East Indies Station#Commanders
{{For|the military post|Commander-in-Chief, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= East Indies Station
|image= HMS Swiftsure (1903) gunnery practice 1913.jpg
|caption= HMS Swiftsure at gunnery practice on the East Indies Station in the summer of 1913
|dates= 1744–1958
|country= {{UK}}
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|branch=23px Royal Navy
|type=Fleet
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|command_structure= Admiralty
|garrison=Royal Naval Dockyard, Trincomalee, Trincomalee
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The East Indies Station was a formation and command of the British Royal Navy. Created in 1744 by the Admiralty, it was under the command of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies.{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=John |title=Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy |date=2009 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, England |isbn=9781848320437 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNbZAwAAQBAJ&q=Royal+Navy+East+Indies+Station+closed+in+1957&pg=PT17 |language=en}}
Even in official documents, the term East Indies Station was often used. In 1941, the ships of the China Squadron and East Indies Squadron were merged to form the Eastern Fleet under the control of the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet.{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Ashley |title=The British Empire and the Second World War |date=2006 |publisher=Hambledon Continuum |location=London [u.a.] |isbn=1852854170 |page=289}} The China Station then ceased as a separate command. The East Indies Station was disbanded in 1958.
It encompassed Royal Navy Dockyards and bases in East Africa, Middle East, India and Ceylon, and other ships not attached to other fleets. For many years under rear admirals, from the 1930s the Commander-in-Chief was often an Admiral or a Vice-Admiral.
History
File:Navyhouse7.jpg, residence of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, from 1811 to 1942]]
The East Indies Station was established as a Royal Navy command in 1744. From 1831 to 1865, the East Indies and the China Station were a single command known as the East Indies and China Station.[http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowCommanders.php William Loney RN] The East Indies Station, established in 1865, was responsible for British naval operations in the Indian Ocean (excluding the waters around the Dutch East Indies, South Africa and Australia) and included the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.[http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-3909-04RN.htm Royal Navy foreign stations] From 1913, the station was renamed the Egypt and East Indies Station until 1918.{{cite book |last1=Sheffy |first1=Yigal |title=British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9781135245702 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxDKAgAAQBAJ&q=East+Indies+Station+reported+to+the+Admiralty&pg=PA66 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Parkinson |first1=Jonathan |title=The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief |date=2018 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |location=Leicester, England |isbn=9781788035217 |page=312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YxLDwAAQBAJ&q=East+Indies+and+Egypt+Station&pg=PA312 |language=en}}
Anti-slavery activities in East Africa
During the 1850s and 1860s, the Royal Navy fought to suppress the slave trade operating out of Zanzibar up to the North Coast of the Arabian Sea.{{cite book |last1=Howell |first1=Raymond |title=The Royal Navy and the slave trade |date=1987 |publisher=Croom Helm |location=London |isbn=9780709947707 |page=119}} An East African Squadron, which was part of the East Indies Station, was active in suppressing slavery in 1869.{{cite book |last1=Society |first1=the Church Missionary |title=The slave trade of East Africa |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_slave_trade_of_east_Africa |publisher=The Church Missionary Society, 1869 |access-date=4 July 2018}} The mission of Sir Bartle Frere in 1869 "produced... a recommendation that a guardship be permanently stationed off the Zanzibar coast."{{cite journal|author=James A. Rawley|title=Book Review: Raymond C. Howell, The Royal Navy and the Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=21 |issue=1–2 |page=184 |date=1988| publisher=Africana Publishing Company}} Britain's real intentions in East Africa was to stop other European naval powers from establishing any similar bases in the region, and the station's purpose was to protect British trade interests passing through the Western Indian Ocean.{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Paul |title=The Frere mission to Zanzibar |url=http://www.pdavis.nl/Frere.htm |website=www.pdavis.nl |publisher=P. L. Davis, 2010–2018 |access-date=4 July 2018}} Rawley writes that Captain George Sulivan and his successor directed the activities of the old ship-of-the-line {{HMS|London|1840}}, reequipped as both prison and hospital, with some success. London served as a base for cruisers operating against the slaving dhows, for four years.Rawley 1988, 184.
By 1873, London was a hulk, serving as a depot ship in Zanzibar Bay, off the east coast of Africa. In March 1878, she was recommissioned and involved in the suppression of the slave trade in the area, serving as a central depot for many smaller steam screw boats; she functioned as a repair depot, a hospital and a storage ship. At this time, there were Africans from West Africa (Kroomen or Krumen) and East Africa (Seedies or Sidis) serving on board. There were also Zanzibari and Arab interpreters and cooks from Portuguese Goa (India). London was sold and broken up in 1884.Lavery, Ships of the Line, vol. 1, p. 190.
The East Indies Station had bases at Colombo, Trincomalee, Bombay, Basra and Aden.{{cite web|url=https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1942.htm |title=War Records of the Commander-in-Chief East Indies Station|publisher=Naval History|access-date=15 January 2022}}
Second World War
In early May 1941, the Commander-in-Chief directed forces to support the pursuit of Pinguin, the German raider that eventually sank after the action of 8 May 1941 against {{HMS|Cornwall|56|6}}.{{cite book |series=Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 |title=The Royal New Zealand Navy |last=Waters |first=S. D. |year=2016 |orig-year=1956 |publisher=War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs |location=Wellington, NZ |edition=online |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Centre |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Navy.html |access-date=10 February 2017 |oclc=11085179|page=109}}
On 7 December 1941, cruisers on the station included the heavy cruisers HMS Cornwall, {{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|2}}, and {{HMS|Exeter|68|2}}; the light cruisers {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|2}}, {{HMS|Danae|D44|2}}, {{HMS|Dauntless|D45|2}}, {{HMS|Durban|D99|2}}, {{HMS|Emerald|D66|2}} and {{HMS|Enterprise|D52|2}} (some sources also place the heavy cruiser {{HMS|Hawkins|D86|2}} as being on station on that date, while others report her being under refit and repair in the UK between early November 1941 & May 1942), and six armed merchant cruisers. Also assigned to the station was 814 Naval Air Squadron at China Bay, Ceylon, which unit was at that time equipped with Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers.{{cite web|url=http://niehorster.org/017_britain/41-12-08/navy/eastern_fleet_east-indies.html|title=East Indies Fleet|publisher=Orders of Battle}}{{cite book|last=Whitley|first=Mike J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|year=1995| publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London|isbn=1-86019-874-0|page=80|edition=1st}}
In response to increased Japanese threats, the separate East Indies Station was merged with the China Station in December 1941, to form the Eastern Fleet.{{Cite web |url=http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/sinking1.html |title=The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207042346/http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/sinking1.html |url-status=dead }} Later the Eastern Fleet became the East Indies Fleet. In 1952, after the Second World War ended, the East Indies Fleet became the Far East Fleet.{{cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Graham |title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947–2013:1. ROYAL NAVY ORGANISATION AND DEPLOYMENT FROM 1947 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1947-2013.htm#1 |website=www.naval-history.net |publisher=Gordon Smith, 12 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2018}}
Meanwhile, a separate Commander-in-Chief for the East Indies was reappointed. During the 1950s, the task for Royal Navy vessels in the East Indies "..was to deliver fighting power in support of British foreign policy, be that in major warfighting (Korea) or low intensity operations such as counterinsurgency (Malaya), and to offer a British military presence in support of national policy."Ashley Jackson (2006), The Royal Navy and the Indian Ocean region since 1945, The RUSI Journal, Vol. 151, No. 6, December 2006, 79. But disagreement over Suez meant that the Ceylonese Government did not wish to let British naval forces use their bases in an emergency, and this policy was reaffirmed by the new government installed after the 1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election.Ashley Jackson (2006), The Royal Navy and the Indian Ocean region since 1945, The RUSI Journal, Vol. 151, No. 6, December 2006, 81, also drawing upon Cecil Hampshire, "The Royal Navy Since 1945: Its Transition to the Nuclear Age" (London William Kimber, 1975), p. 140-144. The Navy Yard, and Admiralty House were handed over on 15 October 1957, the flag was lowered over the shore establishment {{HMS|Highflyer}}, and the next day, 16 October 1957, the last flagship, {{HMS|Ceylon}}, left Trincomalee. The station was temporarily relocated to Bahrain. The Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf was to become an independent commander with the title Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf. "At nine o'clock on the morning of 7 September 1958, 'the flag of the one-hundredth Commander in Chief of the East Indies Station, Vice Admiral Sir Hilary Biggs, was hauled down over {{HMS|Jufair}},'" the Royal Navy base in Bahrain.{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=John|year=2009|title=Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy|location=Barnsley, England|publisher= Seaforth Publishing|page=18|isbn=978-1848320437}}
Subordinate Commands
= Flag Officer, East Africa =
Originally established by the Royal Navy as East Coast of Africa Station (1862–1919) was administered by the Flag Officer, East Africa. This officer was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, then later came under the Eastern Fleet from 1862, from April 1942 to September 1943, and then the command's name changed back to the East Indies station.
