Electricity sector in India#Electricity transmission and distribution

File:India electricity generation by source.png

The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta (now Kolkata) was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co. On 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric lighting license as agents of the Indian Electric Co, which was registered in London on 15 January 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation. The control of the company was transferred from London to Calcutta only in 1970. The introduction of electricity in Calcutta was a success, and power was next introduced in Bombay (now Mumbai).{{cite news |date=26 April 2009 |title=Let there be light |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/let-there-be-light/cid/334620 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007141855/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/let-there-be-light/cid/334620 |url-status=live }} The first electric lighting demonstration in Mumbai was in 1882 at Crawford Market and the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway.{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/mumbai.asp |title=Electricity arrives in Mumbai |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202092127/http://www.bestundertaking.com/mumbai.asp |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}

The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897.{{cite web|url=http://www.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/featured/darjeeling.cfm|title=Archives Darjeeling Hydro Power System – IET history – The IET|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723065919/http://www.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/featured/darjeeling.cfm|url-status=live}} The first electric street light in Asia was lit on 5 August 1905 in Bangalore.{{cite web|url=http://www.nyoooz.com/bangalore/118780/bengalurus-first-lamp-post-set-up-in-1905-stands-forgotten|title=NYOOOZ – Simply News Local News, India News, City News, Politics|access-date=5 June 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031558/http://www.nyoooz.com/bangalore/118780/bengalurus-first-lamp-post-set-up-in-1905-stands-forgotten|url-status=live}} The first electric train in the country ran on the Harbour Line between Bombay's Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (then Victoria Terminus) and Kurla on 3 February 1925.{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relic-of-indias-first-electric-railway-to-be-dismantled_1614956 |title=Relic of India's first electric railway to be dismantled |author=Daily News & Analysis |date=20 November 2011 |work=dna |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126050306/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relic-of-indias-first-electric-railway-to-be-dismantled_1614956 |url-status=live }} The first high-voltage laboratory of India was established at the Government Engineering College, Jabalpur in 1947.{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/jabalpur-engineering-collage-has-first-high-voltage-lab-of-country-1445162/|title=हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521200053/https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/jabalpur-engineering-collage-has-first-high-voltage-lab-of-country-1445162/|url-status=live}} On 18 August 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant (see CIAL Solar Power Project).{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html|title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar powered major airport|work=LiveMint|date=18 August 2015|location=Kochi, India|access-date=3 December 2016|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074258/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Supriya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? – BBC News |work=BBC News |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214353/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |url-status=live }}

India began using grid management on a regional basis in the 1960s. Individual State grids were interconnected to form 5 regional grids covering mainland India, the Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern Grids. These regional links were established to enable transmission of surplus electricity between states in each region. In the 1990s, the Indian government began planning for a national grid. Regional grids were initially interconnected by asynchronous high-voltage direct current (HVDC) back-to-back links facilitating the limited exchange of regulated power. The links were subsequently upgraded to high capacity synchronous links.

The first interconnection of regional grids was established in October 1991 when the North Eastern and Eastern grids were interconnected. The Western Grid was interconnected with these grids in March 2003. The Northern grid was also interconnected in August 2006, forming a Central Grid that was synchronously connected and operating at one frequency. The sole remaining regional grid, the Southern Grid, was synchronously interconnected to the Central Grid on 31 December 2013 with the commissioning of the 765 kV Raichur-Solapur transmission line, establishing the National Grid.{{cite web|title=One Nation-One Grid|url=http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=english|website=Power Grid Corporation of India|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226175901/http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=English|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/All-India-Power-Engineers-Federation-Indian-power-system/articleshow/28294988.cms|title=Indian power system becomes largest operating synchronous grid in the world|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613122522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/All-India-Power-Engineers-Federation-Indian-power-system/articleshow/28294988.cms|url-status=live}}

By the end of the calendar year 2015, despite poor hydroelectricity generation, India had become a power surplus nation with huge power generation capacity idling for want of demand.{{cite web| title=Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016, CEA| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf| access-date=11 December 2016| archive-date=20 December 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133152/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf| url-status=dead}} The calendar year 2016 started with steep falls in the international price of energy commodities such as coal, diesel oil, naphtha, bunker fuel, and liquefied natural gas (LNG), which are used in electricity generation in India.{{cite web |title=International oil market watch |url=http://www.aip.com.au/pricing/marketwatch.htm |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015210703/http://www.aip.com.au/pricing/marketwatch.htm |url-status=dead }}{{cite web | title=Naphtha spot price | url=http://www.quotenet.com/commodities/naphtha | access-date=17 January 2016 | archive-date=17 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217103024/http://www.quotenet.com/commodities/naphtha | url-status=dead }}{{cite web | title=Bunker fuel spot price | url=http://www.mabux.com/ | access-date=17 January 2016 | archive-date=23 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023151823/http://www.mabux.com/ | url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Global LNG prices lose ground on weak demand |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/global-lng-prices-lose-ground-on-weak-demand/51163611 |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306124005/http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/global-lng-prices-lose-ground-on-weak-demand/51163611 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=LNG looks poised to follow crude oil's plunge |date=3 August 2023 |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/column-russell-lng-asia-idINL3N15219G |access-date=19 January 2016 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181343/https://in.reuters.com/article/column-russell-lng-asia-idINL3N15219G |url-status=dead }} As a result of the global glut in petroleum products, these fuels became cheap enough to compete with pit head coal-based power generators.{{cite news |title=Peaking power generated from imported LNG at Rs 4.70 per unit |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=21 March 2016 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ratnagiri-gmr-gvk-lanco-others-successful-in-natural-gas-auction/articleshow/51487320.cms |access-date=21 March 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324163333/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ratnagiri-gmr-gvk-lanco-others-successful-in-natural-gas-auction/articleshow/51487320.cms |url-status=live }} Coal prices have also fallen.{{cite web |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/global-coal-price-on-the-downslide-115082700011_1.html |title= Global coal price on downslide, no cheer for Indian power producers |access-date= 13 December 2015 |archive-date= 22 December 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130257/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/global-coal-price-on-the-downslide-115082700011_1.html |url-status= live }} Low demand for coal has led to coal stocks building up at power stations as well as coal mines.{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-asks-coal-india-to-liquidate-pithead-stock-116012801064_1.html|title=Govt asks Coal India to liquidate pithead stock|agency=Press Trust of India|date=28 January 2016|website=Business Standard|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927234829/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-asks-coal-india-to-liquidate-pithead-stock-116012801064_1.html|url-status=live}} New installations of renewable energy in India surpassed installations of fossil fuel for the first time in 2016–17.{{cite web|author1=Tim Buckley|author2=Kashish Shah|title=India's Electricity Sector Transformation|url=http://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/India-Electricity-Sector-Transformation_Nov-2017-3.pdf|website=Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis|access-date=5 May 2018|page=2|date=21 November 2017|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506103802/http://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/India-Electricity-Sector-Transformation_Nov-2017-3.pdf|url-status=live}}

On 29 March 2017, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) stated that for the first time India has become a net exporter of electricity. India exported 5,798 GWh to neighboring countries, against a total import of 5,585 GWh.

The Government of India launched a program called "Power for All" in 2016.{{cite news |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/india-can-achieve-1-65-billion-units-of-electricity-next-year-piyush-goyal/articleshow/53103685.cms |title= India can achieve 1,650 billion units of electricity next year, Piyush Goyal |newspaper= The Economic Times |date= 7 July 2016 |access-date= 9 July 2016 |archive-date= 7 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160707181600/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/india-can-achieve-1-65-billion-units-of-electricity-next-year-piyush-goyal/articleshow/53103685.cms |url-status= live }} The program was accomplished by December 2018 in providing the necessary infrastructure to ensure uninterrupted electricity supply to all households, industries, and commercial establishments.{{cite web|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-billion-people-without-access-to-electricity/|title=Mapped: The 1.2 Billion People Without Access to Electricity|date=27 November 2019|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127205722/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-billion-people-without-access-to-electricity/|url-status=live}} Funding was made through a collaboration between the Government of India and its constituent states.{{cite news |title=States resolve to provide 24x7 power to everyone by March 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/states-resolve-to-provide-24x7-power-to-everyone-by-march-2019/articleshow/52802534.cms |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=18 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618104036/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/states-resolve-to-provide-24x7-power-to-everyone-by-march-2019/articleshow/52802534.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Government decides to electrify 5.98 crore unelectrified households by December 2018 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-decides-to-electrify-598-crore-un-electrified-households-by-december-2018/articleshow/52825361.cms |access-date=20 June 2016 |last1=Singh |first1=Sarita |archive-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619222134/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-decides-to-electrify-598-crore-un-electrified-households-by-december-2018/articleshow/52825361.cms |url-status=live }}

The total installed power generation capacity is the sum of utility capacity, captive power capacity, and other non-utilities which is 495.200 GW as on 31 March 2023.

Nearly 32,285 MW coal thermal power projects are under construction as on 1 April 2021.{{cite web|url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/thermal_broad/2021/03/Broad%20Status%20Report%20-%20March,2021.pdf|title=Thermal power projects under construction as on 1 April 2021|publisher=Central Electricity Authority|date=April 2021|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430154024/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/thermal_broad/2021/03/Broad%20Status%20Report%20-%20March,2021.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{Image frame

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|caption=Installed capacity by source in the utility sector as on 31 March 2025}}

The total installed utility power generation capacity as on 31 March 2025 by type is given below.

Hydroelectric power plants with ≤ 25 MW generation capacity are included in Renewable category (classified as SHP – Small Hydro Project)

The installed captive power generation capacity (above 0.5 MW capacity) associated with industry-owned plants is 79,340 MW as of 31 March 2024. In the fiscal year 2023–24, captive power generation was 214,581 GWh.{{cite web |url= https://powerline.net.in/2017/10/03/captive-power-market/ |title= List of major captive power plants |date= 3 October 2017 |access-date= 13 May 2018 |archive-date= 4 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065738/https://powerline.net.in/2017/10/03/captive-power-market/ |url-status= live }} Diesel power generation sets of 75,000 MW capacity (excluding sets of size above 1 MW and below 100 kVA) are also installed in the country.{{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gensets-add-up-to-under-half-of-installed-power-capacity/ |title= Gensets add up to under half of installed power capacity; August, 2014 |date= 18 August 2014 |access-date= 13 May 2015 |archive-date= 18 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150518141623/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gensets-add-up-to-under-half-of-installed-power-capacity/ |url-status= live }} In addition, there are a large number of diesel generators of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during power outages in all sectors.{{cite web|url= http://www.gsma.com/membership/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/true-cost-providing-energy-telecom-towers-india.pdf|title= The True Cost of Providing Energy to Telecom Towers in India |access-date=29 August 2015}}

{{Bar graph

| title = Per capita electricity consumption

| float = right

| bar_width = 21

| width_units = em

| data_max = 1500

| label_type = Year

| data_type = Per capita consumption (in kWh/year)

| label1 = 2010

| data1 = 779

| label2 = 2011

| data2 = 819

| label3 = 2012

| data3 = 884

| label4 = 2013

| data4 = 914

| label5 = 2014

| data5 = 957

| label6 = 2015

| data6 = 1,010

| label7 = 2016

| data7 = 1,075

| label8 = 2017

| data8 = 1,122

| label9 = 2018

| data9 = 1,149

| label10 = 2019

| data10 = 1,181

| label11 = 2020

| data11 = 1,208

| label12 = 2021

| data12 = 1,161

| label13 = 2022

| data13 = 1,255

| label14 = 2023

| data14 = 1,331

| label15 = 2024

| data15 = 1,395

}}

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}

The major states leading in captive power generation are Odisha, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan which are producing nearly 66% of the total.

{{Main |States of India by installed power capacity}}

Other Renewable Energy sources include SHP (Small Hydro Power - hydel plants ≤ 25 MW), Biomass Power, Urban & Industrial waste, Solar and Wind Energy

File:Electricity India 1985-2012.png

File:Electricity generation chart.jpg

The draft national electricity plan 2022 prepared by CEA says that the peak demand and energy demand would be 272 GW and 1,852 billion kWh (excluding rooftop solar generation) respectively in the fiscal year 2026–27.{{cite web| url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf| title=Draft National Electricity Plan 2022| access-date=1 June 2023| archive-date=19 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519051329/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf| url-status=live}} The peak demand and energy demand would be 363 GW and 2,459 billion kWh (excluding rooftop solar generation) respectively in the fiscal year 2031–32. From the calendar year 2015 onwards, power generation in India has been less of a problem than power distribution.{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/average-spot-power-price-to-be-less-than-rs-3-5-per-unit-in-may/69292245| title=Average spot power price to be less than Rs 3.5 per unit in May| access-date=12 May 2019| archive-date=12 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512095921/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/average-spot-power-price-to-be-less-than-rs-3-5-per-unit-in-may/69292245| url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/will-try-to-keep-power-prices-lower-says-piyush-goyal/50525720| title=Will try to keep power prices lower, says Piyush Goyal| access-date=13 January 2016| archive-date=8 August 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808024138/http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/will-try-to-keep-power-prices-lower-says-piyush-goyal/50525720| url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/dark-future-ahead-11000-mw-thermal-power-capacity-lying-idle-largest-outage-is-in-the-north/50556138| title=Dark future ahead? 11,000 mw thermal power capacity lying idle, largest outage is in the north| access-date=13 January 2016| archive-date=16 January 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116204120/http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/dark-future-ahead-11000-mw-thermal-power-capacity-lying-idle-largest-outage-is-in-the-north/50556138| url-status=live}}{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/is-a-distress-sale-on-by-private-power-producers/article7444321.ece | title=Is a distress sale on by private power producers? | date=20 July 2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=10 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012632/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/is-a-distress-sale-on-by-private-power-producers/article7444321.ece | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/xBRsCnMXJOeGWTUVQb0ivN/Indian-power-plants-find-19-billion-of-capacity-has-no-take.html | title=Indian power plants find Rs1.2 trillion of capacity has no takers | date=29 June 2015 | access-date=29 June 2015 | archive-date=30 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212854/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/xBRsCnMXJOeGWTUVQb0ivN/Indian-power-plants-find-19-billion-of-capacity-has-no-take.html | url-status=live }}

{{Further|Energy poverty and cooking}}

Nearly 0.07% of Indian households (0.2 million) have no access to electricity. The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050.{{cite web |title=Technology development prospects for the Indian power sector |author=Uwe Remme |publisher=International Energy Agency France; OECD |date=February 2011 |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/technology_development_india.pdf |display-authors=etal |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114155449/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/technology_development_india.pdf |url-status=live }} This added new capacity is similar in scale to the 740 GW total power generation capacity of the European Union (EU-27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts as it adds this electricity generation capacity may have a significant impact on global resource usage and environmental issues.{{cite web|title=Analysis of the energy trends in the European Union & Asia to 2030|publisher=Centre for Energy-Environment Resources Development, Thailand|date=January 2009|url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/energy/events/asem_energy_2009/eu_asia_energy_trends_en.pdf|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303080451/http://eeas.europa.eu/energy/events/asem_energy_2009/eu_asia_energy_trends_en.pdf|url-status=live}} The demand for electricity for cooling (HVAC) is projected to grow rapidly.{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/making-the-world-hotter-indias-expected-air-conditioning-explosion/66933622 | title=Making the world hotter: India's expected air-conditioning explosion | access-date=5 December 2018 | archive-date=5 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193247/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/making-the-world-hotter-indias-expected-air-conditioning-explosion/66933622 | url-status=dead }}

According to the analysis presented in the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) released by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, only 8 percent of Indian households own air-conditioning units. The cooling demand across India is projected to rise at a rate of 15-20 percent annually and aggregated cooling demand will grow to around eight times by 2037–38, as compared to the 2017-18 baseline. In India, 45 percent of the country's peak electricity demand in 2050 is expected to come from space cooling alone.{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/climate%20investment%20opportunities%20in%20India.pdf|title=Climate Investment Opportunities in India's Cooling Sector|access-date=30 November 2022|publisher=World Bank|date=2022|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129190821/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/climate%20investment%20opportunities%20in%20India.pdf|url-status=live}}

About 136 million Indians (11%) use traditional fuels – firewood, agricultural waste and dry animal dung fuel – for cooking and general heating needs.{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/lpg-cylinder-now-used-by-89-households/66930301 | title=LPG cylinder now used by 89% households | access-date=5 December 2018 | archive-date=29 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529102836/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/lpg-cylinder-now-used-by-89-households/66930301 | url-status=live }} These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, sometimes known as chulah or chulha.[http://www.pciaonline.org/sierra-club The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air – Sierra Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420085434/http://www.pciaonline.org/sierra-club |date=20 April 2012 }}. Pciaonline.org. Retrieved on 13 January 2012. Traditional fuel is an inefficient source of energy, and its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, {{NOx}}, {{chem|SO|x}}, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants, affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate.{{cite web|title=INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA – A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN|author=Ganguly|year=2001|publisher=Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi|url=http://icmr.nic.in/bumay01.pdf|display-authors=etal|access-date=31 December 2011|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123100726/http://www.icmr.nic.in/bumay01.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other Environmental Impacts|publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme|year=2002|url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/air/impactstudy/Executive%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526093020/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/air/impactstudy/Executive%20Summary.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2012}}{{cite web|title=Indoor air pollution and household energy|publisher=WHO and UNEP|year=2011|url=https://www.who.int/heli/risks/indoorair/indoorair/en/index.html|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130090511/http://www.who.int/heli/risks/indoorair/indoorair/en/index.html|url-status=live}} The World Health Organization estimates that 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chulahs.{{cite web|title=Green stoves to replace chullahs|date=3 December 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Green-stoves-to-replace-chullahs/articleshow/5293563.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517215338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-03/india/28096828_1_biomass-climate-renewable-energy-sources|url-status=live|work=The Times of India|archive-date=17 May 2013}} Burning traditional fuel in conventional cook stoves is estimated to release 5–15x more pollutants than industrial combustion of coal, and is unlikely to be replaced until electricity or clean-burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of the electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.

In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and groundwater in India. The majority of government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of a reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. Uncollected waste accumulates in urban areas, causing unhygienic conditions, and release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.{{cite web|title=Status of Sewage Treatment in India|year=2005|publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/newitems/12.pdf|access-date=31 December 2011|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030180006/http://cpcb.nic.in/newitems/12.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Evaluation of Operation And Maintenance Of Sewage Treatment Plants in India-2007 |publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests |year=2008 |url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_99_NewItem_99_5.pdf |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025175456/http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_99_NewItem_99_5.pdf |url-status=live }} A reliable supply of electricity is required to address India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.

The per capita annual domestic electricity consumption in India during the year 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity. Globally the per capita annual average is 2,600 kWh and in the European Union it is 6,200 kWh.{{cite web |date=October 2011 |title=World Energy Outlook 2011: Energy for All |url=http://www.iea.org/papers/2011/weo2011_energy_for_all.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106202628/http://www.iea.org/papers/2011/weo2011_energy_for_all.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}

Adding to it, the recent coal crisis has raised an alarm as over 60 per cent of the electricity produced in the country is derived from thermal power plants, and thus, depend on coal.{{cite web|date=October 7, 2021|first=Samrat|last=Sharma|title=As power woes loom, India's nuclear reactors fail to provide solar-like success|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/as-power-woes-loom-india-s-nuclear-reactors-fail-to-provide-solar-like-success-1862113-2021-10-07|access-date=13 October 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070956/https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/as-power-woes-loom-india-s-nuclear-reactors-fail-to-provide-solar-like-success-1862113-2021-10-07|url-status=live}}

In 2021, electricity consumption in India was dominated by the industrial sector at 43.9%. The residential sector used 25.3%, agriculture and forestry 19.0%, and commercial and public services 6.6%. Transport had the lowest share at 1.6%.

* Data from the fiscal year ending on 31 March of each year.
** Refers to the fiscal year ending on 31 December.

Note: Gross per-capita generation=(gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import) / mid-year population. 'Consumption' is 'gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import' after subtracting transmission losses and auxiliary consumption in electricity generation.

{{See also | Saubhagya scheme | Rural Electrification Corporation Limited}}

India's Ministry of Power launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) as one of its flagship programs in July 2015 with the objective of providing round-the-clock power to rural areas. The program focused on reforms in the rural power sector by separating feeder lines for rural households from those for agricultural applications and strengthening transmission and distribution infrastructure. A previous scheme for rural electrification, Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) was subsumed into the new scheme.{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123595 |title=Prime Minister to Launch Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana in Patna |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date=2015-07-25 |access-date=2022-03-31 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130193824/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123595 |url-status=live }} As of 28 April 2018, 12 days ahead of the target date, all Indian villages (a total of 597,464 census villages) were electrified.{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-says-electrified-all-villages-ahead-of-prime-ministers-deadline/63962206|title=India says electrified all villages ahead of prime minister's deadline|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430051155/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-says-electrified-all-villages-ahead-of-prime-ministers-deadline/63962206|url-status=dead}}

India has also achieved close to 100% electrification of all rural and urban households. As of 4 January 2019, 211.88 million rural households were provided with electricity, close to 100% of the 212.65 million total rural households.{{cite web|url=http://saubhagya.gov.in/|title=Households electrification in India|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818035625/http://www.saubhagya.gov.in/|url-status=live}} As of 4 January 2019, 42.937 million urban households are provided with electricity, close to 100% of the 42.941 million total urban households.

{{Image frame

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|caption=Electricity generation (utility sector) by source in India in FY 2024-2025}}

Notes: Per capita consumption = (gross electricity generation + captive power generation + net import) / mid-year population.

Nearly a 24% difference between sales and gross generation due to auxiliary power consumption of thermal power plants and transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, etc. Maximum peak load (MW) in a year is nearly 25% of the total connected load only.

India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing from 179 TW-hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.{{cite web|title=BP Statistical Review of world energy, 2016|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-electricity.pdf|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910023428/http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-electricity.pdf|url-status=live}} The majority of the increase came from coal-fired plants and non-conventional renewable energy sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas, oil, and hydro plants decreasing in 2012–2017. The gross utility electricity generation (excluding imports from Bhutan) was 1,484 billion kWh in 2021–22, representing 8.1% annual growth compared to 2020–2021. The contribution from renewable energy sources (including large hydro) was nearly 21.7% of the total. In 2019–20, all the incremental electricity generation is contributed by renewable energy sources as the power generation from fossil fuels decreased.Refer to Table below During the year 2020–2021, the utility power generation decreased by 0.8% (11.3 billion kWh) with a reduction in power generation from fossil fuels by 1% and power generation from non-fossil sources is more or less same of the previous year. In 2020–21, India exported more electricity than it imported from neighboring countries.{{cite web |url=https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_march_2021/?wpdmdl=36647 |title=Monthly operational performance report (page 35), March 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426091659/https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_march_2021/?wpdmdl=36647 |url-status=live }} Solar power generation in 2020–21, occupied third place after coal and hydropower generations surpassing wind, gas and nuclear power generations.

In 2022–23, renewable power generation was 22.47% of total utility power generation when total utility power generation increased by 8.77% to 1614.70 billion kWh. In 2023-24, renewable electricity generation is nearly 20.76% due to lower contribution from hydropower stations. In 2024-25, the growth in coal based power generation is 2.9% which is the lowest in few decades except the negative growth in Covid years.

Notes: Coal includes lignite; Misc: includes contributions from emergency diesel generator sets, rooftop solar, captive power generation from below 1 MW capacity plants, etc.; ^*Hydro includes pumped storage generation; na = data not available. The above data is excluding net imports from Bhutan.

File:NTPC (2 x 500) units.jpg]]

File:Dahanu-chimney-rel.jpg]]In April 2024, India's electricity sector has seen a significant shift towards coal due to a shortfall in hydropower generation, driven by lower-than-expected rainfall. As reported by the Grid Controller of India Ltd. in April, coal's share in the total power generation mix increased to 77% in the first week of the month, compared to the previous year. This shift to coal is a strategic response to meet the rising electricity demands anticipated during the summer season and ahead of the upcoming elections. This is despite the fact that India's coal reserves were 34% higher than the previous year. The reliance on coal in the short term highlights the tension between India's energy security needs and its clean energy targets.{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title=Flagging Hydropower Raises India’s Coal Use as Summer Approaches |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-09/flagging-hydropower-raises-india-s-coal-use-as-summer-approaches |access-date=2024-04-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}

File:Demand, production and import of coal (in million tonnes).png

In India, the Commercial Energy makes 74% of total energy, of which coal based energy production is around 72–75%, as per 2020 data. For utility power generation, India consumed 622.22 million tons of coal during 2019–20 which is less by 1% compared to 628.94 million tons during 2018–19. However coal imports for utility power generation increased by 12.3% during year 2019–20 at 69.22 million tons from 61.66 million tons during 2018–19.{{cite web| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/coal/2020/coal_stat-03.pdf| title=Monthly Coal Report, March 2020| access-date=26 April 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} A large part of the Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal: it is of low calorific value and high ash content, with poor fuel value. On average, Indian coal has a gross calorific value (GCV) of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas in Australia, for example, the GCV is about 6500 Kcal/kg .{{cite web|title=Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy|publisher=Third Wave Solutions|year=2012|url=http://www.thirdwavesolutions.in/index.php/reports-and-opinions/2-uncategorised/14-coal-gas-indian-perspective|access-date=7 December 2012|archive-date=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728033551/http://www.thirdwavesolutions.in/index.php/reports-and-opinions/2-uncategorised/14-coal-gas-indian-perspective|url-status=live}} The result is that Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal per kWh of power generation, whereas in the United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. In 2017, India imported nearly 130 Mtoe (nearly 200 million tons) of steam coal and coking coal, 29% of total consumption, to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production.{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226123745/https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/indias-coal-import-rises-12-to-79-million-tonnes-in-april-july/65651369| title=India's coal import rises 12% to 79 million tonnes in April–July| access-date=3 September 2018| archive-date=3 September 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151034/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/indias-coal-import-rises-12-to-79-million-tonnes-in-april-july/65651369| url-status=live}}

The Centre for Science and Environment has assessed the Indian coal-based power sector as one of the most resource-wasteful and polluting sectors in the world, in part due to the high ash content in India's coal.{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/thermal-power-53219|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102042/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/thermal-power-53219|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2024|title=Thermal power|last=Bhati|first=Priyavrat|date=21 March 2016|website=Down To Earth|access-date=13 March 2016}} India's Ministry of Environment and Forests has therefore mandated the use of coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34% (or lower) in power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas. The coal ash reduction industry has grown rapidly in India, with current capacity topping 90 megatonnes.{{When|date=September 2019}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} In future, high ash coals would be in demand as they are the mineral source for rare earth metals as well as energy.{{cite web| title=U.S. Coal Ash Landfills Hold Enough Rare Earths to Boost Reserves Eightfold| url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/US-Coal-Ash-Landfills-Hold-Enough-Rare-Earths-to-Boost-Reserves-Eightfold.html| access-date=19 March 2025}}

Before a thermal power plant is approved for construction and commissioning in India it must undergo an extensive review process that includes environmental impact assessment.{{cite web| title=India's energy transition: the cost of meeting air pollution standards in the coal-fired electricity sector| url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/465330/indias-energy-transition-the-cost-of-meeting-air-pollution-standards-in-the-coal-fired-electricity-sector/| access-date=13 August 2019| archive-date=13 August 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813124628/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/465330/indias-energy-transition-the-cost-of-meeting-air-pollution-standards-in-the-coal-fired-electricity-sector/| url-status=live}} The Ministry of Environment and Forests has produced a technical guidance manual to help project proposers avoid environmental pollution from thermal power plants.{{cite web|title=Technical EIA guidance manual for thermal power plants|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|year=2009|url=http://moef.nic.in/Manuals/Thermal%20Power.pdf|access-date=31 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125065241/http://moef.nic.in/Manuals/Thermal%20Power.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead}} As of 2016, the existing coal-fired power stations in the utility and captive power sectors were estimated to require nearly 12.5 million INR per MW capacity to install pollution control equipment to comply with the latest emission norms set out by the Ministry of Environment and Forests.{{cite web | title=Emission norms: How money is the fuel thermal plants lack | date=26 March 2018 | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/emission-norms-how-money-is-the-fuel-thermal-plants-lack/1110704/ | access-date=26 March 2018 | archive-date=26 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326021608/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/emission-norms-how-money-is-the-fuel-thermal-plants-lack/1110704/ | url-status=live }}{{cite news | title=power tariffs may rise 70 paise per unit as to comply with new set of pollution control norms | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=22 February 2016 | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/power-tariffs-may-rise-70-paise-per-unit-as-to-comply-with-new-set-of-pollution-control-norms/articleshow/51087293.cms | access-date=22 February 2016 | last1=Sengupta | first1=Debjoy | archive-date=27 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227002455/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/power-tariffs-may-rise-70-paise-per-unit-as-to-comply-with-new-set-of-pollution-control-norms/articleshow/51087293.cms | url-status=live }}{{cite web| title=Revised standards for Coal-based Thermal Power Plants| url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/423111/revised-standards-for-coal-based-thermal-power-plants/| access-date=22 February 2016| archive-date=23 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323185100/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/423111/revised-standards-for-coal-based-thermal-power-plants/| url-status=live}}{{cite web| title=India to set up FGD plants to cut down emissions from 12 gigawatt coal-fired power projects| url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-to-set-up-plants-to-cut-down-emissions-from-122-gigawatt-coal-fired-power-projects/58857751| access-date=26 May 2017| archive-date=27 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084646/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-to-set-up-plants-to-cut-down-emissions-from-122-gigawatt-coal-fired-power-projects/58857751| url-status=live}} Most of the coal fired stations have not complied installation of flue gas de-sulphurisation units for reducing the pollution.{{cite web| title=Quarterly Review Report – Renovation & Modernisation of Thermal Power Stations, September 2020| url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2020/12/TRM_Sep_09_2020.pdf| access-date=22 December 2020| archive-date=6 February 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206044458/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2020/12/TRM_Sep_09_2020.pdf| url-status=live}} In April 2020, CPCB declared that over 42,000 MW thermal power plants have outlived their lives.{{cite web| title=Over 42,000 MW thermal power plants have outlived their lives| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/over-42000-mw-thermal-power-plants-have-outlived-their-lives/75152875| access-date=22 April 2020| archive-date=21 April 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421071401/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/over-42000-mw-thermal-power-plants-have-outlived-their-lives/75152875| url-status=live}} India has also banned imports of pet coke for use as fuel.{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-bans-petroleum-coke-import-for-use-as-fuel/65439431| title=India bans petcoke import for use as fuel| access-date=17 August 2018| archive-date=17 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225520/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-bans-petroleum-coke-import-for-use-as-fuel/65439431| url-status=live}} As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, India is also reducing power generation from coal to control the emission of greenhouse gases.{{cite web| title=Boom and Bust 2019: Tracking the Global Coal Plant Pipeline| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/etanalytics/reports/coal/boom-and-bust-2019/637| access-date=30 March 2019| archive-date=30 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330123206/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/etanalytics/reports/coal/boom-and-bust-2019/637| url-status=live}} The particulate, NO_x and SO_x emissions (excluding particulate emissions in the form of drift from wet cooling towers and mercury emissions from the flue

stacks) of coal, oil and gas fired power stations in utility power sector (excluding captive power plants) are monitored regularly.{{cite web| title=Environmental Data of Power sector| publisher=CEA, India| url=https://cea.nic.in/environmental-data-of-power-sector/?lang=en| access-date=30 August 2023| archive-date=18 July 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013155/https://cea.nic.in/environmental-data-of-power-sector/?lang=en| url-status=live}}

The state and central power generation companies are permitted by the Government of India to minimize the cost of coal transportation using flexible coal linkage swaps from inefficient plants to efficient plants, and from plants situated far from coal mines to plants close to the pit head, leading to a reduction in the cost of power.{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/cabinet-allows-flexible-use-of-domestic-coal-by-power-plants/articleshow/52114519.cms| title=Cabinet nod for flexible domestic coal use to cut costs| newspaper=The Economic Times| date=4 May 2016| access-date=5 May 2016| archive-date=5 May 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505200833/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/cabinet-allows-flexible-use-of-domestic-coal-by-power-plants/articleshow/52114519.cms| url-status=live}} Although coal imports for consumption in the utility sector are declining, the overall imports of steam coal are increasing as the local coal production is unable to meet the requirements of coal-fired captive power plants.{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/opinion-indias-surging-coal-imports-driven-by-captive-power-users/65469527| title=India's surging coal imports driven by captive power users| access-date=20 August 2018| archive-date=20 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820085234/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/opinion-indias-surging-coal-imports-driven-by-captive-power-users/65469527| url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/opinion-india-boosts-purchases-of-indonesian-coal-as-prices-drop/65707411| title=India boosts purchases of Indonesian coal as prices drop| access-date=6 September 2018| archive-date=7 September 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032437/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/opinion-india-boosts-purchases-of-indonesian-coal-as-prices-drop/65707411| url-status=live}} India is introducing single spot auctions/exchanges for all type of coal consumers.{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/india-proposes-single-spot-coal-auction-for-all-consumers-cil-to-export/81149155| title=India proposes single spot coal auction for all consumers; CIL to export| access-date=22 February 2021| archive-date=22 February 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222093244/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/india-proposes-single-spot-coal-auction-for-all-consumers-cil-to-export/81149155| url-status=live}}

In 2021, the majority of CO2 emissions from power generation in India were produced by coal, accounting for 96.7% of the total. Natural gas was responsible for 2.6% of emissions, while oil contributed 0.5%.

File:STPS.jpg]]

India's coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and replacing them with cheaper renewable technologies offers significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO₂) emission reduction. India's thermal power plants emit 50% to 120% more CO₂ per kWh produced compared to average emissions from their European Union (EU-27) counterparts.{{cite web|title=CO₂ EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION HIGHLIGHTS, 2011 Edition|year=2011|publisher=International Energy Agency, France|url=http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf|access-date=19 January 2012|archive-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202035728/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf|url-status=live}} The central government plans to retire coal-based plants that are at least 25 years old and contributing excessive pollution, totalling 11,000 MW of capacity.{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tppd/repl_thermal_units.pdf|title=Details of Retirement of more than 25 years old Coal based Thermal Power Plants (as on 31.03.2018)|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113646/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tppd/repl_thermal_units.pdf|url-status=dead}} As of 2018 there is no similar retirement plan for the captive power sector. In 2020 Carbon Tracker estimated that phasing out 20 years or more old coal-fired plants and the coal fired plants under construction with electricity sale price exceeding INR 4/kWh with new renewables is more economical as these coal fired plants are imposing heavy financial burden on Discoms.{{cite web|title=The 3Rs of Discom Recovery: Retirement, Renewables and Rationalisation|url=https://climateriskhorizons.com/CRH_3Rs-of-discom-recovery_Final.pdf|access-date=4 August 2020|website=Carbon Tracker Initiative|language=en-US|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913081603/https://climateriskhorizons.com/CRH_3Rs-of-discom-recovery_Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Some diesel generator plants and gas turbine plants were also decommissioned in 2016 though they are best suitable for catering ancillary services.{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/news/bdpp_kdpp_retirement.pdf|title=Retirement of Brahmapuram and Kozhikode diesel power plants|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610011557/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/news/bdpp_kdpp_retirement.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=dead}}

India has committed to install 275,000 MW renewable energy capacity by 2027.{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/reports/india-renewable-integration-study-report/| title=India Renewable Integration Study Report| access-date=20 January 2020| archive-date=13 May 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513103711/https://posoco.in/reports/india-renewable-integration-study-report/| url-status=live}} The existing base load coal and gas based power plants need to be flexible enough to accommodate the variable renewable energy. Also ramping up, ramping down, warm start up, hot start up capabilities of existing coal based power stations are critical to accommodate the frequent variations in renewable power generation.{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/download/analysis-of-ramping-capability-of-coal-fired-generation-in-india/?wpdmdl=23042| title=Analysis of Ramping Capability of Coal-Fired Generation in India| access-date=20 January 2020| archive-date=20 January 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153853/https://posoco.in/download/analysis-of-ramping-capability-of-coal-fired-generation-in-india/?wpdmdl=23042| url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Flexibility-Analysis-of-Thermal-Generation-for-RE-Integration-in-India-1.pdf| title=Flexibility Analysis of Thermal Generation for RE Integration in India| access-date=20 January 2020| archive-date=1 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001223921/https://posoco.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Flexibility-Analysis-of-Thermal-Generation-for-RE-Integration-in-India-1.pdf| url-status=live}} It is also examined to use the retired coal based electric generators as synchronous condensers for improving the grid inertia when it is dominated by static power generation sources like solar and wind power.{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/download/nldc-operational-feedback_oct_2020_final/?wpdmdl=32657| title=Pages 11 & 13, Operational Feedback on Transmission Constraints (Jul – Sep 2020)| access-date=20 January 2020| archive-date=31 January 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131071952/https://posoco.in/download/nldc-operational-feedback_oct_2020_final/?wpdmdl=32657| url-status=live}} As the solar power plants remain idle during the night hours, reactive power capability of the inverters installed as part of the solar power plant can also be used during the night time for solving the problem of very high voltage which occurs due to low loads on the transmission lines.{{cite web| url=https://www.srldc.in/UploadFiles/NewsAndUpdate/SRLDC%20Report%20on%20Night%20Mode%20Operation%20(Trial)%20of%20PV%20Inverters%20%20at%20Pavagada%20Ultra%20Mega%20Solar%20Park.pdf| title=Night Mode operation (Trial) of PV Inverters| access-date=29 January 2022| archive-date=27 January 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127123118/https://srldc.in/UploadFiles/NewsAndUpdate/SRLDC%20Report%20on%20Night%20Mode%20Operation%20(Trial)%20of%20PV%20Inverters%20%20at%20Pavagada%20Ultra%20Mega%20Solar%20Park.pdf| url-status=dead}} Wind and solar power plants are also capable to provide fast frequency response in ramping up falling grid frequency.{{cite web| url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/73856.pdf| title=Inertia and the Power Grid: A Guide Without the Spin| publisher=NREL| access-date=25 March 2023| archive-date=10 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510193415/https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/73856.pdf| url-status=live}} Grid-forming inverters can also restart a downed grid by providing black start power from inverter-based resources like solar, wind and batteries.{{cite web| url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2024/02/how-grid-forming-inverters-will-enable-continuing-growth-of-solar-and-grid-reliability/| title=How grid-forming inverters will enable continuing growth of solar and grid reliability| access-date=5 March 2024| archive-date=12 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212194326/https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2024/02/how-grid-forming-inverters-will-enable-continuing-growth-of-solar-and-grid-reliability/| url-status=live}}

{{see also|List of power stations in India#Gas or Liquid Fuel Based}}

The installed capacity of natural gas-based power plants (including the plants ready to be commissioned with the commencement of natural gas supply) was nearly 26,765 MW at the end of the financial year 2014–15. These plants were operating at an overall plant load factor (PLF) of 22% due to a severe shortage of natural gas in the country,{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/sbi-chairman-says-no-future-for-gas-based-power-plants-in-the-country/67384877|title=SBI chairman says no future for gas-based power plants in the country|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104231211/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/sbi-chairman-says-no-future-for-gas-based-power-plants-in-the-country/67384877|url-status=live}} and the fact that imported liquid natural gas (LNG) was too expensive for power generation. Many power stations were shut down throughout the year for a lack of natural gas supply.{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/hc-stays-ongc-tender-e-auction-of-natural-gas-from-kg-basin-till-june-4/82831152 |title=HC stays ONGC tender, e-auction of natural gas from KG-basin till June 4 |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521235156/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/hc-stays-ongc-tender-e-auction-of-natural-gas-from-kg-basin-till-june-4/82831152 |url-status=live }} The natural gas shortage for power sector alone was nearly 100 million cubic metre per day at standard conditions.{{cite web| url=http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Growing-India-Becomes-Major-LNG-Player.html| title=Growing India Becomes Major LNG Player| access-date=17 June 2015| archive-date=22 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622210144/http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Growing-India-Becomes-Major-LNG-Player.html| url-status=live}} The break-even price for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation was estimated to be approximately US{{convert|6|$/MMBtu|$/MWh|lk=on}} (thermal energy).{{cite web| url=http://igu.org/sites/default/files/node-page-field_file/IGU-World%20LNG%20Report-2015%20Edition.pdf| title=Page 71 of World LNG Report – 2015 Edition| access-date=17 June 2015| archive-date=21 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621164659/http://igu.org/sites/default/files/node-page-field_file/IGU-World%20LNG%20Report-2015%20Edition.pdf| url-status=dead}} The Indian government has taken steps to enhance power generation from gas-based power plants by waiving import duties and taxes.{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/stranded-power-units-may-get-imported-gas-at-subsidised-rates/67360804| title=Stranded power units may get imported gas at subsidised rates| access-date=3 January 2019| archive-date=3 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210300/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/stranded-power-units-may-get-imported-gas-at-subsidised-rates/67360804| url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Imported-LNG-scheme-ineffective-for-gas-based-plants-India-Ratings/articleshow/47603054.cms| title=Imported LNG scheme ineffective for gas-based plants: India Ratings| website=The Times of India| access-date=17 June 2015| archive-date=10 January 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012632/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Imported-LNG-scheme-ineffective-for-gas-based-plants-India-Ratings/articleshow/47603054.cms| url-status=live}}

File:gasification.gif/Coal]]

Gasification of coal or lignite or pet coke or biomass produces synthesis gas or syngas (also known as coal gas or wood gas) which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases.{{cite news|title=Coal gas can help lower import bill by $10 billion in 5 years: Coal Secy|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 March 2017|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/coal-gas-can-help-lower-import-bill-by-10-billion-in-5-years-coal-secy-117030500463_1.html/|access-date=5 March 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305153139/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/coal-gas-can-help-lower-import-bill-by-10-billion-in-5-years-coal-secy-117030500463_1.html|url-status=live}} Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas by using the Fischer–Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground coal gasification if the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or it is uneconomical to mine the coal.{{cite web|title=Chinese firm plans Thar coal mining in Pakistan|url=http://www.steelguru.com/raw_material_news/Chinese_firm_plans_Thar_coal_mining_in_October/273972.html|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827081425/http://www.steelguru.com/raw_material_news/Chinese_firm_plans_Thar_coal_mining_in_October/273972.html|url-status=live}} Synthetic natural gas production technologies promise to dramatically improve India's supply of natural gas.{{cite web|title=Reliance Jamnagar coal gasification project|url=http://gasification2016.missionenergy.org/presentation/ril.pdf|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053312/http://gasification2016.missionenergy.org/presentation/ril.pdf|url-status=live}} The Dankuni coal complex produces syngas that is piped to industrial users in Calcutta.{{cite web|title=GAIL, Coal India in pact to expand Dankuni gas project|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/15/stories/2004021501330200.htm|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115153/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/15/stories/2004021501330200.htm|url-status=live}} Many coal-based fertiliser plants can also be economically retrofitted to produce synthetic natural gas. It is estimated that the production cost for syngas could be below US{{convert|6|$/MMBtu|$/MWh}}.{{cite web |url= http://www.edwardtdodge.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Jackson_Duke_China_SNG_opinion_2013.pdf |title= China's synthetic natural gas revolution |access-date= 5 March 2017 |archive-date= 12 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170312032338/http://www.edwardtdodge.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Jackson_Duke_China_SNG_opinion_2013.pdf |url-status= live }}{{cite web |url= http://www.hceco.com/HCEI105001.pdf |title= Conversion of Coal to Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) |access-date= 6 August 2014 |archive-date= 24 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150724110458/http://www.hceco.com/HCEI105001.pdf |url-status= live }} The abundantly available coal in India is low rank coal which is not suitable for coal gasification without blending with pet coke.{{cite web |url=https://coal.gov.in/sites/default/files/ncgm/ncgm21-09-21.pdf |title= National Coal Gasification Mission, Ministry of Coal|access-date= 28 May 2025}} However, low rank coal/lignite can be converted into SNG by using hydrogen.{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2025 |title=In-situ and Ex-situ Conversion of Coal to Methane using Hydrogen |url=https://www.ijeer.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v4i3/C104404030525.pdf |access-date=2025-05-28 |journal=Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources |issn=2583-1186|volume=4 |issue=3|pages=1–5 |doi=10.54105/ijeer.C1044.04030525 |s2cid=258753397}}

Earlier, natural gas use in power generation was thought to be a bridge fuel as it emits far less CO₂ (below 50%) when compared to coal use in power generation until renewable power generation without CO₂ emissions become economical.{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/step%20off%20the%20gas.pdf |title=Step Off the Gas (page 49) |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609190600/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/step%20off%20the%20gas.pdf |url-status=dead }} Renewable power generation is already cheaper than coal and gas fueled power generation in India. Now the bridge fuel concept is no more valid and existing gas-based generation needs to compete with the coal-based generation when there is no adequate renewable power generation (including storage and peaking type hydropower). The problem of stranded assets/capacity is more deep-rooted for gas-based power plants than that of the coal-based power plants as coal is far cheaper than natural gas in India.

{{main|Nuclear power in India}}

File:Kudankulam NPP.jpg (2 x 1000 MW) under construction in 2009.]]

As of 31 March 2022, India had 6.78 GW of installed nuclear power generation capacity or nearly 1.7% of the total installed utility power generation capacity. Nuclear plants generated 47,063 million kWh at 79.24% PLF in 2021–22.{{cite web|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/generation/18%20col%20ten/2022/MAR//18%20col%20ten-1_2022-MAR.pdf|title=Overview of power generation, March 2022, CEA|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828075249/https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/generation/18%20col%20ten/2022/MAR//18%20col%20ten-1_2022-MAR.pdf|url-status=live}}

India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with General Electric (United States) for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's Department of Atomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan.

In 1987, India created the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to commercialize nuclear power. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India is a public sector enterprise, wholly owned by the Government of India, under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy. The state-owned company has ambitious plans to establish plants totalling to 63 GW generation capacity by 2032.{{cite web |title=NPCIL Annual Report, 2009–2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited |url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/CompanyProfile.aspx |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104184822/http://npcil.nic.in/main/CompanyProfile.aspx |url-status=live }}

India's nuclear power generation effort is subject to many safeguards and oversights. Its environmental management system is ISO-14001 certified, and it undergoes peer review by the World Association of Nuclear Operators, including a pre-start-up peer review. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited commented in its annual report for 2011 that its biggest challenge is to address public and policymaker perceptions about the safety of nuclear power, particularly after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan.{{cite web |title=NPCIL Annual Report, 2010–2011 |year=2011 |publisher=Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited |url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/Corporate_Profile_English_Hindi.pdf |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-date=18 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618235544/http://npcil.nic.in/pdf/Corporate_Profile_English_Hindi.pdf |url-status=live }}

In 2011, India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation, with another four projects launched totaling 2.8 GW capacity. India is in the process of launching its first prototype fast breeder reactor using plutonium-based fuel obtained by reprocessing the spent fuel of first-stage reactors. The prototype reactor is located in Tamil Nadu and has a capacity of 500 MW.

India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity of between 100 MW and 1000 MW each. The Kudankulam nuclear power plant (KNPP) is the single largest nuclear power station in India. KNPP Unit 1 with a capacity of 1000 MWe was commissioned in July 2013, while Unit 2, also with a capacity of 1000 MWe, attained criticality in 2016. Two additional units are under construction.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Kudankulam-units-3-4-cost-more-than-doubles-over-liability-issues/article10928559.ece|title=Kudankulam units 3, 4 cost more than doubles over liability issues|date=3 December 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2019|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420203310/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Kudankulam-units-3-4-cost-more-than-doubles-over-liability-issues/article10928559.ece|url-status=live}} The plant has suffered multiple shutdowns, leading to calls for an expert panel to investigate.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/panel-sought-to-look-into-snags-at-kudankulam-plant/article26937239.ece|title=Panel sought to look into snags at Kudankulam plant|date=25 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232417/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/panel-sought-to-look-into-snags-at-kudankulam-plant/article26937239.ece|url-status=live}} First 700 MWe PHWR unit under phase II of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station achieved first criticality in July 2020 and expected to begin commercial operation by December 2022.{{cite web|url=https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/wnisr2020_lr.pdf|title=World Nuclear Industry Status Report (page 296)|year=2020|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927133711/https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/wnisr2020_lr.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Kakrapar-3-to-begin-commercial-operation-this-year|title=Kakrapar 3 to begin commercial operation this year, minister says|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828075247/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Kakrapar-3-to-begin-commercial-operation-this-year|url-status=live}}

In 2011, uranium was discovered in the Tummalapalle uranium mine, the country's largest uranium mine and possibly one of the world's largest. The reserves were estimated at 64,000 tonnes, and could be as large as 150,000 tonnes.{{cite web |title=India Steps Up Uranium Exploration After Record Discovery |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 July 2011 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576459323026021378 |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218124806/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576459323026021378 |url-status=live }} The mine began operation in 2012.{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/answers/india/state-largest-producer-uranium-india/|title=Which state is the largest producer of uranium in India?|date=20 August 2018|website=Answers|language=en-US|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929225523/https://www.mapsofindia.com/answers/india/state-largest-producer-uranium-india/|url-status=live}}

India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power production capacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer. India aims to supply 9% of its electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032 and 25% by 2050. Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project, India's largest nuclear power plant project, is planned to be implemented in partnership with Électricité de France under an agreement signed on 10 March 2018.{{cite news

| url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Way-forward-agreed-for-Jaitapur-reactors-1203187.html

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| date = 12 March 2018

| title = Way forward agreed for Jaitapur reactors

| access-date = 6 February 2019

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India's government is developing up to 62 additional nuclear reactors, mostly using thorium fuel, which it expects to be operational by 2025. It is the "only country in the world with a detailed, funded, government-approved plan" to focus on thorium-based nuclear power.{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/India/ |title=Nuclear Power in India |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128093725/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/India/ |url-status=dead }}

File:India renewable electricity production.svg

{{Main|Renewable energy in India}}

File:Mean Wind Speed Map India.png

On 12 August 2021, India's grid-connected electricity generation capacity reached 100 GW from non-conventional renewable technologies{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-03.pdf |title=All India Installed power capacity |publisher=Central Electricity Authority |date=April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512013135/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-03.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress|title=Physical Progress (Achievements)|publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412175123/https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress|url-status=live}} and 46.21 GW from conventional renewable power or major hydroelectric power plants. As of 12 August 2021, there are about 50 GW of projects under development, and 27 GW that are tendered and yet to be auctioned. The firm and dispatchable renewable electricity (FDRE) tariff has fallen to 4.98 ₹/kWh (0.06 $/kWh) in August 2024 which is cheaper than the tariff of new pithead coal based power plants in India.

{{Main|Hydroelectric power in India|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh#Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects}}

File:Indira sagar dam 0003.jpg partially completed in 2008]]

File:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG and the 810 MW pumped storage hydroelectric power plant on the Krishna River. ]]

The hydro-electric power plants at Darjeeling and Shivanasamudra were among the first in Asia, and were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively.

India's potential for hydropower has been assessed to be about 125,570 MW at a 60% load factor.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Hydropower_2016.pdf |title=World Energy Resources Hydro Power, 2016 |publisher=World Energy Council |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806115611/https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Hydropower_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }} India is ranked fourth globally by underutilized hydropower potential. The estimated amount of viable hydropower including off-the-stream pumped storage hydroelectric potential varies with improved technology and the cost of electricity generation from other sources. In addition, there is an estimated 6,740 MW of potential for small, mini, and micro-hydro generators and 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified.{{cite web |url=https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |title=Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PSS projects in India |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603022914/https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/feature/water-wars-and-hydro-diplomacy-44157 |title=Prime Minister Modi stated that J&K state could alone provide power to the whole of India |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624060017/https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/feature/water-wars-and-hydro-diplomacy-44157 |url-status=dead }} In 2020, the power tariff from Solar PV clubbed with pumped storage hydro have fallen below the coal-based power plant tariffs in offering base load and peak load power supply.{{cite web | url=https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/Energy%20Storage_Dec23.pdf | title=Energy Storage: Connecting India to Clean Power on Demand | access-date=28 December 2023 | archive-date=29 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229035654/https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/Energy%20Storage_Dec23.pdf | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-storage-tariff-spells-trouble-for-coal/74054463 | title=Solar storage tariff spells trouble for coal | access-date=10 February 2020 | archive-date=13 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213152934/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-storage-tariff-spells-trouble-for-coal/74054463 | url-status=live }}

The installed hydropower capacity as of 31 March 2024 was 46,928 MW, approximately 10.7% of the total installed utility capacity. Small, mini, and micro-hydro generators add another 5,005 MW capacity. The share of this sector operated by public companies is 97%.Hydropower Development in India: A Sector Assessment Companies engaged in the development of hydroelectric power in India include the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL), Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, and NTPC-Hydro.

Pumped storage schemes offer the potential for centralized peak power stations for load management in the electricity grid.{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/opinion/indias-renewables-revolution-needs-what-other-countries-are-fast-adopting-water-battery/317267/ | title=India's renewables revolution needs what other countries are fast adopting: water battery | access-date=11 October 2019 | archive-date=11 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111153020/https://theprint.in/opinion/indias-renewables-revolution-needs-what-other-countries-are-fast-adopting-water-battery/317267/ | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects | title=DOE Global Energy Storage Database | access-date=23 May 2017 | archive-date=15 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115123502/http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects | url-status=dead }} They also produce secondary /seasonal power at no additional cost when rivers are flooding with excess water. Storing electricity by alternative systems such as batteries, compressed air storage systems, etc. is more costly than electricity production by standby generator. India has already established nearly 4,785 MW pumped storage capacity as part of its installed hydro power plants.{{cite web | url=http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyhepr.html | title=Pump Storage Development in India, CEA | access-date=23 June 2017 | archive-date=3 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903182633/http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyhepr.html | url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://npti.in/Download/Hydro/Pumped%20Storage%20Hydro%20Power%20Plant,%20Electrical%20India,%20Nov,%202013.pdf |title=Pumped storage hydropower plant |access-date=27 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707211619/http://npti.in/Download/Hydro/Pumped%20Storage%20Hydro%20Power%20Plant%2C%20Electrical%20India%2C%20Nov%2C%202013.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2014 }}

Hydropower is a low-carbon, renewable electricity source. However, its advantages are not limited to power generation. In fact, many of its other services are becoming increasingly important in the context of the energy transition and climate change. Hydropower plants offer a broad range of services to the grid that includes balancing and ancillary services. Additionally, hydropower can provide water services such as flood control, irrigation control, water distribution, recreational facilities, and wastewater control.{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/changing%20role%20of%20hydropower.pdf | title=The changing role of hydropower: Challenges and opportunities | access-date=3 March 2023 | archive-date=2 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302221922/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/changing%20role%20of%20hydropower.pdf | url-status=live }}

In April 2024, the Grid Controller of India Ltd. noted an 11% drop in March hydropower production from the previous year, leading to a greater dependence on coal to meet energy demands. This highlights hydropower's sensitivity to rainfall and its impact on India's energy mix.

{{Main|Solar power in India}}

File:India GHI Solar-resource-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png

File:Price history of silicon PV cells since 1977.svg

The solar energy sector in India offers potentially enormous capacity, though little of this potential has so far been exploited. Solar radiation of about 5,000 trillion kWh per year is incident over India's land mass, with average daily solar power potential of 0.25 kWh/m² of used land area with available commercially proven technologies.{{cite web |url=http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/ |title=Solar |publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225160014/http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/ |archive-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead }} As of 31 March 2024, the installed capacity was 81.813 GW_AC and nearly 6.7% of utility electricity generation. India is the third largest producer of solar power globally.

Solar power plants require nearly {{convert|2.0|ha|km2}} land per MW capacity, which is similar to coal-fired power plants when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage and ash disposal areas are taken into account, and hydropower plants when the submergence area of the water reservoir is included.{{cite web |url=https://www.waaree.com/blog/5-mw-solar-power-plant-in-india |title=5 MW Solar Power Energy Plant in India: Profit, Cost & Land Requirement |access-date=30 July 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821205007/https://www.waaree.com/blog/5-mw-solar-power-plant-in-india |url-status=live }} Solar plants with 1.33 million MW capacity could be installed in India on 1% of its land, which is about 32,000 km² (3,200,000 hectares). Large tracts of land that are unproductive, barren and devoid of vegetation exist in all parts of India, exceeding 8% of its total area. These are potentially suitable for solar power.{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/wasteland_atlas.asp |title=Wastelands Atlas of India, 2011 |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605175835/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/wasteland_atlas.asp |url-status=dead }} It has been estimated that if 32,000 square km of these wastelands were used for solar power generation, 2000 billion kWh of electricity could be produced, twice the total power generated in 2013–14. At a price of 2.75 ₹/kWh and 1.8 million kWh/MW yearly generation, this would result in a land annual productivity/yield of {{INRConvert|1.0|m}} per acre, which compares favorably with many industrial areas and is many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands.{{cite web |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/this-gujarat-village-is-harvesting-a-sunny-crop/53473954 |title=This Gujarat village is harvesting a sunny crop |access-date=3 August 2016 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809022419/http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/this-gujarat-village-is-harvesting-a-sunny-crop/53473954? |url-status=live }} Building solar power plants on marginally productive lands offers the potential for solar electricity to replace all of India's fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, and crude oil),{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/UEJYwZQT5m3wNvGupBShZJ/How-the-worlds-largest-solar-park-is-shaping-up-in-Karnatak.html |title=How the world's largest solar park is shaping up in Karnataka |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050202/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/UEJYwZQT5m3wNvGupBShZJ/How-the-worlds-largest-solar-park-is-shaping-up-in-Karnatak.html |url-status=live }} and could offer per capita energy consumption at par with USA/Japan for the peak population expected during its demographic transition.{{cite web|url=http://populationpyramid.net/india/|title=Population Pyramid of India|work=PopulationPyramid.net|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812102522/http://populationpyramid.net/india/|url-status=live}}

The sale price of power generated by solar photovoltaics fell to {{INRConvert|2.00}} per kWh in November 2020 which is lower than any other type of power generation in India.{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Why%20Solar%20Power%20Tariffs%20in%20India%20Reached%20an%20Historic%20Low.pdf |title=Why India's Solar Power Tariffs Reached a Historic Low |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310145420/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Why%20Solar%20Power%20Tariffs%20in%20India%20Reached%20an%20Historic%20Low.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |title=How Low Did It Go: 5 Lowest Solar Tariffs Quoted in 2018 |url=https://mercomindia.com/lowest-solar-tariffs-quoted-2018/ |access-date=9 January 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073924/https://mercomindia.com/lowest-solar-tariffs-quoted-2018/ |url-status=live }} In 2023, the levelised tariff in US$ for solar electricity fell to 1.62 cents/kWh, far below the solar PV sale tariff in India.{{cite web|title=ACWA Power And Masdar Submit Bids For Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park Phase 6|url=https://solarquarter.com/2023/06/08/acwa-power-and-masdar-submit-bids-for-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-solar-park-phase-6/|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608201040/https://solarquarter.com/2023/06/08/acwa-power-and-masdar-submit-bids-for-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-solar-park-phase-6/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=India Unable to Compete With Record Low Solar Tariffs in Gulf Region|url=https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/India-Unable-to-Compete-with-Record-Low-Solar-Tariffs_August-2020.pdf|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628044346/https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/India-Unable-to-Compete-with-Record-Low-Solar-Tariffs_August-2020.pdf|url-status=live}} In 2020, the power tariff from Solar PV clubbed with pumped storage hydro or battery storage have fallen below the coal based power plant tariffs in offering base load and peak load power supply.

File:Canal Top Solar Power Plant.jpg

Land acquisition is a challenge for solar farm projects in India. Some state governments are exploring innovative ways to address land availability, for example, by deploying solar capacity above irrigation canals.{{cite web|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2023/07/solar-canals-prove-to-be-good-for-the-environment-but-not-for-business/|title=Solar canals prove to be good for the environment but not for business|publisher=Mongabay|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705140735/https://india.mongabay.com/2023/07/solar-canals-prove-to-be-good-for-the-environment-but-not-for-business/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200803-the-solar-canals-revolutionising-indias-renewable-energy|title=The 'solar canals' making smart use of India's space|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804033601/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200803-the-solar-canals-revolutionising-indias-renewable-energy|url-status=live}} This allows solar energy to be harvested while simultaneously reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar evaporation.{{cite web|url=http://indianpowersector.com/home/2014/07/indias-building-a-huge-floating-solar-farm/|title=India's Building A Huge Floating Solar Farm – INDIAN POWER SECTOR|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012632/http://indianpowersector.com/home/2014/07/indias-building-a-huge-floating-solar-farm/|url-status=dead}} The state of Gujarat was first to implement the Canal Solar Power Project, using solar panels on a {{convert|19000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long network of Narmada canals across the state to generate electricity. It was the first such project in India.

Synergy with other types of power generation

A major disadvantage of solar power is that it produces electricity only in daylight, and not during nighttime or cloudy daytime. This disadvantage can be overcome by adding energy storage capacity such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity.{{cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/statistics.html#2|title=Central Water Commission|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610083346/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/statistics.html#2|url-status=dead}} A proposed gigantic-scale multipurpose project to interlink Indian rivers envisages coastal reservoirs for harnessing river waters that would also create adequte pumped-storage hydropower capacity for energy storage on a daily/weekly basis by consuming the surplus solar power available during the day time.{{cite web|title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf|accessdate=23 May 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611114313/https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Composite water management index (page 187)|url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-08/CWMI-2.0-latest.pdf|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225104821/http://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-08/CWMI-2.0-latest.pdf|url-status=live}} Existing and future hydropower stations can also be expanded with additional pumped-storage hydroelectricity units to cater for nighttime electricity consumption. Most of the groundwater pumping power required can be met directly by solar power during the daytime.{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Lester R. |date=19 November 2013 |title=India's dangerous 'food bubble' |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2013-nov-29-la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218120818/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/29/opinion/la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129 |archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2014 }} [http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update119 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716002335/http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update119 |date=16 July 2014 }}

Concentrated solar power plants with thermal storage are also emerging as cheaper (US 5¢/kWh) and cleaner Load following power plants than fossil fuel power plants.{{cite web|url=https://www.solarpaces.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Blue-Book-of-Chinas-Concentrating-Solar-Power-Industry-2023.pdf|title=Blue Book of China’s Concentrating Solar Power Industry 2023|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308125000/https://www.solarpaces.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Blue-Book-of-Chinas-Concentrating-Solar-Power-Industry-2023.pdf|url-status=live}} They can respond to demand round the clock, and work as base load power plants when there is excess solar energy. A mix of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic plants offers the potential to match load fluctuations without requiring costly battery storage.

{{Main|Wind power in India}}

File:Turbines-thar-india.jpg.]]

File:India fields and wind turbines.jpg

File:Paddies and wind turbines in India.jpg

File:Biomass Pellets from India - White coal..jpg from India]]

In 2021, the onshore wind power potential was assessed as 302 GW at 100 meters and 695.50 GW at 120 meters above ground level.{{cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/wind/current-status/|title=Wind power potential|website=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107040735/https://mnre.gov.in/wind/current-status/|url-status=live}} The estimated potential is found on the higher side as the present installed capacity is operating below 20% CUF on average against the minimum 30% CUF considered while assessing the wind potential.{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/evaluation%20of%20wind%20energy%20in%20india.pdf|title='Evaluation of Wind Energy in India|website=Parliament of India|access-date=27 June 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805001440/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/evaluation%20of%20wind%20energy%20in%20india.pdf|url-status=live}} Out of the 695 GW potential at 120 m agl, 132 GW potential is assessed to have more than 32% CUF.{{cite web|url=https://niwe.res.in/assets/Docu/India's_Wind_Potential_Atlas_at_120m_agl.pdf|title=India’s Wind Potential Atlas at 120m agl|publisher=National Institute Of Wind Energy|access-date=16 May 2024}}

India has the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. As of 31 August 2023, the installed capacity of wind power was 44.081 GW, spread across many states of India.{{cite web|url=http://www.indianwindpower.com/news_views.php#tab1|title=Installed capacity of wind power projects in India|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519125420/http://www.indianwindpower.com/news_views.php#tab1|url-status=live}} In 2022–23, wind power accounted for nearly 10% of India's total installed power capacity, and 4.43% of the country's power output. The wind power tariff of around 2.5 INR/kWh is the cheapest of all power generation sources in India.{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/wind-power-tariff-firms-at-rs-2-5-per-unit-in-seci-auction/63645317 |title=Wind power tariff firms at Rs 2.5 per unit in SECI auction |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406222508/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/wind-power-tariff-firms-at-rs-2-5-per-unit-in-seci-auction/63645317 |url-status=live }} Wind turbine towers and blades can also be made of wood to make them even greener and can surpass the hub height above the local ground level that is economically feasible with steel towers.{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/startup-bets-wood-can-make-wind-turbines-even-greener/104124979#:~:text=Rather%2C%20startup%20Modvion%20AB%20is%20building%20the%20tower,supplying%20clean%20energy%20to%20local%20homes%20and%20factories.| title=Startup bets wood can make wind turbines even greener| publisher=Bloomberg| access-date=25 March 2023| archive-date=7 November 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107072815/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/startup-bets-wood-can-make-wind-turbines-even-greener/104124979#:~:text=Rather%2C%20startup%20Modvion%20AB%20is%20building%20the%20tower,supplying%20clean%20energy%20to%20local%20homes%20and%20factories.| url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=https://modvion.com/| title=We build wind turbine towers In wood| access-date=31 March 2023| archive-date=30 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330121444/https://modvion.com/| url-status=live}}

The offshore wind power potential of India is nearly 112 GW up to 50 meters water depth and nearly 195 GW up to 1000 meters water depth.{{cite web|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32801/Going-Global-Expanding-Offshore-Wind-To-Emerging-Markets.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y|title=Going global: Expanding Offshore Wind to Emerging Markets|date=October 2019|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211043240/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32801/Going-Global-Expanding-Offshore-Wind-To-Emerging-Markets.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}} India has announced tentative schedule for calling request for quotation (RfQ) to establish offshore wind power projects.{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Strategy%20for%20Establishment%20of%20Offshore%20Wind%20Energy%20Projects.pdf |title=Strategy for Establishment of Offshore Wind Energy Projects |access-date=29 September 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004214333/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Strategy%20for%20Establishment%20of%20Offshore%20Wind%20Energy%20Projects.pdf |url-status=live }} The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) has fallen to US$50 per MWh for offshore wind power plants.

Biomass is organic matter from living organisms. As a renewable energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel using a range of methods which are broadly classified into thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.{{cite web|title=Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf|access-date=3 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012005/https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf|url-status=live}} Biomass, bagasse, forestry, domestic organic wastes, industrial organic wastes, organic residue from biogas plants, and agricultural residue and waste can all be used as fuel to produce electricity.{{cite web|title=NTPC's Dadri plant generates power from agricultural waste|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpcs-dadri-plant-generates-power-from-agricultural-waste/67608613|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194553/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpcs-dadri-plant-generates-power-from-agricultural-waste/67608613|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Biomass for power generation and CHP|publisher=International Energy Agency|year=2007|url=http://www.iea.org/techno/essentials3.pdf|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103173849/http://iea.org/techno/essentials3.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2011|url-status=dead}} Nearly 750 million tons of biomass that is not edible by cattle is available annually in India.{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831190140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|title=Maharashtra, Punjab top producers of green energy from farm waste |access-date=31 August 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://biomasspower.gov.in/biomass-info-asa-fuel-resources.php|title=Biomass potential in India|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050528/https://biomasspower.gov.in/biomass-info-asa-fuel-resources.php|url-status=dead}}

The total use of biomass to produce heat in India was nearly 177 Mtoe in 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=IND&src=home-b6|title=India was the third-largest energy consumer in 2013|access-date=29 July 2016|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118101355/http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=IND&src=home-b6|url-status=live}} 20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purposes. This traditional use of biomass is being replaced by liquefied petroleum gas in rural areas, resulting in increased burning of biomass in fields, This has become a major source of air pollution in nearby towns and cities.{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaspend.com/special-reports/delhis-air-quality-could-improve-90-if-stubble-burn-in-fields-is-stopped-77532|title=Delhi's Air Quality Could Improve 90% If Stubble-Burn In Fields Is Stopped|date=17 October 2017|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020072844/http://www.indiaspend.com/special-reports/delhis-air-quality-could-improve-90-if-stubble-burn-in-fields-is-stopped-77532|url-status=dead}}

;Torrefied biomass

Large quantities of imported coal are being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass cannot be used directly in the pulverised coal mills as it is difficult to grind into fine powder due to caking. However, torrefaction makes it possible for biomass to replace coal.{{cite web|url=http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/10/20/torrefied-biomass-available-efficient-co2-neutral-and-economic-likely-the-best-solid-biomass-on-the-market/|title=Torrefied Biomass: Available, Efficient, CO₂ Neutral and Economic – likely the best solid biomass on the market|date=20 October 2016|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407054806/http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/10/20/torrefied-biomass-available-efficient-co2-neutral-and-economic-likely-the-best-solid-biomass-on-the-market/|url-status=live}} The hot flue gas of existing coal-fired power stations can be used as a heat source for torrefaction, so that biomass can be cofired with coal.{{cite web|url=http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|title=Cofiring of biomass in coal-fired power plants – European experience|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153412/http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/cea-has-written-to-all-states-to-use-5-10-of-118020801216_1.html| title=CEA has written to all States to use 5–10% of biomass pellets with coal for power generation in thermal power plants| newspaper=Business Standard India| date=8 February 2018| access-date=22 February 2018| archive-date=6 April 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406222951/https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/cea-has-written-to-all-states-to-use-5-10-of-118020801216_1.html| url-status=live}} Surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is beginning to be used for this purpose.{{cite web |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/india-sweden-discuss-tech-solutions-to-reduce-industrial-emissions/articleshow/72353272.cms |title=India, Sweden discuss tech solutions to reduce industrial emissions |access-date=3 December 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204134137/https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/india-sweden-discuss-tech-solutions-to-reduce-industrial-emissions/articleshow/72353272.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpc-invites-bids-for-procurement-of-agro-residue-for-its-dadri-power-plant/62832238 |title=NTPC invites bids for procurement of agro Residue for its Dadri power plant |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208084307/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpc-invites-bids-for-procurement-of-agro-residue-for-its-dadri-power-plant/62832238 |url-status=live }} Instead of shutting down/ retirement of coal-fired power plants due to concerns over pollution, it has been argued that these units can be retrofitted economically to produce electricity from biomass.{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cea-releases-policy-to-promote-power-generation-from-paddy-straw-2562162|title=CEA releases policy to promote power generation from paddy straw|date=24 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-date=28 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128185334/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cea-releases-policy-to-promote-power-generation-from-paddy-straw-2562162|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/pollution-delhi-gets-whiff-of-hope-as-ntpc-steps-in-to-buy-crop-residue-from-farmers/story-nmfwHl5bDCgdi5ImQPtNQM.html|title=Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers|date=21 September 2017|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528033818/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/pollution-delhi-gets-whiff-of-hope-as-ntpc-steps-in-to-buy-crop-residue-from-farmers/story-nmfwHl5bDCgdi5ImQPtNQM.html|url-status=live}} Biomass contains substantial oxygen and lesser ash to make retrofitting of old units less capital intensive. Biomass power plants can also sell Renewable Energy Certificates, increasing their profitability.{{cite web|url=https://biomasspower.gov.in/biomass-domestic-REC-market.php|title=Domestic REC Market|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328082434/http://biomasspower.gov.in/biomass-domestic-REC-market.php|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/renewable-purchase-obligations-enforcement-is-not-our-remit-power-regulator/article4428240.ece|title=Renewable purchase obligations enforcement is not our remit: Power regulator|date=18 February 2013 |access-date=6 April 2017}} Cofiring of biomass up to 10% with coal in existing pulverised coal-fired power stations is successfully implemented in India.{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-adopts-sustainable-measures-to-curb-pollution/articleshow/73086545.cms| title=NTPC adopts sustainable measures to curb pollution| newspaper=The Economic Times| access-date=6 January 2020| last1=Sengupta| first1=Debjoy| archive-date=25 May 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525182552/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-adopts-sustainable-measures-to-curb-pollution/articleshow/73086545.cms| url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.biomasscofiring.ca/images/stories/PDFs/WoodPelletCo-firingOverviewFutureMetrics.pdf|title=Overview of Wood Pellet Co-firing|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062520/http://www.biomasscofiring.ca/images/stories/PDFs/WoodPelletCo-firingOverviewFutureMetrics.pdf|url-status=dead}} Central Government has made cofiring (minimum 5%) of biomass mandatary from October 2022 in all coal fired plants.{{cite web |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/can-biomass-co-firing-offer-a-viable-solution-to-coal-shortage-and-stubble-burning--79792 |title=Can biomass co-firing offer a viable solution to coal shortage and stubble burning? |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308205007/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/can-biomass-co-firing-offer-a-viable-solution-to-coal-shortage-and-stubble-burning--79792 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised_Biomass_Policy_dtd_08102021.pdf |title=Revised Biomass Policy dtd 8 October 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211006/https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised_Biomass_Policy_dtd_08102021.pdf |url-status=dead }}

;Biogas

In 2011, India started a new initiative to demonstrate the utility of medium-size mixed feed biogas-fertilizer pilot plants. The government approved 21 projects with an aggregate capacity of 37,016 cubic meters per day, of which 2 projects were successfully commissioned by December 2011. India commissioned a further 158 projects under its Biogas-based Distributed/Grid Power Generation program, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW. In 2018, India has set a target of producing 15 million tons of biogas/bio-CNG by installing 5,000 large-scale commercial-type biogas plants which can produce daily 12.5 tons of bio-CNG by each plant.{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/compressed-biogas-to-beat-petrol-and-diesel-with-30-higher-mileage/66675432 |title=Compressed biogas to beat petrol and diesel with 30% higher mileage |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122934/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/compressed-biogas-to-beat-petrol-and-diesel-with-30-higher-mileage/66675432 |url-status=live }} As of May 2022, nearly 35 such plants are in operation.{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Review%20of%20Implementation%20of%20CBG.pdf |title=Review of Implementation of CBG (SATAT) |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109120159/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Review%20of%20Implementation%20of%20CBG.pdf |url-status=live }} Rejected organic solids from biogas plants can be used in coal plants after torrefaction.

Biogas is primarily methane, and can also be used to generate protein-rich feed for cattle, poultry and fish by growing Methylococcus capsulatus, a bacterium that grows directly on methane. This can be done economically in villages with low requirements for land and water.{{cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/|title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us|last=Le Page|first=Michael|date=10 November 2016|website=New Scientist|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212070800/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230182858/https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |url-status=live }} The carbon dioxide gas produced as a by-product from these units can be used in cheaper production of algae oil or spirulina from algae cultivation, which may eventually substitute for crude oil.{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |title=Algenol and Reliance launch algae fuels demonstration project in India |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701001900/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ExxonMobil-Announces-Breakthrough-In-Renewable-Energy.html |title=ExxonMobil Announces Breakthrough In Renewable Energy |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620095750/http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ExxonMobil-Announces-Breakthrough-In-Renewable-Energy.html |url-status=live }} Using biogas for protein-rich feed production is also eligible for carbon credits as this sequesters carbon from the atmosphere.{{cite web |url=https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |title=Assessment of environmental impact of FeedKind protein |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163726/https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |url-status=dead }} There is significant potential to extract useful biomass from breweries, textile mills, fertilizer plants, the paper, and pulp industry, solvent extraction units, rice mills, petrochemical plants and other industries.{{cite web|title=India, Biofuels Annual 2011|date=July 2011|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture: Global Agricultural Information Network|url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_7-1-2011.pdf|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215022227/https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_7-1-2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}

The government is exploring several ways to use agro waste or biomass in rural areas to improve the rural economy.{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indrapratha-gas-mahindra-mahindra-join-hands-to-stop-stubble-burning/62986917|title=Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529094543/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indrapratha-gas-mahindra-mahindra-join-hands-to-stop-stubble-burning/62986917|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-govt-plans-gobar-dhan-scheme-to-convert-cattle-dung-into-energy/63028408|title=Modi govt plans Gobar-Dhan scheme to convert cattle dung into energy|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405133927/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-govt-plans-gobar-dhan-scheme-to-convert-cattle-dung-into-energy/63028408|url-status=live}} For example, biomass gasifier technologies are being explored to produce power from surplus biomass resources such as rice husk, crop stalks, small wood chips and other agro-residues in rural areas. The largest biomass-based power plant in India at Sirohi, Rajasthan has a capacity of 20 MW. During 2011, India installed 25 rice husk based gasifier systems for distributed power generation in 70 remote villages of Bihar, including a total of 1.20 MW in Gujarat and 0.5 MW in Tamil Nadu. In addition, gasifier systems were installed at 60 rice mills in India.{{cite web|title=Year End Review – 2011|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=December 2011|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=28|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012632/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=28|url-status=live}} The green hydrogen roadmap is constantly evolving in India by consolidating various capabilities at institutional and research centers.{{cite web|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/greenko-acme-reliance-winners-secis-green-hydrogen-auction|title=Greenko, Acme, Reliance among winners of SECI's green hydrogen manufacturing auction|date=2 January 2024|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106112151/https://www.mercomindia.com/greenko-acme-reliance-winners-secis-green-hydrogen-auction|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/green%20hydrogen%20ecosystems%20in%20india.pdf|title=R&D roadmap for hydrogen ecosystem in India|publisher=Ministry of New and renewable energy, India|date=July 2023|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162242/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/green%20hydrogen%20ecosystems%20in%20india.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{Overly detailed|section|nosplit=nosplit|details=not all springs are hot enough to generate electricity|date=August 2023}}

India's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental, and commercial use is insignificant. According to some estimates, India has 10,600 MW of geothermal energy available.[https://web.archive.org/web/20131123021902/http://greencleanguide.com/2013/07/20/geothermal-energy-and-its-potential-in-india Geothermal Energy and its Potential in India | For the Changing Planet]. Greencleanguide.com (20 July 2013). Retrieved on 6 December 2013. The resource map for India has been grouped into six geothermal provinces:{{cite web|title=Geothermal fields of India|year=2001|publisher=Geological Survey of India|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,699645&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727031227/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,699645&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|url-status=dead}}

• Himalayan Province – Tertiary orogenic belt with tertiary magmatism
• Faulted blocks province – the Aravalli range, Naga-Lushi, the west coast regions, and the Narmada-Son lineament.
• Volcanic arc province – the Andaman and Nicobar arc.
• Deep sedimentary basins of Tertiary age such as the Cambay basin.
• Radioactive province – Surajkund, Hazaribagh and Jharkhand.
• Dharwar Cratonic province – Peninsular India

India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country. Of these, 62 are distributed along the northwest Himalaya, in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. They are found concentrated in a 30-50-km wide thermal band mostly along the river valleys. The Naga-Lusai and West Coast Provinces also manifest a series of thermal springs. The Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in India where volcanic activity continues, potentially a good site for geothermal energy. The Cambay geothermal belt is 200 km long and 50 km wide, with Tertiary sediments. Thermal springs have been reported from the belt although they are not of very high temperature or flow levels. High subsurface temperature and thermal fluid have been reported in deep drill wells in depth ranges of 1.7 to 1.9  km during drilling in this area. Steam blowout has also been reported in drill holes in a depth range of 1.5 to 3.4  km. The thermal springs in India's peninsular region are more related to the faults, which allow water to circulate to considerable depths. The circulating water acquires heat from the normal thermal gradient in the area, and can emerge at a high temperature.

In a December 2011 report, India identified six promising geothermal sites for the development of geothermal energy. In decreasing order of potential, these are:

• Tattapani (Chhattisgarh)
• Puga (Jammu & Kashmir)
• Cambay Graben (Gujarat)
• Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh)
• Surajkund (Haryana)
• Chhumathang (Jammu & Kashmir)

Puga and Chumathang area in Ladakh are deemed as the most promising geothermal fields in India. These areas were discovered in the 1970s and initial exploratory efforts were made in the 1980s by Geological Survey of India (GSI). On 6 February 2021, the ONGC Energy Center (OEC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Ladakh and the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh in the presence of current Lieutenant governor Radha Krishna Mathur.{{cite web|last1=Rishav|first1=Shubham|title=Ladakh to get India's first Geothermal Project|url=https://renewableenergy2050.com/news/ladakh-to-get-indias-first-geothermal-project/|website=Renewable Energy 2050|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724053748/https://renewableenergy2050.com/news/ladakh-to-get-indias-first-geothermal-project/|url-status=dead}}

In 2011, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India and the Renewable Energy Development Agency of West Bengal jointly approved and agreed to implement India's first 3.75 MW Durgaduani mini tidal power project.{{cite web|title=Development of 3.75 MW Durgaduani Mini Tidal Power Project, Sunderbans, West Bengal|date=December 2011|publisher=NHPC Limited – A Government of India Enterprise|url=http://www.nhpc.gov.in/english/Scripts/RDgeothermal.aspx|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407095242/http://www.nhpc.gov.in/english/Scripts/RDgeothermal.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2012|url-status=dead}}

Another tidal wave technology harvests energy from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the sea surface. A report from the Ocean Engineering Centre, at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras estimated the annual wave energy potential along the Indian coast is 5 to 15 MW/metre, suggesting a theoretical maximum potential for electricity harvesting along India's 7500-kilometer coastline of about 40 GW. However, the realistic economical potential is likely to be considerably less than this.{{cite web|title=Tidal Energy in India|year=2008|publisher=Energy Alternatives India|url=http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/oce/oce.html|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101080534/http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/oce/oce.html|url-status=live}}

The third approach to harvesting tidal energy is ocean thermal energy technology. This approach harvests the solar energy trapped in ocean waters. Oceans have a thermal gradient, the surface being much warmer than the deeper levels of the ocean. This thermal gradient may be harvested using the modified Rankine cycle. India's National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) has attempted this approach without success. In 2003, NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MW demonstration plant with Saga University of Japan,{{cite web|title=Survey of Energy Resources|year=2007|publisher=World Energy Council|pages=575–576|url=http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/otec_country_notes.pdf|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125063241/http://worldenergy.org/documents/otec_country_notes.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead}} but mechanical problems prevented success.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

File:Choudwar Cuttack.jpg

File:220kV tower near Ennore.JPG

{{main|National Grid (India)}}

{{See also| Availability based tariff}}

As of 2013, India has a single wide area synchronous grid that covers the entire country except distant islands.{{cite web|title=National Electricity Plan – Transmission (page 239)|publisher=Central Electricity Authority|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/ps/pspa2/nep_transmission.pdf|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173921/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/ps/pspa2/nep_transmission.pdf|url-status=dead}} As of 31 March 2024, the length of high voltage transmission lines (66 KV & above) is 817,972 circuit kilometers and the length of transmission & distribution lines (below 66 KV) is 14,077,053 circuit kilometers.

File:Views of the Mideast at Night.ogv

The total length of high voltage (HV) transmission lines (220kV and above) would be enough to form a square matrix of area 266 km² (i.e. a square grid 16.3 km on a side, so that on average there is at least one HV line within a distance of 8.15 km) over the entire area of the country. This represents a total of almost 20% more HV transmission lines than that of the United States ({{convert|322000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of 230 kV and above). However the Indian grid transmits far less electricity.{{cite web |url=http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-transmission/ |publisher=Institute for Energy Research |title=Electricity Transmission, USA |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611001622/http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-transmission/ |url-status=live }} The installed length of transmission lines of 66 kV and above is {{convert|649833|km|mi|abbr=on}} (on average, there is at least one ≥66 kV transmission line within 4.95 km across the country). The length of secondary transmission lines (400 V and above) is {{convert|10381226|km|mi|abbr=on}} as of 31 March 2018. The spread of total transmission lines (≥400 V) would be sufficient to form a square matrix of area 0.36 km² (i.e. on average, at least one transmission line within 0.31 km distance) over the entire area of the country. In a future grid dominated by decentralized power generation like solar and wind power, unscientific expansion of the electrical grid would yield negative results due to Braess's paradox.{{cite journal |title=Understanding electrical traffic jams in the power grid|year=2022 |doi=10.1038/s44172-022-00028-1 |last1=l. Vinay |first1=Miranda |journal=Communications Engineering |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=31 |bibcode=2022CmEng...1...31V |s2cid=253259828 |doi-access=free |pmc=10956019 }}

The all-time maximum peak load met was 182,610 MW on 30 May 2019.{{cite web |url=https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_may_2019/?wpdmdl=23659 |title=May 2019 Monthly report (page 17), National load dispatch center, Ministry of Power, Government of India |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805051907/https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_may_2019/?wpdmdl=23659 |url-status=live }} The maximum achieved demand factor of substations is nearly 60% at the 220 kV level. However, the operational performance of the system is not satisfactory in meeting peak electricity loads.{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/enough-transmission-capacity-till-2022-cea/articleshow/56302012.cms |title=Enough transmission capacity till 2022, CEA |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=3 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |last1=Singh |first1=Sarita |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103072157/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/enough-transmission-capacity-till-2022-cea/articleshow/56302012.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/powermaps.html|title=Power Transmission Maps of India, CEA, Government of India|access-date=7 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017100527/http://www.cea.nic.in/powermaps.html|url-status=dead}} This has led to the initiation of detailed forensic engineering studies, with a plan to make capital investments in a smart grid that maximizes the utility of the existing transmission infrastructure.{{cite web |title=Govt accepts expert panel report on smart electricity transmission system in India |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/govt-accepts-expert-panel-report-on-smart-electricity-transmission-system-in-india/98476487 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311014227/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/govt-accepts-expert-panel-report-on-smart-electricity-transmission-system-in-india/98476487 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/no-central-help-to-debt-ridden-state-run-power-discoms-piyush-goyal/articleshow/47579813.cms|title= Modification to existing transmission lines to double the capacity|access-date= 9 June 2015|archive-date= 10 June 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150610054746/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/no-central-help-to-debt-ridden-state-run-power-discoms-piyush-goyal/articleshow/47579813.cms|url-status= live}}

The introduction of an availability based tariff (ABT) originally helped to stabilize the Indian transmission grids.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} However, as the grid transitions to power surplus the ABT has become less useful. The July 2012 blackout, affecting the north of the country, was the largest power grid failure in history as measured by the number of people affected.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

India's aggregate transmission and commercial (ATC) losses were nearly 21.35% in 2017–18.{{cite web |url=https://www.uday.gov.in/home.php |title=Financial indicators, UDAY dash board |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183454/https://www.uday.gov.in/home.php |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/Afghan_Capacity_Building_Program_Aug_09/Engnieer's_Training_of_Trainers/Presentations/English/Week_1-23rd_to_27th_Nov/Naveen_Kapoor_-_26th_Nov_1.pdf |title=AT& C Losses in Power Distribution |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528233852/http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/Afghan_Capacity_Building_Program_Aug_09/Engnieer's_Training_of_Trainers/Presentations/English/Week_1-23rd_to_27th_Nov/Naveen_Kapoor_-_26th_Nov_1.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=dead }} This compares unfavorably to the total ATC loss in the electricity sector of the United States, which was only 6.6% out of 4,404 billion kWh electricity supplied during the year 2018.{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/flow/electricity.pdf |title=U.S. electricity flow, 2018 |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180223/https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/flow/electricity.pdf |url-status=live }} The Indian government set a target of reducing losses to 17.1% by 2017 and to 14.1% by 2022. A high proportion of non-technical losses are caused by illegal tapping of lines, faulty electric meters and fictitious power generation that underestimates actual consumption and also contributes to reduced payment collection. A case study in Kerala estimated that replacing faulty meters could reduce distribution losses from 34% to 29%.

{{anchor | Foreign }}

India's National Grid is synchronously interconnected to Bhutan, and asynchronously linked with Bangladesh, Myanmar and Nepal.{{cite web|title=Grid Security – Need For Tightening of Frequency Band & Other Measures|url=http://www.cercind.gov.in/2011/Whats-New/AGENDA_NOTE_FOR_15TH_CAC_MEETINGHI.pdf|website=Central Electricity Regulatory Commission|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921103332/http://www.cercind.gov.in/2011/Whats-New/AGENDA_NOTE_FOR_15TH_CAC_MEETINGHI.pdf|url-status=live}} An undersea interconnector to Sri Lanka (India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection) have been proposed.{{cite web|last1=Bhaskar|first1=Utpal|title=India is now one nation, one grid|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/jIOljqqvinQqqngk7BYLZP/Southern-transmission-line-connected-to-National-Grid.html|website=Livemint|access-date=2 December 2016|date=1 January 2014|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234639/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/jIOljqqvinQqqngk7BYLZP/Southern-transmission-line-connected-to-National-Grid.html|url-status=live}} Singapore and UAE are interested to import electricity from India by establishing undersea cable link to reduce carbon emissions as imported electricity would not contribute to carbon emissions upon its use whether it is generated from renewable resources or not in the exporting country.{{cite news |title=Talks on to set up grid interconnection with Singapore and UAE: Minister R K Singh |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=16 August 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/talks-on-to-set-up-grid-interconnection-with-singapore-and-uae-minister-r-k-singh/articleshow/102777993.cms |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819030516/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/talks-on-to-set-up-grid-interconnection-with-singapore-and-uae-minister-r-k-singh/articleshow/102777993.cms |url-status=live }}

India has been exporting electricity to Bangladesh, Myanmar and Nepal and importing excess electricity from Bhutan.{{cite web | title=Page 37, Monthly operation report, July 2022 | url=https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_jul_2022/?wpdmdl=46989 | publisher=POSOCO, Govt. of India | date=July 2022 | access-date=1 September 2022 | archive-date=1 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901072201/https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_jul_2022/?wpdmdl=46989 | url-status=live }}{{cite web| title=India To Export Another 500 MW Power To Bangladesh In Next 12 Months: NLDC| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/india-to-export-another-500-mw-power-to-bangladesh-in-next-12-months-nldc-115071400538_1.html| access-date=15 July 2015| archive-date=22 July 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722014252/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/india-to-export-another-500-mw-power-to-bangladesh-in-next-12-months-nldc-115071400538_1.html| url-status=live}} Since 2016–17, India has been a net exporter of electricity with 9,232 Gwh exports and 7,597 Gwh imports, mainly from Bhutan, in 2021–22.{{Cite web |url=https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/id/419902/14083_FULLTEXT.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234856/https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/id/419902/14083_FULLTEXT.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://southasiajournal.net/prospect-of-a-saarc-power-grid/ |title=Prospect of a SAARC Power Grid – South Asia Journal |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918202944/http://southasiajournal.net/prospect-of-a-saarc-power-grid/ |url-status=dead }} In 2018, Bangladesh proposed importing 10,000 MW power from India.{{cite web |url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bangladesh-looks-to-increase-power-import-from-india/65441365 |title= Bangladesh looks to increase power import from India |access-date= 17 August 2018 |archive-date= 17 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180817195255/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bangladesh-looks-to-increase-power-import-from-india/65441365 |url-status= dead }}

Net exports (-) and Net imports (+). The above exports to Bangladesh are excluding the exports from the 1600 MW Godda Thermal Power Station which is located in India but not connected to Indian electric grid.

