Emigration from the United States

Due to the flow of people back and forth between the United Kingdom and its colonies, as well as between the colonies, there has been an American diaspora of a sort since before the United States was founded. During and immediately after the American Revolutionary War, a number of American Loyalists relocated to other countries, chiefly Canada and the United Kingdom.[https://www.ushistory.org/US/13c.asp The Loyalists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182929/https://www.ushistory.org/US/13c.asp |date=2021-07-09 }}, UShistory.org. Residence in countries outside the British Empire was unusual, and usually limited to the wealthy, such as Benjamin Franklin, who was able to self-finance his trip to Paris as a U.S. diplomat.

After the American Revolutionary War, some 3,000 Black Loyalists - slaves who escaped their Patriot masters and served on the Loyalist side because of the Crown's guarantee of freedom - were evacuated from New York to Nova Scotia; they were individually listed in the Book of Negroes as the British gave them certificates of freedom and arranged for their transportation.[http://www.blackloyalist.info/sources The Book of Negroes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730211633/http://www.blackloyalist.info/sources |date=2022-07-30 }}, Black Loyalists. The Crown gave them land grants and supplies to help them resettle in Nova Scotia. Other Black Loyalists were evacuated to London or the Caribbean colonies.{{cite book|last=Walker |first=James W. |year=1992 |chapter=Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone |title=The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94 94]–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7}} Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

Thousands of slaves escaped from plantations and fled to British lines, especially after British occupation of Charleston, South Carolina. When the British evacuated, they took many former slaves with them. Many ended up among London's Black Poor, with 400 resettled by the Sierra Leone Company to Freetown in Africa in 1787. Five years later, another 1,192 Black Loyalists from Nova Scotia chose to emigrate to Sierra Leone, becoming known as the Nova Scotian settlers in the new British colony of Sierra Leone. Both waves of settlers became part of the Sierra Leone Creole people and the founders of the nation of Sierra Leone.

{{See also|African-American diaspora}}

Thanks to the increase of whalers and clipper ships, Americans began to travel all over the world for business reasons.

The early 19th century also saw the beginning of overseas religious missionary activity, such as with Adoniram Judson in Burma.

During the War of 1812, some African American slaves joined the Corps of Colonial Marines to fight against the United States. Their reward was guaranteed emancipation (as per the Mutiny Act 1807) and new land set aside for them in southern Trinidad. They and their descendants later became known as the Merikins.

The middle of the 19th century saw the immigration of many New Englanders to Hawaii, as missionaries for the Congregational Church, and as traders and whalers. The American population eventually overthrew the government of Hawaii, leading to its annexation by the United States.

During this time the American Colonization Society established a colony in the Pepper Coast for freedmen known as Liberia. The ACS's main goals were to Christianize indigenous Africans, end the illegal slave trade, and resettle African Americans out of the United States. Their descendants became the Americo-Liberians, who dominated the country for most of its history.

During the early 19th century, particularly between 1824 and 1826, thousands of free blacks emigrated from the United States to Haiti to escape antebellum segregation and racist policy. They primarily settled in Samana Province, where their descendants still live today as the Samana Americans. They speak their own variety of English called Samana English.

During the American Civil War, President Lincoln asked Kansas Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy and Secretary of the Interior Caleb Blood Smith to develop a plan to resettle African Americans out of the United States. Pomeroy had come up with the idea of Linconia, a freedmen colony much like Liberia in modern Chiriqui Province, Panama. After nearby Central American nations expressed their opposition to the project, it was quickly scrapped. However, 453 African workers were sent to Ile-à-Vache in Haiti as part of a private colonization effort run by entrepreneur Bernard Kock. This colony was short-lived due to Kock breaking the contract. By the end of 1863, all of the colonists had returned to the United States.