| class="wikitable"
! !! Rank !! Flag !! Name !! Term !! Notes/Ref | |||||
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#dcdcfe;" | Flag Officer, East Africa | |||||
| 1 | Rear-Admiral | 25px | Charles G. Stuart | September, 1943 – 11 January 1944. | {{cite book |last1=Wells |first1=Anne Sharp |title=The Anglo-American "special relationship" during the Second World War : a selective guide to materials in the British Library |date=2000 |publisher=Eccles Centre for American Studies, The British Library |location=[London] |isbn=0712344268 |page=25 |language=en}} |
| 4 | Rear-Admiral | 25px | Richard Shelly Benyon | 11 January 1944 - November 1944 | {{cite web |last1=Houterman |first1=J.N. |title=Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - S |url=http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersS1b.html |website=unithistories.com |publisher=Houterman and Kloppes |access-date=4 July 2018}} |
| 5 | Commodore | 25px | Sir Philip Bowyer | November 1944 - 1945 |
=Royal Indian Navy=
The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India and the Dominion of India from 1 May 1830 to 26 January 1950. It came under the East Indies Station at the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939.{{cite web |last1=Niehorster |first1=Dr. Leo |title=East Indies Station, Royal Navy, 3.09.39 |url=http://www.niehorster.org/017_britain/39_navy/east-indies.html |website=www.niehorster.org |publisher=Leo Niehorster, 30 April 2016 |access-date=19 July 2018}} In December 1941 it came under the command of the new Eastern Fleet.
Vice-Admiral Sir Herbert Fitzherbert was the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy, from September 1939 to December 1941.{{cite web|url=https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/default.asp?file=../officers/personsx.html|title=Herbert Fitzherbert|publisher=Unit Histories|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430174410/https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/default.asp?file=..%2Fofficers%2Fpersonsx.html|url-status=dead}}
= Red Sea =
The Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea, was responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, and during the Second World War for a period flew his flag afloat in {{HMS|Egret|L75|6}}.
At the beginning of the war, Rear Admiral A.J.L. Murray was Senior Officer, Red Sea Force.I.S.O. Playfair, [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/UK-Med-I-A9.html Annex 9: Principal Commanders and Staff Officers in the Mediterranean and Middle East], The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol I.
On 21 October 1941, the title was changed to Flag Officer, Red Sea, and that officer was resubordinated to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet, until 17 May 1942.{{cite book |last1=Titterton |first1=G. A. |title=The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London, England |isbn=9780714651798 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hS_895OalVAC&q=Senior+Naval+Officer+Red+Sea+Royal+Navy&pg=PA5 |language=en}} On 18 May 1942 the title was changed again to Flag Officer, Commanding Red Sea and Canal Area, and transferred again to the Eastern Fleet.
