Durio

Early works describe Durio sensu lato, which had 30 recognised species, with Durio sensu stricto comprising 24 of them.{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Michael J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC |title=Durio, a Bibliographic Review |date=1997 |publisher=Bioversity International |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |language=en}} The 6 additional species included in Durio s.l. are now considered by some to comprise their own genus, Boschia.{{Cite journal |last1=Nyffeler |first1=Reto |last2=Baum |first2=David A. |date=1 January 2001 |title=Systematics and character evolution in Durio s. lat. (Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae or Bombacaceae-Durioneae) |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=165–178 |doi=10.1078/1439-6092-00015 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2001ODivE...1..165N }}{{Cite journal |last1=Nyffeler |first1=R. |last2=Baum |first2=D. A. |date=2000-03-01 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the durians (Bombacaceae-Durioneae or /Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae) based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985266 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=224 |issue=1 |pages=55–82 |doi=10.1007/BF00985266 |bibcode=2000PSyEv.224...55N |issn=1615-6110|url-access=subscription }} Durio s.s. and Boschia have indistinguishable vegetative characteristics and many shared floral characteristics. The crucial difference between the two is that anther locules open by apical pores in Boschia and by longitudinal slits in Durio s.s.{{cite journal |last=Kostermans |first=A. J. G. H. |year=1958 |title=The genus Durio Adans. (Bombacalceac) |url=http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008 |url-status=live |journal=Reinwardtia |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=357–460 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202092634/http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2017}} These two genera form a clade that is sister to another genus, Cullenia. These three genera together form a clade that is characterised by highly modified (mono- and polythecate, as opposed to bithecate) anthers. The genus Durio had been placed in the family Bombacaceae, and by other authorities in a smaller family of just seven genera, Durionaceae;{{cite web |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy, Durionaceae |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?2319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203192931/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?2319 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 June 2014}}{{cite web |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website – Malvales |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/malvalesweb.htm#Malvales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205519/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/malvalesweb.htm#Malvales |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=19 February 2009 |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden}} this is now recognised as the tribe Durioneae.

Durio was included in Bombacaceae because of the presence of monothecate anthers, as opposed to the bithecate anthers common to the rest of the mallows (and angiosperms, in general). However, the first studies to examine mallow phylogeny using molecular data found that the tribe Durioneae should be placed in the subfamily Helicteroideae of an expanded Malvaceae. The authors of these studies hypothesise that monothecate anthers have most likely evolved convergently in Durioneae and in the Malvatheca clade (comprising Malvaceae s.l. subfamilies Malvoideae and Bombacoideae).{{Cite journal |last1=Alverson |first1=William S. |last2=Whitlock |first2=Barbara A. |last3=Nyffeler |first3=Reto |last4=Bayer |first4=Clemens |last5=Baum |first5=David A. |date=1 October 1999 |title=Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=1474–1486 |doi=10.2307/2656928 |issn=0002-9122 |jstor=2656928 |pmid=10523287 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=Clemens |last2=Fay |first2=Michael F. |last3=De Bruijn |first3=Anette Y. |last4=Savolainen |first4=Vincent |last5=Morton |first5=Cynthia M. |last6=Kubitzki |first6=Klaus |last7=Alverson |first7=William S. |last8=Chase |first8=Mark W. |date=1 April 1999 |title=Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=267–303 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb00505.x |issn=1095-8339 |s2cid=196597042 |doi-access=}}

There are 29 recognised species in the genus Durio, but only nine produce edible fruit. D. zibethinus is the only species available on the international market: the other species are sold only in their local regions. The name "durian" is derived from the Indo-Malay word "duri" which refers to the fruit's many protuberances.

Often considered the king of fruits,{{Cite book |last=Heaton |first=Donald D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA8PQAACAAJ |title=A Consumers Guide on World Fruit |publisher=BookSurge |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4196-3955-5 |pages=54–56 |language=en}} durian is distinguished by its large size, arresting odor, and fearsome thorny husk. The fruit can grow up to 30 centimeters long and 15 centimeters in diameter, and typically weighs one to three kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk from green to brown, and its flesh from pale yellow to red, depending on the species.

The edible flesh emits a distinctive odour that is strong and penetrating, even when the husk is intact. The smell, depending on the person, evokes rotting onions, turpentine, or even sewage, yet to others it is welcoming and appetizing. The persistence of the smell has led to its ban in some hotels and public transport in Southeast Asia.

On March 4, 2023, a plane flying from Istanbul to Barcelona was forced to turn back because of the nauseating odour of the tropical fruit, transported in the hold.

{{Main|List of Durio species}}

Plants of the World Online currently (2025) includes:

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1. Durio acutifolius (Mast.) Kosterm.
2. Durio affinis Becc.
3. Durio beccarianus Kosterm. & Soegeng.
4. Durio bukitrayaensis Kosterm.
5. Durio burmanicus Soegeng.
6. Durio carinatus Mast.
7. Durio crassipes Kosterm.
8. Durio dulcis Becc.
9. Durio excelsus (Korth.) Bakh.
10. Durio graveolens Becc.
11. Durio griffithii (Mast.) Bakh.
12. Durio kinabaluensis Kosterm & Soegeng
13. Durio kutejensis Hassk. & Becc.
14. Durio lanceolatus Mast.
15. Durio lissocarpus Mast.
16. Durio lowianus Scort. & King
17. Durio macrantha Kosterm.
18. Durio macrolepis Kosterm.
19. Durio macrophyllus Ridl.
20. Durio malaccensis Planch.
21. Durio mansoni (Gamble) Bakh.
22. Durio oblongus Mast.
23. Durio oxleyanus Griff.
24. Durio pinangianus Ridl.
25. Durio purpureus Kosterm. & Soegeng.
26. Durio singaporensis Ridl.
27. Durio testudinarius Becc.
28. Durio wyatt-smithii Kosterm.
29. Durio zibethinus L.

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Category:Malvaceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus