raising of {{sc2|LOT}} and {{sc2|THOUGHT}} to {{IPA|[ɒ~ɔ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔː~oː]}}, respectively (whereas the two were traditionally merged and low in local Dublin English), have survived from D4 English into advanced Dublin English.

The strict centre of the Dublin English continuum is mainstream Dublin English, spoken by the middle class, particularly in the 20th century. Mainstream Dublin English of the early- to mid-20th century was the direct basis for a standard accent of Ireland that is no longer regionally specific, fairly widespread everywhere except in the north of Ireland, where Ulster English persists.Hickey, Raymond (2012). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=gZV7AAAAQBAJ Standard Irish English]". Standards of English. Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114-115.{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007|p=114}} However, the majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s (led particularly by females) have shifted towards advanced Dublin English.Hickey, Raymond (2015). [https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/dublin.htm Dublin English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011849/https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/dublin.htm |date=22 October 2016 }} Irish English Resource Centre. University of Duisburg and Essen. Advanced Dublin English may be in the process of overtaking mainstream Dublin English as the national prestige variety.

Generally, the vowels of mainstream Dublin fall between the extremes of local Dublin and advanced Dublin accents; for instance, {{sc2|GOAT}} falls somewhere between the wider versus narrower diphthongs of these two accents. However, the low back vowels are of special note in mainstream Dublin, where {{sc2|CLOTH}} (in some analyses, a mere subset of {{sc2|LOT}}) is back, open, rounded, and short: {{IPA|en|ɒ|generic=yes}}, while the vowel in {{sc2|THOUGHT/NORTH}} is back, open, rounded, and long, {{IPA|[ɒː]}}. Thus, {{sc2|THOUGHT/NORTH}} is possibly distinct from {{sc2|FORCE}} by height, from {{sc2|CLOTH}} by length, and from {{sc2|LOT}} by roundness, if at all. {{sc2|MOUTH}} is less raised than all other Dublin accents, thus: {{IPA|en|aʊ|generic=yes}}. Much variation exists for intervocalic /t/ (as in city or Italy), which can be the slit fricative {{IPAblink|θ̠}} common throughout Ireland, the glottal stop of local Dublin {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, or a tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} reminiscent of Ulster and North American English.

{{Original research section|date=January 2019}}

• Saoirse Ronan – "the 'Dub' accent in which she speaks"Linehan, Hugh (2016). "[http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/saoirse-ronan-s-accent-should-not-be-a-talking-point-1.2490377 Saoirse Ronan's accent should not be a talking point]". The Irish Times.
• Andrew Scott – "his soft-as-rain Dublin accent"Allfree, Claire. "[http://metro.co.uk/2010/09/08/sherlock-actor-andrew-scott-tenderness-is-more-interesting-than-blatant-sexuality-504922/#ixzz3dYG1UI71 Sherlock actor Andrew Scott: Tenderness is more interesting than blatant sexuality]". Metro. 2010.
• Katie McGrath{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvovermind.com/five-things-didnt-know-katie-mcgrath/|title=Five Things You Didn't Know About Katie McGrath|first=Aiden|last=Mason|date=October 19, 2017|website=TVOvermind}}
• Samantha Mumba – described as having a "neutral Dublin" accent{{cite web |title=Samantha Mumba |url=https://www.volcanic.ie/artist/samantha-mumba/ |website=Volcanic |access-date=5 February 2021}}
• Orla Brady
• Seana Kerslake
• Fionnula Flanagan
• Elaine Cassidy
• Sarah Bolger
• Angeline Ball
• Dominique McElligott

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|last=Hickey|first=Raymond|title=Irish English: History and Present Day Forms|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3vDuPNG7nUC|isbn=9781139465847}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hickey|first=Raymond|year=2007b |url=https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/DartSpeak_EstuaryEnglish_(Hickey).pdf |chapter=Dartspeak and Estuary English: Advanced metropolitan speech in Ireland and England |title=Tracing English through time: explorations in language variation |location=Vienna |publisher=Braumüller |pages=179–190 }}
• {{Cite book|first=Walter|last=de Gruyter| title=A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM | year=2004 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG |isbn=3110175320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC |editor1-last=Kortmann |editor1-first=Bernd |editor2-last=Schneider |editor2-first=Edgar W. }}

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Category:Culture in Dublin (city)

Category:Dialects of English

Category:Languages of the Republic of Ireland

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