= Persian Gulf =
The Royal Navy's presence in the Persian Gulf was originally located at Basidu, Qishm Island, in Persia (c. 1850–1935), then later Juffair, Bahrain. It was commanded by the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf. It included a naval base, depot and naval forces known as the Persian Gulf Patrol, then the Persian Gulf Squadron later called the Persian Gulf Division. It was a sub-command of the East Indies Station until 1958 when it was merged with the Red Sea Station under the new appointment of Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf.{{cite web|title=Among surviving records at the National Archives are this file|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C5956474|publisher=National Archives|access-date=18 June 2020}}
= Naval officers, ports and bases =
| class="wikitable" | ||||
| # | Location | In command | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aden | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Aden | 1839 to 1917 1921 to 1943 1945 | naval base/shore establishment |
| 2 | Addu Atoll | Naval Officer in Charge, Addu Atoll | 1942 to 1945 | fleet base {{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Ashley |title=The British Empire and the Second World War |date=2006 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London |isbn=9780826440495 |page=274 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXevAwAAQBAJ&q=East+Indies+Station+Ports+and+bases&pg=PA274 |language=en}} |
| 3 | Calcutta | Naval Officer in Charge, Calcutta | 1939 to 1945 | during WW2 only normally under FOCOMM, Royal Indian Navy |
| 4 | Colombo | General Staff Officer, Colombo | 1938 to 1939 | |
| 5 | Diego Suarez | Naval Officer in Charge, Diego Suarez | 1935 to 1945 | fleet base Jackson, p. 274 |
| 6 | Kilidini, Mombasa | Senior British Naval Officer, Kilindini | 1935 to 1945 | shore establishment |
| 7 | Port Louis | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Louis | 18 | shore establishment |
| 8 | Port Sudan | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Sudan | 1935 to 1945 | |
| 9 | Seychelles | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Seychelles | 1915 to 1945 | fleet base Jackson, p. 274 |
| 10 | Tanganyika | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Tanganyika | 1915 to 1945 | |
| 11 | Trincomalee | Captain-in-Charge, Ceylon | 1915 to 1945 | |
| 12 | Zanzibar | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Zanzibar | 1915 to 1945 |
Shore establishments
Commanders
{{x mark-n}} = died in post
=Commander-in-Chief, East Indies=
Prior to 1862, flag officers were appointed to coloured squadrons. Command flags are shown below. See: Royal Navy ranks, rates, and uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Post holders included:Joseph Haydn, The Book of Dignities, Longman, Brown Green and Longmans, 1851, [https://archive.org/stream/bookdignitiesco00haydgoog#page/n295/mode/2up p. 272–273]{{cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Peter Augustus |title=Admiral Peter Rainier and the Command of the East Indies Station 1794-1805 : Chapter: East Indies Station Commanders-in-Chief & p. 227 Senior Naval Officers 1754-1814 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12826738.pdf |website=core.ac.uk |publisher=Submitted by Peter Augustus Ward to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 2010. |access-date=12 July 2018 |pages=227–228}}
=C-in-C, East Indies and China Station=
{{main|East Indies and China Station}}
Note: for the period 1832–1865.
=C-in-C, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station=
| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Flag !! Name !! Term | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#dcdcfe;" | Commander-in-Chief, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station | |||
| Commodore | 25px | Frederick Montresor | (1865) |
| Commodore | 25px | Charles Hillyar | (1865–1867) |
=C-in-C, East Indies Station=
Whitaker's Almanacks 1900–1941.Mackie. 2018.
| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Flag !! Name !! Term | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#dcdcfe;" | Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station | |||
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Leopold Heath | (1867–1870) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | James Cockburn {{x mark-n}} | (1870–1872) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Arthur Cumming | (1872–1875) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Reginald Macdonald | (1875–1877) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | John Corbett | (1877–1879) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | William Gore Jones | (1879–1882) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | William Hewett | (1882–1885) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Frederick Richards | (1885–1888) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Edmund Fremantle | (1888–1891) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Frederick Robinson | (1891–1892) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | William Kennedy | (1892–1895) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Edmund Drummond | (1895–1898) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Archibald Douglas | (1898–1899) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Day Bosanquet | (1899–1902) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Charles Drury | (1902–1903){{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence |date=9 May 1902 |page=10 |issue=36763}} |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | George Atkinson-Willes | (1903–1905) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Edmund Poë | (1905–1907) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Sir George Warrender | (1907–1909) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Edmond Slade | (1909–1912) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Alexander Bethell | (1912-1913) |
=C-in-C, East Indies and Egypt Station=
Note:The post was sometimes styled as Senior Naval Officer, Egypt, and Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station.{{cite book |last1=Sheffy |first1=Yigal |title=British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9781135245702 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxDKAgAAQBAJ&q=East+Indies+Station+reported+to+the+Admiralty&pg=PA66 |language=en}}
| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Flag !! Name !! Term | |||
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#dcdcfe;" | Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and Egypt Station | |||
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Sir Richard Peirse | (1913–1915) {{cite book |last1=Sheffy |first1=Yigal |title=British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9781135245702 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxDKAgAAQBAJ&q=East+Indies+Station+reported+to+the+Admiralty&pg=PA66 |language=en}} |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Rosslyn Wemyss | (1916–1917) {{cite book |last1=Parkinson |first1=Jonathan |title=The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief |date=2018 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |location=Leicester, England |isbn=9781788035217 |page=312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YxLDwAAQBAJ&q=East+Indies+and+Egypt+Station&pg=PA312 |language=en}} |
=C-in-C, East Indies Station=
| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Flag !! Name !! Term | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#dcdcfe;" | Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station | |||
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Ernest Gaunt | (1917–1919) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Hugh Tothill | (1919–1921) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Lewis Clinton-Baker | (1921–1923) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Herbert Richmond | (1923–1925) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Walter Ellerton | (1925–1927) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Bertram Thesiger | (1927–1929) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Eric Fullerton | (1929–1932) |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Martin Dunbar-Nasmith | (1932–1934) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | Frank Rose | (1934–1936) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | Alexander Ramsay | (1936–1938) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | James Somerville | (1938–1939) |
| Admiral | 25px | Sir Ralph Leatham | (1939–1941) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | Geoffrey Arbuthnot | (1941–1942) |
| Admiral | 25px | Sir Geoffrey Layton | (1942–1944) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | Sir Arthur Power | (1944–1945) |
| Admiral | 25px | Sir Arthur Palliser | (1946–1948) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | Sir Charles Woodhouse | |(1948–1950) |
| Admiral | 25px | Sir Geoffrey Oliver | (1950–1952) |
| Admiral | 25px | Sir William Slayter | (1952–1954) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | Sir Charles Norris | (1954–1956) |
| Vice-Admiral | 25px | Sir Hilary Biggs | (1956–1958) |
Chief of Staff 1939-41
| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Flag !! Name !! Term | |||
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#dcdcfe;" | Chief of Staff, East Indies Station/Eastern Fleet | |||
| Captain | 12px | Frederick Rodney Garside | 3 January 1939 - June 1941 {{cite book |title=Navy Lists, Monthly |date=February 1940 |publisher=H. M. Stationery Office |location=London, England |page=702 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/92742234 |language=en}} |
| Rear-Admiral | 25px | Arthur F. E. Palliser | June - December 1941 |
Note: Under East Indies Station briefly when the Eastern Fleet its established Rear-Admiral Palliser becomes COS to C-in-C, Eastern Fleet.
See also
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Further reading
- Peter A. Ward, British Naval Power in the East, 1794-1805: The Command of Admiral Peter Rainier, Boydell Press
External links
- [http://www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk/BPF-EIF/index.htm The British Pacific and East Indies Fleets]
- Commander-in-Chief East Indies, recommendations for awards, 1858 [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C6302210]
- National Archives, [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C12813015 Folios 191-261: telegrams from Admiralty to Commander-in-Chief East Indies, 1914]
{{Admiralty Department|state=collapsed}}
{{Royal Navy fleets}}
Category:Commands of the Royal Navy
Category:Military units and formations established in 1865
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1941
Category:Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War II