After the Civil War, thousands of Southerners moved to Brazil, where slavery was still legal at the time. They founded a city called Americana and became known as Confederados.[https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-us-confederacy-americana-brazil-2017-5 The American Confederacy is still alive in a small Brazilian city called Americana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124042947/https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-us-confederacy-americana-brazil-2017-5 |date=2021-01-24 }}, Business Insider, May 7, 2017. Some also migrated to Mexico, where they established the New Virginia Colony with the help of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. They founded their capital, Carlota, and had planned to make more settlements, but the colony was abandoned after the fall of the Second Mexican Empire, and most of the settlers returned to the U.S. There was also a sizeable presence of ex-confederates in British Honduras, now known as Belize.

In Asia, the U.S. government made efforts to secure special privileges for its citizens. This began with the Treaty of Wanghia in China in 1844. It was followed by the expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan 10 years later, and the United States–Korea Treaty of 1882. American traders began to settle in those countries.

Many Americans migrated to the Philippines after it became a U.S. territory following the Philippine–American War.

Cecil Rhodes created the Rhodes Scholarship in 1902 to encourage greater cooperation between the United States, the British Empire and Germany by allowing students to study abroad.[https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/ Oxford and the Rhodes Scholarships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015436/http://www.rhodesscholar.org/stats/institution/1862 |date=2018-06-17 }}, Rhodes Trust, Office of the American Secretary.

In the period between the First and Second World Wars, many Americans, particularly writers such as Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, and Ezra Pound, migrated to Europe to take part in the cultural scene.

European cities like Amsterdam, Berlin, Copenhagen, Paris, Prague, Rome, Stockholm, and Vienna came to host a large number of Americans. Many Americans, typically those who were idealistic and/or involved in left-leaning politics, also participated in the Spanish Civil War (mainly supporting the Republicans against the Nationalists) in Spain while they lived in Madrid and elsewhere.

Other Americans returned home to the countries of their origin, including the parents of American author/illustrator Eric Carle, who returned to Germany. Thousands of Japanese Americans were unable to return to the United States, after the Attack on Pearl Harbor.{{cite journal |author=Mary Granfield |title=Hiroshima's Lost Americans |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20118397,00.html |journal=People |publisher=Time Inc. |date=6 August 1990 |access-date=7 January 2015 |quote=n the summer of 1945, there were 30,000 Japanese-Americans in Japan. Many were kibei, American-born children whose immigrant parents had sent them back to Japan before the war to receive a traditional education. Others had come to visit relatives. After the war broke out in 1941, they were unable to return to the U.S.; 110,000 of their American relatives, most of them on the West Coast, were confined in internment camps. |archive-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105204549/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20118397,00.html |url-status=live }}

Éamon de Valera, the third Taoiseach of Ireland during the 1930s, was born in New York to an Irish mother and a Spanish father. He moved to Ireland at a young age with his mother's family.

During the Cold War, Americans became a permanent fixture in many countries with large populations of American soldiers, such as West Germany and South Korea.

The Cold War also saw the development of government programs to encourage young Americans to go abroad. The Fulbright Program was established in 1946 to encourage cultural exchange, and the Peace Corps was created in 1961 both to encourage cultural exchange and a civic spirit of volunteerism.

With the formation of the state of Israel, over 100,000 Jews made aliyah to the holy land, where they played a role in the creation of the state. Other Americans traveled to countries like Lebanon, again to take place in the cultural scene.

During the Vietnam War, about 100,000 American men went abroad to avoid conscription, 90% of them going to Canada.{{cite web| url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-carter-pardons-draft-dodgers| title=President Carter pardons draft dodgers| publisher=History.com| access-date=31 January 2013| archive-date=19 January 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119233728/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-carter-pardons-draft-dodgers| url-status=live}} European nations, including neutral states like Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, offered asylum to thousands of American expatriates who refused to fight.

A small number of Americans abandoned the country for political reasons, defecting to the Soviet Union, Cuba, or other countries, such as Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, and sixties radicals such as Joanne Chesimard, Pete O'Neal, Eldridge Cleaver, and Stokely Carmichael.

During this period Americans continued to travel abroad for religious reasons, such as Richard James, inventor of the Slinky, who went to Bolivia with the Wycliffe Bible Translators, and the Peoples Temple establishment of Jonestown in Guyana.