To encourage the carbon neutral solar power generation, plans are made to transform the Indian national grid into a transnational grid expanding up to Vietnam towards east and Saudi Arabia towards west spanning nearly 7,000 km wide.{{Cite web|title=Explainer: All about the One Sun One World One Grid initiative|date=14 November 2021|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-all-about-the-one-sun-one-world-one-grid-initiative/article37486937.ece|access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224034031/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-all-about-the-one-sun-one-world-one-grid-initiative/article37486937.ece|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia, India to lay 1,600 km long underwater cable|url=https://www.oilandgasmiddleeast.com/partnership-0/saudi-arabia-india-to-lay-1600-km-long-underwater-cable|access-date=23 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322224304/https://www.oilandgasmiddleeast.com/partnership-0/saudi-arabia-india-to-lay-1600-km-long-underwater-cable|url-status=live}} Being at the central location of the widened grid, India will be able to import the excess solar power available outside its territory at cheaper prices to meet the morning and evening peak load power demands without much costly energy storage.{{cite web|title=US backs India-UK led solar Green Grids Initiative launched by PM at COP26|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/us-backs-india-uk-led-solar-green-grids-initiative-launched-by-pm-at-cop26-121110700470_1.html|access-date=24 December 2022|date=May 2020|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217112215/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/us-backs-india-uk-led-solar-green-grids-initiative-launched-by-pm-at-cop26-121110700470_1.html|url-status=live}}

The Ministry of Power is India's top union government body regulating the electrical energy sector in India. The ministry was created on 2 July 1992. It is responsible for planning, policy formulation, processing of projects for investment decisions, monitoring project implementation, training and manpower development, and the administration and enactment of legislation in regard to power generation, transmission and distribution.{{cite web|title=India loses $86 billion annually to power sector distortions: World Bank|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-loses-4-1-of-gdp-annually-to-power-sector-distortions-world-bank/67127352|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202244/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-loses-4-1-of-gdp-annually-to-power-sector-distortions-world-bank/67127352|url-status=live}} It is also responsible for the administration of India's Electricity Act (2003), the Energy Conservation Act (2001) and has the responsibility of undertaking amendments to these Acts when necessary to meet the union government's policy objectives.

Electricity is a concurrent list subject at Entry 38 in List III of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. In India's federal governance structure, this means that both the union government and India's state governments are involved in establishing policies and laws for the electricity sector. This requires the union government and individual state governments to enter into memoranda of understanding to help expedite projects in the individual states.{{cite web|title=Indian coal-based power plants fifth most profitable globally|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/indias-coal-based-power-plants-fifth-most-profitable-globally/66882947|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202313/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/indias-coal-based-power-plants-fifth-most-profitable-globally/66882947|url-status=live}} To disseminate information to the public on power purchases by the distribution companies (discoms), the government of India recently started posting data on its website on a daily basis.{{cite web|title=Merit Order Despatch of Electricity|access-date=17 July 2017|url=http://meritindia.in/|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010502/http://meritindia.in/|url-status=dead}}

Bulk power purchasers can buy electricity on a daily basis for short, medium, and long-term durations from a reverse e-auction facility.{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-asks-states-to-purchase-short-term-power-through-reverse-e-auction/articleshow/51684372.cms|title= Government asks states to purchase short term power through reverse e-auction|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 4 April 2016|access-date= 5 April 2016|last1= Singh|first1= Sarita|archive-date= 9 April 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160409082036/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-asks-states-to-purchase-short-term-power-through-reverse-e-auction/articleshow/51684372.cms|url-status= live}} The electricity prices transacted by the reverse e-auction facility are far less than the prices agreed under bilateral agreements.{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/reverse-e-auction-lowering-power-prices-ind-ra/articleshow/52433857.cms|title= Reverse e-auction lowering power prices. Ind-Ra|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 25 May 2016|access-date= 26 May 2016|last1= Sengupta|first1= Debjoy|archive-date= 29 May 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160529182756/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/reverse-e-auction-lowering-power-prices-ind-ra/articleshow/52433857.cms|url-status= live}} The commodity derivative exchange Multi Commodity Exchange has sought permission to offer electricity futures markets in India.{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/mcx-move-to-launch-electricity-future-faces-legal-hurdle/401592/|title=MCX move to launch electricity future faces legal hurdle|date=24 December 2008|website=Financial Express|publisher=The Financial Express|access-date=24 January 2009|archive-date=13 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213164403/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/mcx-move-to-launch-electricity-future-faces-legal-hurdle/401592/|url-status=live}} The union government of India is also planning reverse procurement process in which generators and discoms with surplus power can seek e-bids for power supply for up to a one-year period, to put an end to bilateral contracts and determine the market-based price for electricity.{{cite web |url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/generating-companies-may-get-to-invite-bids-from-discoms-to-sell-power/68531619 |title= Generating companies may get to invite bids from discoms to sell power |access-date= 23 March 2019 |archive-date= 23 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190323091916/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/generating-companies-may-get-to-invite-bids-from-discoms-to-sell-power/68531619 |url-status= live }}

Energy saving certificates (PAT), various renewable purchase obligations (RPO), and renewable energy certificates (REC) are also traded on the power exchanges regularly.{{cite web|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/renewable-energy-the-undoing-of-recs-and-escerts/2563406/|title= Renewable energy: The undoing of RECs and ESCerts|date= 17 June 2022|access-date= 2 October 2022|archive-date= 2 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221002181217/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/renewable-energy-the-undoing-of-recs-and-escerts/2563406/|url-status= live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/carnon%20pricing.pdf|title=To price or not to price? making a case for a carbon pricing mechanism for India|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002181218/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/carnon%20pricing.pdf|url-status=live}}

India's Ministry of Power administers central government-owned companies involved in the generation of electricity in India. These include the National Thermal Power Corporation, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, the SJVN, the Damodar Valley Corporation, the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India. The Power Grid Corporation of India is also administered by the Ministry; it is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development of the national grid.

The Ministry works with state governments on matters related to state government-owned corporations in India's electricity sector. Examples of state corporations include the Telangana Power Generation Corporation, the Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited, the Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited, the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, the Maharashtra State Electricity Board, the Kerala State Electricity Board, the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company and Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited.

File:Borrowings by state owned discoms.png

India's Ministry of Power administers the Rural Electrification Corporation Limited and the Power Finance Corporation Limited. These central-government-owned public sector enterprises provide loans and guarantees for public and private electricity sector infrastructure projects in India. Excessive plant construction loans at 75% of overestimated costs on overrated plant capacities have led to stranded assets of US$40 to 60 billion.{{cite web |title=Seriously Stressed and Stranded |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Seriously%20Stressed%20and%20Stranded.pdf |access-date=23 December 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718052122/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Seriously%20Stressed%20and%20Stranded.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Financial distress in India's thermal power sector from $40–60 bn stranded assets |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/financial-distress-in-indias-thermal-power-sector-from-40-60-bn-stranded-assets/65450032 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818182150/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/financial-distress-in-indias-thermal-power-sector-from-40-60-bn-stranded-assets/65450032 |url-status=dead }} The central and state-owned power generators escaped this crisis as they had entered PPAs with state-owned monopolistic discoms on a cost-plus basis at higher than prevailing market power tariffs, without undergoing competitive bidding process. Many direct and indirect subsidies are given to various sectors.{{cite web |title=Subsidies for Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy, 2018 Update |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://img.etb2bimg.com/files/retail_files/reports/data_file-indi-1545636483.pdf |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718051348/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://img.etb2bimg.com/files/retail_files/reports/data_file-indi-1545636483.pdf |url-status=live }}

After the enactment of Electricity Act 2003 budgetary support to the power sector is negligible.{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/no-proposal-to-bring-down-power-price/article6205519.ece|title='No proposal to bring down power price'|author=Ignatius Pereira|work=The Hindu|date=12 July 2014|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012632/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/no-proposal-to-bring-down-power-price/article6205519.ece|url-status=live}} Many State Electricity Boards were separated into their component parts after the act came into force, creating separate entities for generating, transmitting and distributing power.{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/achilles-heel-of-the-power-sector/article7766479.ece|title=Achilles heel of the power sector|last=Mehta|first=Pradeep S.|website=@businessline|date=15 October 2015|language=en|access-date=30 September 2019|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930024347/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/achilles-heel-of-the-power-sector/article7766479.ece|url-status=live}}

File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s High Voltage Lab.jpg]]

The rapid growth of the electricity sector in India has generated high demand for trained personnel. India is making efforts to expand energy education and to enable existing educational institutions to introduce courses related to energy capacity addition, production, operations and maintenance. This initiative includes conventional and renewable energy.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced that State Renewable Energy Agencies are being supported to organize short-term training programs for installation, operation and maintenance, and repair of renewable energy systems in locations where intensive renewable energy programs are being implemented. Renewable Energy Chairs have been established at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. The Central Training Institute Jabalpur is a training institute for power distribution engineering and management.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The NTPC School of Business Noida has initiated an energy-centered two-year post-graduate diploma in the management program and a one-year post-graduate diploma in management (executive) program, to cater to the growing need for management professionals in this area.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Education and availability of skilled workers are expected to be a key challenge in India's effort to expand its electricity sector.

India's electricity sector faces many issues, including:

1. Inadequate last mile connectivity. The country already has adequate generation and transmission capacity to meet the full consumer demand, both temporally and spatially. However, due to the lack of last-mile link-up between all electricity consumers and a reliable power supply (to exceed 99%), many consumers depend on diesel generators. Nearly 80 billion kWh of electricity is generated annually in India by diesel generator sets that consume nearly 15 million tons of diesel oil. Over 10 million households use battery storage UPS as back-ups in case of load shedding.{{cite web|url=http://www.solarquarter.com/index.php/technology/504-global-solar-storage-market-a-review-of-2015|title=Global Solar Storage Market: A Review Of 2015|date=6 April 2016|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416153918/http://solarquarter.com/index.php/technology/504-global-solar-storage-market-a-review-of-2015|url-status=dead}} India imports nearly US$2 billion worth of battery storage UPS every year.{{cite web|url=https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-battery-report.html|title=Analysis of Imports of battery|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063352/https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-battery-report.html|url-status=live}} As overhead lines cause distribution problems during rain and wind storms, there is a plan to lay buried cables from low voltage substations to supply cheaper emergency power in cities and towns and thus reduce diesel oil consumption by diesel generator sets and the installation of UPS systems.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}
2. Demand build up measures. Electricity-intensive industries consume the cheaper electricity (average price Rs 2.5 per kWhr) available from the grid instead of running their own coal/gas/oil fired captive power plants.{{cite web|url=http://www.iexindia.com/marketdata/areaprice.aspx|title=Day ahead market (DAM) area prices|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621030334/https://www.iexindia.com/marketdata/areaprice.aspx|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/market_monitoring/MMC_Report_May.pdf |title=Monthly report on Short-term Transactions of Electricity in India, May 2015 (Refer Table-5) |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201929/http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/market_monitoring/MMC_Report_May.pdf |url-status=live }} The captive power generation capacity by such plants is nearly 53,000 MW, and they are mainly established in steel, fertilizer, aluminium, cement, etc. industries.{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34052 |title=India's steel industry, like America's, is dominated by electric-based processes |access-date=4 January 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123150/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34052 |url-status=live }} These plants can draw cheaper electricity from the grid on short term open access (STOA) basis, avoiding their own higher cost of electricity generation and diverting power from other consumers.{{cite web |url=http://www.iexindia.com/landedcostcalculator.aspx?id=26&mid=2 |title=IEX, Landed Cost Calculator in open access |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=20 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620072543/http://www.iexindia.com/landedcostcalculator.aspx?id=26&mid=2 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://indianpowersector.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Report-OPEN-ACCESS-IN-INDIA.pdf |title=Open Access in Indian power sector |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911014601/http://indianpowersector.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Report-OPEN-ACCESS-IN-INDIA.pdf |url-status=dead }} Some of these idling captive power plants can be used for ancillary services or grid reserve service and earn extra revenue.{{cite web|url= http://www.cea.nic.in/resd_com_reports.html|title= Report on Indian electricity grid management requirements|access-date= 17 December 2017|archive-date= 22 December 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051945/http://www.cea.nic.in/resd_com_reports.html|url-status= dead}}{{cite web |title=Draft CERC (Ancillary Services Operations) Regulations, 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, Govt. of India |url=http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/draft_reg/draft_notice.pdf |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701024828/http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/draft_reg/draft_notice.pdf |url-status=live }}
3. Unequal electricity distribution. Almost all households have access to electricity. However, most households find the electricity supply intermittent and unreliable.{{cite web |title=Access to Clean Cooking Energy and Electricity – Survey of States |year=2015 |publisher=Council on Energy, Environment and Water report |url=http://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Access-to-Clean-Cooking-Energy-and-Electricity-Survey-of-States-Final-Report.pdf |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414095500/http://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Access-to-Clean-Cooking-Energy-and-Electricity-Survey-of-States-Final-Report.pdf |url-status=dead }} At the same time, many power stations are idling for lack of electricity demand and the idling generation capacity is sufficient to supply the needs of households lacking electricity three times over.
4. Erratic power pricing. In general, industrial and commercial consumers subsidize domestic and agricultural consumers.Samir K Srivastava, Consumers need quality power, The Economic Times, 10 May 2007, pp. 12 (Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/msid-2024426,curpg-1.cms [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/msid-2024426,curpg-1.cms]).{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/electrification/2015/pumpset_energization-09.pdf |title=Progress report of Pumpset Energisation as on 30-09-2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012632/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/electrification/2015/pumpset_energization-09.pdf |url-status=dead }} Government giveaways such as free electricity for farmers, created partly to curry political favor, have depleted the cash reserves of state-run electricity-distribution system and led to debts of {{INRConvert|2.5|t}}.{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/top-fossil-fuel-players-back-pm-narendra-modis-goal-to-shore-up-indias-clean-energy-sector/articleshow/53336021.cms |title=Top fossil fuel players back PM Narendra Modi's goal to shore up India's clean energy sector |date=22 July 2016 |access-date=22 July 2016 |work=news |publisher=Economic Times |author=Anindya Upadhyay |author2=Debjit Chakraborty |archive-date=25 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725221712/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/top-fossil-fuel-players-back-pm-narendra-modis-goal-to-shore-up-indias-clean-energy-sector/articleshow/53336021.cms |url-status=live }} This has financially crippled the distribution network, and its ability to pay to purchase power in the absence of subsidies from state governments.{{cite web |title=Outstanding dues of power utilities to CPSUs up to July 2014 |year=2014 |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Govt. of India |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/articles/eandc/outstandingdues_cpsu.pdf |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718144437/http://cea.nic.in/reports/articles/eandc/outstandingdues_cpsu.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead }} This situation has been worsened by state government departments that do not pay their electricity bills.
5. Over-rated capacity. Many coal-fired plants are overrated above the actual maximum continuous rating (MCR) capacity.{{cite web |url=http://www.powertoday.in/beststories/News/The-Power-Paradox/98113 |title=The power paradox |date=6 May 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610215917/http://www.powertoday.in/beststories/News/The-Power-Paradox/98113 |url-status=dead }} to allow the plant cost to be inflated.{{cite web |title=Power Tariff Scam Gets Bigger at Rs. 50,000 Crore as Allegations of Equipment Over-Invoicing Emerge |url=http://thewire.in/2016/05/18/power-tariff-scam-gets-bigger-at-rs-50000-crore-36912/ |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519111541/http://thewire.in/2016/05/18/power-tariff-scam-gets-bigger-at-rs-50000-crore-36912/ |archive-date=19 May 2016 |url-status=dead }} These plants operate 15 to 10% below their declared capacity on a daily basis and rarely operate at declared capacity, undermining grid stability.
6. Lack of timely information on load and demand. Intraday graphs at 15-minute or more frequent intervals are required to understand the shortcomings of the power grid with respect to grid frequency, including comprehensive data collected from SCADA for all grid-connected generating stations (≥ 100 KW) and load data from all substations.{{cite web |title=U.K. National Grid Status |url=http://www.gridwatch.templar.co.uk/ |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521115148/http://www.gridwatch.templar.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}
7. Lack of adequate coal supply: Despite abundant reserves of coal, power plants are frequently under-supplied. India's monopoly coal producer, state-controlled Coal India, is constrained by primitive mining techniques and is rife with theft and corruption.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Poor coal transport infrastructure has worsened these problems. Most of India's coal lies under protected forests or designated tribal lands and efforts to mine additional deposits have been resisted.
8. Poor gas pipeline connectivity and infrastructure. India has abundant coal bed methane and natural gas potential. However a giant new offshore natural gas field has delivered far less gas than claimed, causing a shortage of natural gas.
9. Transmission, distribution and consumer-level losses. Losses exceed 30%, including the auxiliary power consumption of thermal power stations and fictitious electricity generation by wind generators, solar power plants & independent power producers (IPPs), etc.
10. Resistance to energy efficiency in the residential building sector. Continuous urbanization and the growth of population result in increased power consumption in buildings. The belief still predominates among stakeholders that energy-efficient buildings are more expensive than conventional buildings, adversely affecting the "greening" of the building sector.{{cite web |title=Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme |url=http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100407/http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971 |url-status=live }}
11. Resistance to hydroelectric power projects. Hydroelectric power projects in India's mountainous north and northeast regions have been slowed down by ecological, environmental and rehabilitation controversies, coupled with public interest litigation.
12. Resistance to nuclear power generation. Political activism since the Fukushima disaster has reduced progress in this sector. The track record of executing nuclear power plants is also very poor in India.{{cite web |url= http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2016-03-20/Cheaper-renewable-energy-outpaces-nuclear-power/214919 |title= Cheaper renewable energy outpaces nuclear power |access-date= 21 March 2016 |archive-date= 26 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326093527/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2016-03-20/Cheaper-renewable-energy-outpaces-nuclear-power/214919 |url-status= live }}
13. Theft of power. The financial loss due to theft of electricity is estimated at $16 billion yearly.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Key implementation challenges for India's electricity sector include efficient performance of new project management and execution, ensuring availability and appropriate quality of fuel, developing the large coal and natural gas resources available in India, land acquisition, obtaining environmental clearances at state and central government level, and training skilled manpower.{{cite web |title=Power Sector in India: White paper on Implementation Challenges and Opportunities |publisher=KPMG |date=January 2010 |url=http://www.kpmg.de/docs/PowerSector_2010.pdf |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053031/http://www.kpmg.de/docs/PowerSector_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{See also|Energy in India}}

