Education in Hong Kong#School years

Small village Chinese schools were observed by the British missionaries when they arrived {{circa|1843}}.The Chinese Repository, Article III 'Religious and Charitable Institutions in Hongkong: Churches, Chapels, Schools, Colleges, Hospital, etc' August 1843 issue, p.440 Anthony Sweeting believes those small village schools existed in Chek Chue (modern-day town of Stanley), Shek Pai Wan, Heung Kong Tsai (modern-day Aberdeen) and Wong Nai Chong on Hong Kong Island, although proof is no longer available.Sweeting, Anthony. [1990] (1990). Education in Hong Kong, pre-1841 to 1941. p.87, Hong Kong University Press. {{ISBN|962-209-258-6}}

One of the earliest schools with reliable records was Li Ying College established in 1075 in present-day New Territories.Bryn Mawr College. "[http://www.brynmawr.edu/eastasian/pdf/Tang.pdf Brynmawr Eastasian pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511045950/http://www.brynmawr.edu/eastasian/pdf/Tang.pdf |date=11 May 2007 }}." "brynmawr.edu." Retrieved on 15 March 2007. By 1860 Hong Kong had 20 village schools. Chinese who were wealthy did not educate their children in Hong Kong but instead sent them to major Chinese cities, such as Canton, for traditional Chinese education.

The changes came with the arrival of the British in 1841. At first, Hong Kong's education came from Protestant and Catholic missionaries who provided social services. Italian missionaries began to provide boy-only education to British and Chinese youth in 1843.Bray, Mark. Koo, Ramsey. [2005] (2005) Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. Hong Kong: Springer Press. {{ISBN|1-4020-3405-9}}

In 1862 Frederick Stewart arrived in Hong Kong. His work, over a period of years, led to his being called, "The Founder of Hong Kong Education". He took up an appointment as the first headmaster of the first school to be founded and fully-funded by the Hong Kong Government, Queen's College (then named the Hong Kong Government Central School for Boys). He took a lead from various missionaries who had been active in Hong Kong education for the Chinese in the earlier post 1841 period and insisted on a bilingual and bicultural curriculum. (Half the day was spent on the Chinese language and the traditional Confucian curriculum and half the day was spent on the English language and what was then known as "useful knowledge" (i.e. western studies).Bickley, Gillian. [1997] The Golden Needle: The Biography of Frederick Stewart (1836–1889). Hong Kong: David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University. {{ISBN| 962-8027-08-5}}

One of the much-contested debates was whether schools should offer vernacular education, teaching in Chinese. Education was considered a luxury for the elite and the rich. The first school to open the floodgate of western medical practice into East Asia was the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. The London Missionary Society and Sir James Cantlie started the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in 1887 (although, the 'for Chinese' was later dropped from the name).Ingrams, Harold, Hong Kong (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London: 1952), p.213. Also, the London Missionary Society founded Ying Wa Girls' School in 1900. From 1921 to 1941, St. Stephen's Girls College in Hong Kong provided a progressive science curriculum to help prepare career women for social service in China.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Stella Meng |title=The "New Woman" in the Periodical Press: Portraying Usefulness at St. Stephen's Girls' College in Hong Kong, 1921-1941 |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=February 2024 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=43-65 |doi=10.1017/heq.2023.52|doi-access=free }}

Belilios Public School was a girls' secondary school founded in 1890 – the first government school in Hong Kong that provided bilingual education in English and Chinese. The push for Chinese education in a British system did not begin until the rise of social awareness of the Chinese community following the 1919 May Fourth Movement and the 1934 New Life Movement in China. Educating the poor did not become a priority until they accounted for the majority of the population. Financial issues were addressed in the 1970s.Eh Net. "[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/schenk.HongKong Eh Net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213192705/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/schenk.HongKong |date=13 February 2007 }}." Hong Kong History. Retrieved on 21 February 2007.

In 1997 Keith Richburg of The Washington Post wrote that in the British era education was based on education in the United Kingdom, "largely apolitical", and did not emphasise topics related to politics nor civic affairs. The governor of Hong Kong had the right to bar, under law, "the dissemination of information, or expression of opinion, of a clearly biased political nature in schools" but Richburg stated that "That law was rarely used".{{cite web|last=Richburg|first=Keith|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/hongkong/abcs.htm|title=Hong Kong Students Learning the ABC's of Takeover|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=1997-05-19|access-date=2021-02-06}} There were attempts to repeal said law prior to 1 July 1997. By 1991 the education authorities wanted to have history classes with a positive view of China to make the handover smoother but some teachers with liberal views sought to have more critical views.{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-01-20-1991020096-story.html|title=Modern Chinese history to be taught in Hong Kong|agency=The Christian Science Monitor|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=1991-01-20|access-date=2021-03-10}}

In 1997, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region implemented the Target Oriented Curriculum (TOC) to introduce and spread the project learning in the national primary schools. To promote the interactions of work groups or individual students in a new learning environment, professors were engaged in the role of "consultant, facilitator, helper" and posers of questions. Ten years after, the 80% of the Hong Kong's institutes had left the traditional approach to education, mainly based on teachers and textbooks, to adopt an active and experiential learning pedagogy.{{cite journal | author = Ping Kwan Fok | author2 = Kerry J. Kennedy | author3 = Jacqueline Kin Sang Chan | url = https://journals.sfu.ca/ijepl/index.php/ijepl/article/view/198/93 | title = Teachers, policymakers and project learning: The questionable use of 'hard' and 'soft' policy instruments to influence the implementation of curriculum reform in Hong Kong | journal = International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership | year = 2010 | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 3–4 | format = PDF | issn = 1555-5062 |oclc = 7179783131 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002115413/https://journals.sfu.ca/ijepl/index.php/ijepl/article/view/198/93 | archive-date = October 2, 2011 | url-status = live}}

The imposition of the Hong Kong national security law resulted in a decline in enrolment in traditionally prestigious Hong Kong schools, as many families with the financial means chose instead to send their children abroad. According to a survey conducted across 100 schools, between July and November, approximately 1,474 students left these schools. Around 50% of these students departed Hong Kong along with other family members.{{cite web|last=Tang|first=Didi|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/dropout-rate-at-hong-kong-schools-soars-as-families-flee-territory-ng9jdqgrn?s=09|title=Dropout rate at Hong Kong schools soars as families flee territory|newspaper=The Times|date=2021-02-23|access-date=2021-02-23}} In January 2023, the release of data for the academic year 2021–2022 indicated a significant increase in the number of students who chose to leave Hong Kong universities before completing their degrees. This trend was accompanied by a notable rise in the departure of lecturers, reaching a level that had not been observed in over 20 years.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Hong Kong public universities log new high in number of students who quit early |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education/article/3207453/hong-kong-public-universities-log-new-high-number-students-who-leave-early-lecturers-quitting-higher |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}} In February 2023, reports highlighted that approximately 3,500 teachers in subsidised schools had left their positions during the previous academic year, with a majority opting to resign rather than retire.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-04 |title=3,500 Hong Kong teachers quit, cashing out HK$10 billion from provident fund |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education/article/3209081/hong-kong-schools-lose-3500-teachers-one-year-and-provident-fund-pays-out-record-hk10-billion |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}} Between 2021 and 2022, a report showed that around 28,000 students had left Hong Kong's school system.

In 2020, it was observed that references to sensitive subjects had been excluded from the majority of new textbooks in Hong Kong.{{cite news |last1=Beijing |first1=Didi Tang |date=2020 |title=Tiananmen massacre 'erased from Hong Kong textbooks' |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/tiananmen-massacre-erased-from-hong-kong-textbooks-j6lmsjnch |quote=Three out of the five textbooks submitted for government review make no mention of the movement at all, according to hk01.com, a local news site that has reviewed the contents. Of the remaining two versions, one has removed the mention of the bloody crackdown when troops were sent in to quash the movement}} In subsequent years, the government implemented additional measures, including a requirement for foreign teachers working in Hong Kong to take an oath of allegiance.{{cite news |title=Hong Kong NETs – foreign teachers of English – forced to take allegiance oath |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/hong-kong-nets-foreign-teachers-of-english-forced-to-take-allegiance-oath |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=The Guardian |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=12 June 2022 |language=en}} Notably, new middle school textbooks disputed Hong Kong's status as a former colony, presenting it as Chinese territory occupied by Britain. These textbooks also asserted that the recent protests in Hong Kong were instigated by foreign entities. The curriculum for liberal studies classes underwent a shift, with a renewed emphasis on patriotism and national security, including the establishment of National Security Education Day.

In 2022, the Education Bureau introduced the Citizenship and Social Development subject, to replace Liberal Studies as one of the four core subjects in senior secondary education. As part of the subject, students will participate in fully subsidised field trips to mainland China. The trips range from two to five days in duration, with destinations such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hunan. The itinerary for the two-day trips includes visits to the Memorial Museum of Sun Yat-sen's mansion and the former site of the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou. Another two-day trip involves exploring the Deqing Palace, a historical site in Zhaoqing city, where students learn about the ancient imperial examination system and Confucianism.{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=EDB announces compulsory mainland field trip for secondary 4 – 6 students |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/192024/EDB-announces-compulsory-mainland-field-trip-for-secondary-4---6-students |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The Standard |language=en}}

In 2023, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Education University of Hong Kong announced that they would allow the use of artificial intelligence-enabled tools and large language models such as ChatGPT in coursework. In a letter to staff, HKUST said the decision on whether or not to allow students to use AI tools would be left to individual teaching staff. EdUHK's vice president John Lee said “The emergence of AI technology has brought about tremendous change to conventional teaching. Teachers should be more proactive than ever in serving as facilitators to foster students’ understanding about the strengths and constraints of AI, while promoting the responsible use of technology".{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Hong Kong rolls out first AI curriculum for junior secondary students |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education/article/3224954/hong-kong-rolls-out-first-ai-curriculum-junior-secondary-students-including-chatgpt-lives-definitely |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}

In August 2023, officials from Hong Kong and Guangdong signed a framework agreement to strengthen education exchanges and cooperation between schools in the two regions. The agreement aimed to promote collaboration and exchanges in education, nurture talent for the development of the Greater Bay Area, and contribute to the development of both regions. It encourages higher education institutions to collaborate on education services, talent cultivation, and technology exchanges.

The agreement also focuses on enhancing cooperation in vocational education, promoting the establishment of sister schools, facilitating exchange activities, and improving the quality of such exchanges. The Vocational Training Council signed a memorandum of understanding with Guangdong to initiate collaborative projects and establish the GBA Vocational Education Park. The agreement also involves Guangdong supporting the VTC's mainland operation center and providing guidance for the GBA Explorer Trip program, which aims to enhance students' understanding of GBA developments.{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=Guangdong opens up on education exchanges |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/4/255527/Guangdong-opens-up-on-education-exchanges |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The Standard |language=en}}

Pre-school education in Hong Kong is not free, in principle, and fees are payable by pupils' parents. However, parents whose children have the right of abode in Hong Kong can pay for part of their fees with a voucher from the government under the Pre-primary Education Voucher Scheme (PEVS). In 2013, the amount of subsidy under the PEVS is $16,800.

Every child in Hong Kong is required by law to attend a primary school after the child has attained the age of 6. They are also required to attend a secondary school after primary education and is completed before he/she attains the age of 18. However, a student who has completed up to Form Three of secondary education is exempted. Education in the public sector is free. Public primary schools admit students via the Primary One Admission System.

Secondary education is separated into junior and senior years. In junior years, the curriculum is a broad one where history, geography, science are studied alongside subjects that have already been studied at primary schools. In senior years, this becomes more selective and students have a choice over what and how much is to be studied. Almost all schools but PLK Vicwood KT Chong Sixth Form College and its feeder junior secondary college have both sessions.{{cite web|url=http://www.itseducation.asia/education-system.htm|title=The Hong Kong Education System and school system explained|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903115913/http://www.itseducation.asia/education-system.htm|archive-date=3 September 2018|url-status=live}}

Annually, Form Six students studying in local schools in Hong Kong sit for the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) between early March through early May. However, a minority of local secondary schools in Hong Kong also offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IBDP) for their students as an alternative choice to the HKDSE curriculum, for example, Diocesan Boys' School and St. Paul's Co-educational College.{{cite web|url=https://www.ibo.org/programmes/find-an-ib-school/?SearchFields.Region=&SearchFields.Country=HK&SearchFields.Keywords=&SearchFields.Language=&SearchFields.BoardingFacilities=&SearchFields.SchoolGender=&SearchFields.ProgrammeDP=true| title=Find an IB World School }}

The commerce stream in secondary schools is considered vocational. Students in the Commerce stream would usually enter the workplace to gain practical work experience by this point. Further education pursuits in the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education or universities abroad are common. The Manpower Development Committee (MDC) advises the government on coordination, regulation, and promotion of the sector. Also, the Vocational Training Council (VTC) ensures the level of standard is met through the "Apprentice Ordinance". The VTC also operates three skills-centres for people with disabilities. Secondary schools in Hong Kong are going to be cut down to only two years due to the switch in the government.

{{Main|List of international schools in Hong Kong}}

International institutions provide both primary and secondary education in Hong Kong. International institutions teach with English as the primary language, with some sections bilingual in German, French and Chinese. International school students rarely take Hong Kong public exams. British students take GCSE, IGCSE, and A-levels. US students take APs. Increasingly, international schools follow the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) and enter universities through non-JUPAS direct entry. International students apply on a per-school basis, whereas Hong Kong local students submit one application for multiple local universities as a JUPAS applicant.

In the 1990s, following the handover of Hong Kong, most secondary schools in the territory switched their medium of instruction from English to Chinese (Cantonese). The remaining 114 schools (about 20–30%) are known as EMI schools and are often viewed as prestigious.Postiglione, Gerard A. and Jason Tan (editors). Going to School in East Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. {{ISBN|0313336334}}, 9780313336331. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HuE--CIdDuEC&pg=PA107 107].Woo, Jacqueline Chak-Kei. "Parental choice in the new education market: aided-turn-direct subsidy scheme schools in focus" (Chapter 3). In: Tse, Thomas Kwan-Choi and Michael H. Lee (editors). Making Sense of Education in Post-Handover Hong Kong: Achievements and challenges. Taylor & Francis, 10 November 2016. {{ISBN|1317439392}}, 9781317439394. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 40]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 51]. EMI schools also have far better university acceptance rates than CMI schools; hence, EMI schools are heavily sought after by parents and are often labelled as 'elite schools'. From 2009 onwards, schools which use Chinese as medium of instruction were also allowed to have classes that use English as medium of instruction.Li, David C.S. Multilingual Hong Kong: Languages, Literacies and Identities (Volume 19 of Multilingual Education). Springer Science+Business Media, 12 January 2017. {{ISBN|3319441957}}, 9783319441955. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R5XlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 279].

In addition, the Hong Kong government has pushed the use of Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Chinese) as medium of instruction in the Chinese language subject (PMIC). As of 2015–2016, about 16.4% primary schools and 2.5% secondary schools have adopted Putonghua, instead of Cantonese, for teaching the Chinese language subject across all grades and classes. An additional 55.3% primary schools and 34.4% secondary schools have adopted Putonghua in some of their grades and classes. The remaining 28.3% primary schools and 63.1% secondary schools still use Cantonese in all their grades and classes.[https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201802/07/P2018020700609.htm LCQ21: The use of Putonghua as the medium of instruction for teaching the Chinese Language Subject in primary and secondary schools]

{{Main|Higher education in Hong Kong}}

Higher education in Hong Kong has historically been exclusive. Fewer than 20,000 students were offered government-funded places in 1975, though the figure has been growing over the past decades. Many continue their studies abroad as shown in table below.

Bachelor's degrees issued in Hong Kong have honours distinctions: first class, second class upper division, second class lower division, and third class. Since the introduction of a new academic structure in 2012, the duration of undergraduate programmes in Hong Kong has been switched from three years to four years.

The Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS) is the main route of application designed to assist students holding Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) or Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE) results in applying for admission to universities in Hong Kong.

English is the medium of instruction and assessment for most university programmes in Hong Kong.

There are currently eight UGC-funded universities in Hong Kong:

HKU, CUHK, and HKUST are consistently ranked among the top 50 or top 100 universities worldwide, while PolyU and CityU are consistently ranked among the top 100 or top 200 universities worldwide.{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=USNEWS best global universities |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings}} HKUST, PolyU, and CityU are also ranked among the best young universities worldwide.

File:The university of hong kong 01.jpg|HKU

File:Cuhk sign bldg.JPG|CUHK

File:HKUST campus view looking from above.jpg|HKUST

File:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University east.jpg|PolyU

File:C01-086.jpg|CityU

• The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts (HKAPA, founded in 1984) – The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts Ordinance (Cap.1135)

• Hong Kong Metropolitan University (HKMU; formerly the Open University of Hong Kong, OUHK; founded in 1989, granted university status in May 1997) – The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance (Cap. 1145)

Approved post secondary colleges are educational institutes registered under the Post Secondary Colleges Ordinance (Cap. 320). This kind of colleges are allowed to give out academic awards at bachelor's degree level or above as well as to include the Chinese words "學院" or "大學", or the English word "University" in the registration name with prior approval from the Chief Executive-in-Council.

• Hong Kong Shue Yan University (HKSYU, founded in 1971, granted university status in December 2006)
• Hang Seng University of Hong Kong (HSUHK, founded in 2010, granted university status in October 2018)
• Chu Hai College of Higher Education
• HKCT Institute of Higher Education
• Tung Wah College
• Caritas Institute of Higher Education
• Centennial College
• Gratia Christian College
• Hong Kong Nang Yan College of Higher Education
• Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Vocational Training Council
• UOW College Hong Kong

Adult education is popular, since it gives middle age adults a chance to obtain a tertiary degree. The concept was not common several decades ago. The EMB has commissioned two non-profit school operators to provide evening courses. The operators have fee remission schemes to help adult learners in need of financial assistance. Adult education courses also provide Vocational Training Council through universities and private institutions. The Open University of Hong Kong is one establishment for mature students. Several secondary schools operate adult education sessions, the first being Cheung Sha Wan Catholic Secondary School, while PLK Vicwood KT Chong Sixth Form College offers associate degree and joint-degree programmes.

However, since special education is accused of being a measure of discrimination and separation, the British education suggests that integrated education should be the leading factor, and many special schools will be forced to transform. Since the 2000s, special schools in Hong Kong have also followed this trend, except for moderately to severely intellectual disability students, other types of special schools need to be transformed into mainstream schools to accept ordinary students.

The Education Bureau provides education services for immigrant children from mainland China and other countries, as well as non-Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong children. Free "Induction Programmes" of up to 60 hours have been offered to NAC by non-government organisations. The EMB also provides a 6-month full-time "Initiation Programme" incorporating both academic and non-academic support services, for NAC before they are formally placed into mainstream schools. The social issue aroused the interest of academic researchers to publish work about [http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B29803810 NACs' adaptation and school performance]

In 2017 the Hong Kong government schools had 6,267 Pakistani students, the largest non-local bloc, and 818 white students of any national background. In 2013 there were 556 white students of any background in Hong Kong government schools. Historically, non-local students from other Asian countries attended government schools, while white students attended private schools. In 2018 Angie Chan of The New York Times reported that increasing numbers of white students were enrolling in Cantonese-medium government schools. This was due to increasing tuitions from international schools which received influxes of wealthy mainland Chinese and desires from parents for white students to learn Cantonese.{{cite web|author=Chan, Angie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/22/world/asia/hong-kong-schools-.html|title=The New Thing in Hong Kong's Public Schools: White Students|work=The New York Times|date=2018-08-22|access-date=2020-01-18}}

As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC){{cite web|url=http://www.iscresearch.com/|title=International School Consultancy Group > Home|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130003317/http://www.iscresearch.com/|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=live}} listed Hong Kong as having 175 international schools.{{cite web|url=http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx|title=International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000123/http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation." This definition is used by publications including The Economist.{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21636757-english-language-schools-once-aimed-expatriates-now-cater-domestic-elites-new|title=The new local|date=17 December 2014|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215730/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21636757-english-language-schools-once-aimed-expatriates-now-cater-domestic-elites-new|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}

