Dutch colonial architecture
{{Short description|Style of architecture across the Dutch Empire}}
{{Distinguish|Dutch Colonial Revival architecture}}
File:Istana Bogor.jpg, in Bogor, was built in 1744 as a residence of the Dutch Governor-General.]]
Dutch colonial architecture refers to the various style of Dutch architecture built across the Dutch Empire. Though most of the buildings were designed by Dutch architects and dictated by Western architectural styles, even the most ardent style-purists among architects could not escape the forces of context and culture. Dutch colonial architecture often is a result of climatological adaptations or the use of local building materials - and more importantly, the rich and diverse cultural contexts. In this hybridity lies the quality of these buildings. Architecture shows that the strict racial taxonomy of a colonial system could not be maintained.Dutch colonial architecture around the world". SkyscraperCity Forum. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
Dutch colonial architecture is most visible in Indonesia (especially Java and Sumatra), the United States, South Asia, and South Africa. In Indonesia, formerly Dutch East Indies, colonial architecture was studied academically and had developed into a new tropical architecture form which emphasizes on conforming to the tropical climate of the Indies and not completely imitating the architectural language of the Dutch colonists.
In Indonesia
{{Main|Colonial architecture of Indonesia}}
Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia were built across the archipelago that once was known as Dutch East Indies. Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia is a unique cultural phenomenon. It is a mixture of Dutch colonial and Indonesian culture. It does not exist elsewhere, even in the other former colonized countries.{{Cite journal |last=Sumalyo |first=Y. |date=1995 |title=Dutch Colonial Architecture in Indonesia (: ) pp 2-3 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |publisher=Gadjah Mada University Press |publication-place=Yogyakarta}} The uniqueness of these buildings can be seen in their colonial relics. As a result, there are large number of colonial buildings concentrated in its cities. Plenty of old VOC era forts and warehouses are also scattered throughout the archipelago, particularly around Maluku Islands and Sulawesi. There are three Dutch colonial architectural styles: Old Indies Style, Indies Empire style, and New Indies Style.
File:Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, Indonesia - 20100227-02.jpg|alt=|Fort Rotterdam in Makassar, built in 1673
File:National Archives of Indonesia Building (Gedung Arsip Nasional).JPG|alt=|National Archives of Indonesia
File:Museum Fatahillah Jakarta 2018 pas.jpg|alt=|Jakarta History Museum, formerly Stadhuis van Batavia
File:Gedung_Kesenian_Jakarta,_2018.jpg|alt=|Jakarta Art Building
File:Gedung Sate Bandung Jawa Barat.jpg|alt=|Gedung Sate, Bandung
File:Lawang Sewu (Timothy Subroto) - Flickr.jpg|alt=|Lawang Sewu, Semarang
File:Museum_Wayang,_Jakarta_(2025)_-_img_01.jpg|alt=|Wayang Museum
File:Medan old city hall.jpg|alt=|Medan Old City Hall
File:Jakarta Indonesia Museum-Bank-Indonesia-02.jpg|alt=|De Javasche Bank, now Bank Indonesia
File:Yogyakarta Indonesia Bank-Negara-Indonesia-01.jpg|alt=|Bank Negara Indonesia, Yogyakarta
File:Warenhuis de vries (27291444521).jpg|alt=|Warenhuis de Vries, Bandung
File:Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg|alt=|Youth building, Surabaya
File:Jakarta Indonesia Post-office-at-Fatahillah-Square-01.jpg|alt=|Kota Post Office
File:Stasiun Tugu 2020 2 New Signage + Nataru.jpg|alt=|Yogyakarta railway station
File:Istana Negara (30139691680).jpg|alt=|Merdeka Palace, currently resides the president of Indonesia.
File:Bandung - Hotel Savoy Homann (2025) - img 03.jpg|alt=|Savoy Homann Hotel with Dutch Art Deco architecture
File:Buildings_at_Braga_Street.jpg|alt=|Art Deco Row Buildings at Braga Street
File:Gereja Blenduk Kota Lama Semarang.jpg|alt=|Blenduk Church
File:Katedral Jakarta 2016 Bennylin 01.jpg|alt=|Jakarta Cathedral
File:Gereja Katolik Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria, Surabaya.jpg|alt=|Church of the Birth of Our Lady
In Americas
= Suriname =
Suriname's capital, Paramaribo is a former Dutch colonial town from the 17th and 18th centuries planted on the northern coast of tropical South America. The original and highly characteristic street plan of the historic centre remains intact. Its buildings illustrate the gradual fusion of Dutch architectural influence with traditional local techniques and materials.{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Historic Inner City of Paramaribo |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/940/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}
File:Fort Zeelandia (30451941123).jpg|alt=|Fort Zeelandia
File:Paramaribo - Onafhankelijkheidsplein 2 20160922.jpg|alt=|Independence Square (House Du Plessis)
File:Paramaribo - Onafhankelijkheidsplein 3 20160922.jpg|alt=|Independence Square (Ministry of Finance)
File:Presidential Palace (14110821309).jpg|alt=|Presidential Palace of Suriname
File:Overzicht van de voorgevels en rechter zijgevel - Paramaribo - 20378053 - RCE.jpg|alt=|Waterkant
File:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral Paramaribo.jpg|alt=|St. Peter and Paul Cathedral
File:Dutch Reformed Church (14308382384).jpg|alt=|Centrumkerk
= United States =
{{Main|American colonial architecture#Dutch Colonial}}
Developed from around 1630 with the arrival of Dutch colonists to New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley in what is now New York{{Cite web |date=2016-08-08 |title=Hudson River Valley Institute - Hudson Valley Architecture |url=http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/themes/colonialera.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808004851/http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/themes/colonialera.html |archive-date=8 August 2016 |url-status=dead}} and in Bergen in what is now New Jersey.{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=T. Robins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuTMRvoAGgMC&q=The+Architecture+of+Bergen+County,+New+Jersey:+The+Colonial+Period+to+the+Twentieth+Century |title=The Architecture of Bergen County, New Jersey: The Colonial Period to the Twentieth Century |last2=Warmflash |first2=Schuyler |date=2000 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-2867-0 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Rosalie F. |title=Pre-Revolutionary Dutch Houses and Families in Northern New Jersey and Southern New York |publisher=Dover |year=1968 |isbn=0486219852}} Initially the settlers built small, one room cottages with stone walls and steep roofs to allow a second floor loft. By 1670 or so, two-story gable-end homes were common in New Amsterdam.
File:WyckoffHouse1740Addition.JPG|alt=|The Wyckoff Farm in Flatbush, Brooklyn. Some of its construction still dates from the Dutch period of what is currently New York City.
File:Bronck-house.jpg|alt=|Bronck House, Coxsackie, NY, built 1663; Dutch Colonial
File:DSCN3495 pearlstreet e.JPG|alt=|13–15 South William Street, constructed in the Dutch Colonial Revival architecture evoking New Amsterdam
== Dutch Colonial Revival architecture ==
{{Main|Dutch Colonial Revival architecture}}
Dutch Colonial is a style of domestic architecture, primarily characterized by gambrel roofs having curved eaves along the length of the house. Modern versions built in the early 20th century are more accurately referred to as "Dutch Colonial Revival", a subtype of the Colonial Revival style.
In South Asia
= India =
The Dutch came to India in the early 17th century and their influence and dominance is seen most in Kerala, though they occupied other parts of the country, such as, some areas along the southern Coromandel Coast and Gujarat. However, it is in Kerala, especially Cochin that Dutch architecture finds it existence. On the eastern coast, Pulicat was the first settlement of Dutch India and till date is home to the Dutch cemetery visited by tourists.{{Cite web |date=2020-01-27 |title=Exploring Colonial Architecture in India – Part II |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/exploring-colonial-architecture-in-india |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}
File:ബോൾഗാട്ടി.jpg|alt=|Bolgatty Palace
File:TNTWC - Monument of Susanna Anna Maria View 06.jpg|alt=|Dutch Memorial Monument of Susanna Anna Maria
File:Dutch Colonial Architecture - Old Cochin - Kochi - India.JPG|alt=|Typical Dutch colonial architecture in Old Cochin, Kochi
File:St. Francis Church Fort Kochi, Ernakulam (Dutch's) Ren - Year - 1779.jpg|alt=|Ruins of St. Francis Church, Fort Kochi
File:I Old harbor - front-01 after.jpg|alt=|Old Harbour Hotel
= Sri Lanka =
{{See also|List of Dutch colonial buildings in Sri Lanka}}
Many building from the Dutch Ceylon era could be found on the coastal parts of the island. For example, the old town of Galle and its fortifications built by the Dutch in the year 1663 make up a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Historic buildings, such as old churches, can be found in many Sri Lankan cities and towns.
File:Srilanka galle fort.jpg|alt=|Dutch ramparts of the Galle fort
File:Galle National Museum 002.jpg|alt=|National Museum of Galle, former Dutch Comissariat
File:20160129 Sri Lanka 4229 Galle sRGB (25139038324).jpg|alt=|Old Dutch Hospital
File:Dutch Period Museum (43458180465).jpg|alt=|Colombo Dutch Museum
File:Galle-Maritime Archaeology Museum (7).jpg|alt=|National Maritime Museum or Dutch Warehouse
File:SL Galle Fort asv2020-01 img14.jpg|alt=|Amangalla
File:Matara Dutch Church (exterior).jpg|alt=|Dutch Reformed Church in Matara, built in 1706
File:SL Galle Fort asv2020-01 img15.jpg|alt=|Groote Kerk
File:Dutch Star Fort, Matara 0689.jpg|alt=|Star Fort, Matara
File:St. Lucia's Cathedral, Colombo, Sri Lanka.jpg|alt=|St. Lucia's Cathedral, Colombo
In South Africa
{{Main|Cape Dutch architecture}}
Dutch architecture are found mostly in the Western Cape of South Africa, but modern examples of the style have also been exported as far afield as Western Australia and New Zealand, typically on wine estates. The style was prominent in the early days (17th century) of the Cape Colony, and the name derives from the initial settlers of the Cape being primarily Dutch.
File:GrootConstantiaHomestead.jpg|alt=|Main house of the Groot Constantia vineyard near Cape Town
File:Tuynhuys, Stalplein, Cape Town.jpg|alt=|Tuynhuys, Cape Town
File:Burgher House in Stellenbosch by TW.jpg|alt=|Cape Dutch building in Stellenbosch.
File:FacadeStellenbosch.jpg|alt=|The Stellenbosch office of the Cape Winelands District Municipality
File:De Hoop homestead 2.JPG|alt=|A Cape Dutch homestead at De Hoop
File:Old Slave Lodge, Adderley Street, Cape Town WLM 2013.JPG|alt=|Old Slave Lodge, Cape Town
File:Old house in Tulbagh.jpg|alt=|Wittedrift Manor House in Tulbagh
File:Reinet House Graaff Reinet-001 cropped.jpg|alt=|Reinet House in Graaff Reinet
File:NG Kerk Stellenbosch.JPG|alt=|Moederkerk in Stellenbosch
File:Dutch Reformed Church, Franschhoek, South Africa.jpg|alt=|Dutch Reformed Church in Franschhoek, built in 1847
File:Old Dutch Reformed Church, Ladismith 1.JPG|alt=|Old Dutch Reformed Church, Ladismith