India's net import of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is 16.607 million tons and the domestic consumption is 25.502 million tons which is 90% of total consumption in 2021–22.{{cite web |url=https://mopng.gov.in/en/petroleum-statistics/indian-png-statistics |title=Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas statistics |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618202202/https://mopng.gov.in/en/petroleum-statistics/indian-png-statistics |url-status=live }} The LPG import content is nearly 57% of total consumption in 2021–22.{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|title=India challenges China as world's biggest LPG importer|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180358/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|url-status=dead}} The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace LPG (net calorific value 11,000 Kcal/Kg at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 10.2 ₹/kWh when the retail price of LPG cylinder is ₹1000 (without subsidy) with 14.2 kg LPG content.{{cite web|url=https://www.leafscore.com/eco-friendly-kitchen-products/which-is-more-energy-efficient-gas-electric-or-induction/|title=Which is the More Energy Efficient Stovetop – Gas, Electric, or Induction?|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003093143/https://www.leafscore.com/eco-friendly-kitchen-products/which-is-more-energy-efficient-gas-electric-or-induction/|url-status=live}} Replacing LPG consumption with electricity would reduce imports substantially.{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/eesl-to-deploy-20000-induction-cook-stoves-in-india-with-mecs/94504452|title=EESL to deploy 20,000 induction cookstoves in India with MECS|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928141034/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/eesl-to-deploy-20000-induction-cook-stoves-in-india-with-mecs/94504452|url-status=live}}

India's piped natural gas (PNG) for domestic cooking needs was 12,175 million standard cubic meters (mmscm) which is nearly 19% of total natural gas consumption in 2021–22. Natural gas/ LNG import content is nearly 56% of total consumption in 2021–22. The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace PNG (net calorific value 8,500 Kcal/scm at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 9 ₹/kWh when the retail price of PNG is ₹47.59 per scm.{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-revises-gas-pricing-formula-cng-piped-cooking-gas-to-cost-10-less-8543113/|title=Govt revises pricing formula, CNG, PNG to cost 10% less from tomorrow|access-date=6 April 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406233810/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-revises-gas-pricing-formula-cng-piped-cooking-gas-to-cost-10-less-8543113/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/new-gas-pricing-norms-can-reduce-cng-png-prices-by-9-11-per-cent/99317425|title=New gas pricing norms can reduce CNG, PNG prices by 9-11 percent|access-date=6 April 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407132029/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/new-gas-pricing-norms-can-reduce-cng-png-prices-by-9-11-per-cent/99317425|url-status=live}} Replacing PNG consumption with electricity would reduce costly LNG imports substantially.

The domestic consumption of kerosene is 1.291 million tons out of 1.493 million tons total consumption in 2021–22. The subsidized retail price of kerosene is 15 ₹/liter whereas the export/import price is 79 ₹/liter. The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace kerosene (net calorific value 8240 Kcal/liter at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 15.22 ₹/kWh when the kerosene retail price is 79 ₹/liter.

In 2024–25, the plant load factor (PLF) of coal-fired thermal power stations (nearly 222 GW) was only 68.45%. These stations can run above 85% PLF if there is adequate electricity demand. The possible additional net electricity generation at 85% PLF is nearly 320 billion kWh which is enough to replace all the LPG, PNG, and kerosene consumption in the domestic sector.{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/arvind-panagariya-pitches-for-electricity-as-clean-cooking-option-to-lpg/articleshow/51786931.cms|title=Niti Aayog pitches for electricity as a clean cooking option to LPG|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416154314/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/arvind-panagariya-pitches-for-electricity-as-clean-cooking-option-to-lpg/articleshow/51786931.cms|url-status=live}} The incremental cost of generating additional electricity is only the coal fuel cost, less than 3 ₹/kWh. Enhancing the PLF of coal-fired stations and encouraging domestic electricity consumers to substitute electricity in place of LPG, PNG, and kerosene in household cooking would reduce government subsidies. It has been proposed that domestic consumers who are willing to surrender subsidized LPG/kerosene permits should be given a free electricity connection and a subsidized electricity tariff.{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/how-to-make-rural-india-switch-to-cleaner-cookstoves-119052100422_1.html|title=How rural India can be made to switch to eco-friendly electric stoves|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521071658/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/how-to-make-rural-india-switch-to-cleaner-cookstoves-119052100422_1.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/power-ministry-to-bring-aggregation-model-to-make-e-cooking-affordable/100779396|title=Power ministry to bring aggregation model to make e-cooking affordable|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606083024/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/power-ministry-to-bring-aggregation-model-to-make-e-cooking-affordable/100779396|url-status=live}} To avoid the possibility of fatal electric shocks and improve the safety standard more than that of LPG cooking, power is supplied to the electric cook stove through a residual-current circuit breaker.

The power demand in India, peaks during the morning and evening hours mainly due to electricity consumption for water heating. To moderate the peak power demand, heat pump water heaters are available which consume 2 to 3 times less electricity for the same heat load.{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-water-heaters|title=Heat Pump Water Heaters|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517180105/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-water-heaters|url-status=live}}

Substantial scope is also present in micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) to switch over to electricity from fossil fuels to reduce the cost of production provided uninterrupted power supply is ensured.{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/opinion-exploring-new-options-to-electrify-process-heating-in-msmes/91075201|title=Exploring new options to electrify process heating in MSMEs|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705160746/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/opinion-exploring-new-options-to-electrify-process-heating-in-msmes/91075201|url-status=live}} Since 2017, IPPs have been offering to sell solar and wind power below 3.00 ₹/kWh to feed into the high voltage grid. After considering distribution costs and losses, solar power appears to be a viable economic option for replacing the LPG, PNG, kerosene, etc. used in the domestic and MSME sectors. In August 2024, renewable power producers are offering firm and dispatchable renewable electricity at 4.98 ₹/kWh (0.06 $/kWh) which is economical to replace fossil fuels in above applications.{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/deep-dive-secis-fdre-tender-discovers-rs-4-98-per-unit-tariff/112453892|title=Deep Dive: SECI’s FDRE tender discovers Rs 4.98 per unit tariff|access-date=16 August 2024}}{{cite web|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/hfe-jsw-serentica-renew-win-secis-1-5-gw-fdre-auction|title=Hero Future, JSW, Serentica and Renew win SECIs 1.5 GW FDRE auction|access-date=10 May 2024}}

{{See also|Electric vehicle industry in India}}

The retail prices of petrol, diesel, LPG and CNG are high enough in India to make electricity driven vehicles relatively economical.{{cite web|title=WELLS, WIRES AND WHEELS…|publisher=BNP PARIBAS ASSET MANAGEMENT|url=https://docfinder.bnpparibas-am.com/api/files/1094E5B9-2FAA-47A3-805D-EF65EAD09A7F|access-date=5 August 2019|date=August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806130507/https://docfinder.bnpparibas-am.com/api/files/1094E5B9-2FAA-47A3-805D-EF65EAD09A7F|url-status=live}} The retail price of diesel was 101.00 ₹/liter in 2021–22, and the retail price of petrol was 110.00 ₹/liter. The affordable retail electricity price to replace diesel would be up to 19 ₹/kWh (860 Kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency versus diesel's net calorific value of 8572 Kcal/liter at 40% fuel energy to crankshaft power efficiency), and the comparable number to replace petrol would be up to 28 ₹/kWh (860 Kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency versus petrol's net calorific value at 7693 Kcal/liter at 33% fuel energy to crankshaft power efficiency). In 2021–22, India consumed 30.849 million tons of petrol and 76.687 million tons of diesel, both mainly produced from imported crude oil. To spread the use of electric vehicles rapidly and reduce the consumption of imported fossil fuels, electricity sale prices at rapid (DC) charging centers could be subsidized to below 5 ₹/kWh. Thus owners of commercial passenger and goods vehicles can be attracted to switch to costly electric vehicles which do not contribute to surface air pollution.{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/no-automakers-take-part-in-rs-5000-crore-tender-for-e-bus/99661436|title=No automakers take part in Rs 5,000 crore tender for e-Bus|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421172438/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/no-automakers-take-part-in-rs-5000-crore-tender-for-e-bus/99661436|url-status=live}}

Electricity-driven vehicles are expected to become popular in India when energy storage/battery technology offers improved range, longer life, and lower maintenance.{{cite web |url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/a-million-mile-battery-from-china-could-power-your-electric-car/76276323 |title= A million-mile battery from China could power your electric car |access-date= 10 June 2020 |archive-date= 10 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200610002759/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/a-million-mile-battery-from-china-could-power-your-electric-car/76276323 |url-status= live }}{{cite web |url= http://www.visualcapitalist.com/explaining-surging-demand-lithium-ion-batteries/ |title= Explaining the Surging Demand for Lithium-Ion Batteries |access-date= 5 May 2016 |archive-date= 25 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160825031957/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/explaining-surging-demand-lithium-ion-batteries/ |url-status= live }} Conversion of old petrol and diesel vehicles to battery electric vehicles is also feasible as the battery pack prices become affordable. Vehicle to grid options are also attractive, potentially allowing electric vehicles in helping to mitigate peak loads in the electricity grid.{{cite news|url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/02/what-is-bidirectional-ev-charging/|title=What is bidirectional EV charging?|access-date=15 May 2023|archive-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516192957/https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/02/what-is-bidirectional-ev-charging/|url-status=live}} Discarded batteries of electric vehicles are also used as energy storage systems economically.{{cite news|url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/02/large-scale-solar-project-reuses-ev-batteries-as-energy-storage/|title=Large-scale solar project reuses EV batteries as energy storage |access-date=15 May 2023}} Battery pack prices have fallen to US$ 100 per kWh in early 2025 to compete with conventional ICE vehicles.{{cite news|url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-battery-industry-has-entered-a-new-phase|title= The battery industry has entered a new phase|access-date= 6 March 2025}} The potential for continuous charging of electric vehicles through wireless electricity transmission technology is being explored by Indian companies and others.{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/mahle-sets-global-standard-for-wireless-charging-of-evs/105458693|title=Mahle sets global standard for wireless charging of EVs |access-date=24 November 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/sweden-is-building-an-electric-road-that-will-charge-car-as-you-drive/69289527 |title=Sweden is building an electric road that will charge car as you drive |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512093324/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/sweden-is-building-an-electric-road-that-will-charge-car-as-you-drive/69289527 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url= http://ias.ieee.org/images/files/Webinars/IAS-webinar---Zeljko-Pantic---June-2016.pdf|title= Review of Recent Advances in Dynamic and Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer|access-date= 7 July 2016|archive-date= 19 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160919065926/http://ias.ieee.org/images/files/Webinars/IAS-webinar---Zeljko-Pantic---June-2016.pdf|url-status= dead}}

India has abundant solar, wind, hydro (including pumped storage) and biomass power potential. In addition, as of January 2011 India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the world's 26th largest reserve.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174844/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2013|title=CIA – The World Factbook|date=9 March 2013|access-date=30 September 2019}} The United States Energy Information Administration estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010 while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. India already produces coalbed methane.

{{Portal|Energy}}

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• Energy in India
• Energy policy of India
• Oil and gas industry in India
• Climate change in India
• East West Gas Pipeline (India)
• List of electricity organisations in India
• Central Electricity Authority (India)
• List of power stations in India
• Indian Rivers Inter-link
• List of countries by electricity production

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{{reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140719233458/http://cea.nic.in/reports/powersystems/nep2012/nep13.pdf National electricity Plan – 2012, CEA, Government of India]
• [http://www.srpc.kar.nic.in/html/grid_map.html Electricity grid maps of the southern region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731055227/http://www.srpc.kar.nic.in/html/grid_map.html |date=31 July 2021 }}
• [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=181 India's Energy Policy and Electricity Production]
• [https://powermin.nic.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406205627/https://powermin.nic.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india |date=6 April 2019 }}

{{Asia topic|Electricity sector in}}

{{Nuclear power in India}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}

{{Economy of India}}

{{Electricity delivery |state=collapsed}}

{{World topic|Electricity sector in|noredlinks=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Electricity Sector in India}}

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