While the ISC definition allows for an objective number it does also mean that the count of "international schools" is often considerably higher than the number of schools that would be relevant to an international, expatriate audience. WhichSchoolAdvisor.com,{{cite web |title=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com Hong Kong |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/hong-kong |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=8 August 2020}} a review-based site that looks exclusively at schools attended by expatriates, has 100 international schools listed in its directory,{{cite web |title=Hong Kong International Schools |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/hong-kong/school-search?school_phase%5B%5D=1&school_phase%5B%5D=2&school_phase%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=5&school_phase%5B%5D=6&school_phase%5B%5D=7 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=8 August 2020}} less than the ISC count, but still 17 more than its great city rival, Singapore. Of these, 24 schools follow in part or in full a UK-based curriculum{{cite web |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/hong-kong/school-search?school_phase%5B%5D=1&school_phase%5B%5D=2&school_phase%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=5&school_phase%5B%5D=6&school_phase%5B%5D=7&cur%5B%5D=12&cur%5B%5D=68&cur%5B%5D=42&cur%5B%5D=10&cur%5B%5D=11&cur%5B%5D=82 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=8 August 2020|title=Hong Kong Schools – Reviews, Fees, Admissions Information }} (largely the I/GCSE up to 16, A Level post 16), while others follow a UK/International Baccalaureate blend with the IB Diploma offered for post-16 study. Some 33 schools in Hong Kong currently offer the Diploma.{{cite web |title=Schools offering the IB DP in Hong Kong |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/hong-kong/school-search?school_phase%5B%5D=1&school_phase%5B%5D=2&school_phase%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=5&school_phase%5B%5D=6&school_phase%5B%5D=7&cur%5B%5D=6 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=8 August 2020}}

Hong Kong's international schools are not subject to independent inspection reports by the territory's regulator, meaning word of mouth tends to drive reputation as to what are considered to be the best performing international schools in the territory. A large number of parent forums exist that help parents new to Hong Kong make an often very difficult decision.

Private, international schools come at very different prices. The most expensive school is currently Li Po Chun United World College of Hong Kong, with average annual fees of HKD $360,000 (US$46,450.13). These fees are skewed by the fact that this school is boarding only, and only for the students studying the last two years of the IB. The next most expensive school in the territory is the Chinese International School (CIS), an IB continuum, bi-lingual school (Mandarin and English).{{cite web |title=HK Schools in order of fees |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/hong-kong/school-search? |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=8 August 2020}} Its average fees across year groups is currently HKD 216,500 (US$27,935).{{cite web |title=Chinese International School Fees & Availability |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/hong-kong/school-review/chinese-international-school/fees-and-availability |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=8 August 2020}}

In addition to the international day school, Hong Kong's Japanese population is served by a weekend education programme, the {{Nihongo|Hong Kong Japanese Supplementary School|香港日本人補習授業校|Honkon Nihonjin Hoshū Jugyō Kō|extra=HKJSS}}."[http://www.hkjss.hk/ Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503215234/http://www.hkjss.hk/ |date=3 May 2015 }}." Hong Kong Japanese Supplementary School. Retrieved on February 14, 2015.

In 2018 Angie Chan reported that increasing numbers of Chinese students, including Hong Kong Chinese and mainland Chinese, were enrolling in private international schools. In 2017 the percentage of foreign students in such institutions was under 75%, with Hong Kong Chinese being 21.6% and mainland Chinese being about 4%. In previous eras virtually the entire international school student body was foreign.

There are top-rated exempted courses where courses offered overseas are collaborated with local institutions in Hong Kong to broaden the scope of tertiary education in Hong Kong.{{cite web|url=http://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/edu-system/postsecondary/non-local-higher-professional-edu/course/exempted-course.html|script-title=zh:獲豁免課程名單|website=www.edb.gov.hk|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426175957/http://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/edu-system/postsecondary/non-local-higher-professional-edu/course/exempted-course.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}} MIT has an innovation node in Hong Kong.{{cite web|url=http://hkinnovationnode.mit.edu/news/|title=News – MIT Hong Kong Innovation Node|website=MIT Hong Kong Innovation Node|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210952/http://hkinnovationnode.mit.edu/news/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}

In the past, many primary schools in Hong Kong adopted a half-day schooling system to accommodate the high demand for education. This arrangement involved splitting the school day into two sessions, with separate headmasters overseeing each session. To compensate for the reduced school hours, students were occasionally required to attend school on alternate Saturdays. In line with government policy, half-day schooling was gradually phased out as resources allowed. Most schools have now transitioned towards full-day school systems.{{Cite book |last=Panel on Education (Papers) |title=Information Paper – Whole-day Primary Schooling (CB(1)137/96-97(02)) |publisher=Government of Hong Kong |year= |location=Hong Kong |language=English}}

In recent years, the decline in birth rate has had a significant impact on primary schools, leading to class reductions.{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=Secondary schools in Hong Kong appeal for reduction in class size |url=https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/news/hong-kong/article/3186215/secondary-schools-hong-kong-appeal-reduction-class-sizes |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Young Post}} This has sparked debates on the potential benefits of promoting small class teaching. Proponents posit that implementing small class sizes would help alleviate the pressures faced by teachers and address the challenges arising from reduced student-to-teacher ratios, class sizes, and school capacities.{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=Why Hong Kong schools must reduce class size |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/3204385/why-hong-kong-schools-must-reduce-class-size |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}

Good behaviour has always been emphasised in Hong Kong, to the point that it is sometimes said to hinder pupils' development. Misbehaviour is recorded and shown on school reports. The Education Bureau (EDB) provides the 'Guidelines for Student Disciplines' to schools to as guidance in creating a disciplined education environment. It outlines the principles and policies regarding student discipline, the organisational structure of a school discipline team, the roles and responsibilities of the discipline master and mistress, and discipline strategies illustrated with case studies.{{cite web|title=Student Guidance and Discipline Services|url=http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/student-parents/student-guidance-discipline-services/overview/index.html|website=The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719191521/http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/student-parents/student-guidance-discipline-services/overview/index.html|archive-date=19 July 2015|url-status=live}}

{{see also|Hong Kong Kids phenomenon|Monster parents}}

Education in Hong Kong has often been described as 'spoon-fed'. Cram schools in Hong Kong have also become a popular standard in parallel to regular education. Teachers focus on helping students getting high scores in the major exams and heavily rely on textbook knowledge rather than exchanging ideas and essence of the subjects.{{cite news|last1=Chong, Chan|first1=Dennis, Joyee|title=Students 'spoon-fed'|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/1006323/students-spoon-fed|access-date=4 August 2015|agency=South China Morning Post|date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095939/http://www.scmp.com/article/1006323/students-spoon-fed|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}

With the advent of education reform there is a greater emphasis on group projects, open-ended assignments on top of traditional homework. The current workload of a primary student in Hong Kong includes approximately two hours of schoolwork nightly. Along with extra-curricular activities, Hong Kong's education has become synonymous for leaning towards quantity. As early as March 1987, education advisory inspectors became concerned with the excessive amounts of "mechanical work and meaningless homework".Vickers, Edward. [2003] (2003). In Search of an Identity: The Politics of History Teaching in Hong Kong, 1960s–2000. United Kingdom: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-94502-X}} In particular, history education has been recognised as ineffective, with critics claiming that the curriculum is not capable of delivering a sense of identity. Not only that, students have to memorise the whole history texts, thereby indicating that rote-learning has greater priority than absorbing and understanding material.

• List of schools in Hong Kong
• Higher Education in Hong Kong
• List of universities in Hong Kong
• Education in the People's Republic of China
• 334 Scheme
• EMI schools
• A Passage a Day

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal|last1=Bray|first1=Mark|last2=Yamato|first2=Yoko|title=Comparative Education in a Microcosm: Methodological Insights from the International Schools Sector in Hong Kong |journal=International Review of Education|date=March 2003|volume=49 |issue=1/2 |pages=53–73|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|doi=10.1023/A:1022917905362 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3445474|jstor=3445474|bibcode=2003IREdu..49...51B |s2cid=142949260 }}
• Tang, Kwok-Chun (Hong Kong Baptist University) and Mark Bray (University of Hong Kong). "[http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00238I/WEB/PDF/TANG_BRA.PDF Colonial models and the evolution of education systems: centralization and decentralization in Hong Kong and Macau]." World Bank.
• Chan, Anita K.W. and Lucille L.S. Ngan. "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17450101.2017.1300452?src=recsys Investigating the differential mobility experiences of Chinese cross-border students]." Mobilities. Volume 13, 2018. Issue 1. p. 142–156. DOI [https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2017.1300452 10.1080/17450101.2017.1300452].
• {{cite web|url=https://hkupress.hku.hk/pro/con/714.pdf|title=LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION CENTRES IN HONG KONG|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1996}}
• {{cite journal|last=Loper|first=Kelley|url=https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/54929/2/31801446.pdf?accept=1|title=Race and Equality: A Study of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong's Education System|publisher=University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Centre for Comparative and Public Law|date=February 2004}} – Occasional Paper No. 12

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/index.html Education Bureau, Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]

{{Hong Kong topics}}

{{Education in Asia}}

{{Education in China by location}}

{{World topic|Education in|noredlinks=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education In Hong Kong}}