The opening of Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Central Asia after the Cold War provided new opportunities for American businesspeople. Additionally, with the global dominance of the United States in the world economy, the ESL industry continued to grow, especially in new and emerging markets. Many Americans also take a year abroad during college, and some return to the country after graduation.

{{update|date=June 2025}}

Iraq War deserters sought refuge mostly in Canada and Europe, and NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden escaped to Russia.{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/02/08/more-us-soldiers-could-be-sent-back-for-court-martial-on-desertion-charges.html| author=Patty Winsa| title=More U.S. soldiers could be sent back for court martial on desertion charges| work=The Star| date=February 8, 2015| access-date=September 3, 2020| archive-date=October 27, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152148/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/02/08/more-us-soldiers-could-be-sent-back-for-court-martial-on-desertion-charges.html| url-status=live}}{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964| title=Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme| publisher=BBC| date=January 17, 2014| access-date=September 3, 2020| archive-date=March 20, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320171345/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964| url-status=live}}

Increasing numbers of Americans retire abroad due to financial setbacks resulting from the 2008 financial crisis.{{cite web| url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/11/20/ch-back-home-us-retirees-pursue-the-american-dream-abroad.html| author=Anna Robaton| title=Feeling pinch back home, U.S. retirees pursue the American Dream abroad| publisher=CNBC| date=November 20, 2013| access-date=September 3, 2020| archive-date=November 4, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104135517/https://www.cnbc.com/2013/11/20/ch-back-home-us-retirees-pursue-the-american-dream-abroad.html| url-status=live}}

Young Americans facing a tough job market due to the recession are also increasingly open to working abroad.{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/10/06/americans-dont-fancy-jobs-abroad-oh-except-millennials/| author=Jonathan House| title=Americans Don't Fancy Jobs Abroad. Oh, Except Millennials| publisher=Wall Street Journal| date=October 6, 2014| access-date=September 3, 2020| archive-date=September 25, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203357/https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/10/06/americans-dont-fancy-jobs-abroad-oh-except-millennials/| url-status=live}}

According to a Gallup poll from January 2019, 16% of Americans, including 40% of women under the age of 30, would like to leave the United States.{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/245789/record-numbers-americans-leave.aspx|title=Record Numbers of Americans Want to Leave the U.S.|date=2019-01-04|publisher=Gallup|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=2019-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911090052/https://news.gallup.com/poll/245789/record-numbers-americans-leave.aspx|url-status=live}} In 2018, the Federal Voting Assistance Program estimated a total number of 4.8 million American civilians lived abroad, 3.9 million civilians, plus 1.2 million service members and other government-affiliated Americans.{{Cite news |last=Van Dam |first=Andrew |date=2022-12-23 |title=Analysis {{!}} Why have millions of Americans moved to these countries instead? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/12/23/american-emigrants/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215001422/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/12/23/american-emigrants/ |url-status=live }}

A survey by Arton Capital found that 53 percent of American millionaires are more likely to leave the country after the 2024 presidential election, regardless of who wins.{{cite news |title=Record numbers of wealthy Americans are making plans to leave the U.S. after the election |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/01/wealthy-americans-plans-leaving-united-states.html |agency=CNBC}} It is also expected that more American citizens and legal immigrants will be unduly deported under the more aggressive policies of the second Trump administration.{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Gloria Rebecca |date=2025-01-25 |title=No court, no hearing: Trump revives fast-track deportations, expands reach nationwide |url=https://azmirror.com/2025/01/25/no-court-no-hearing-trump-revives-fast-track-deportations-expands-reach-nationwide/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Arizona Mirror |language=en-US}}

There are many reasons why Americans emigrate from the United States. Economic reasons include job or business opportunities, or a higher standard of living in another country. Others emigrate due to marriage or partnership to a foreigner, for religious or humanitarian purposes, or to seek adventure or experience a different culture.[https://today.uconn.edu/2020/08/americans-abroad-escaping-enhancing-life/ Americans Abroad: Escaping or Enhancing Life?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122192120/https://today.uconn.edu/2020/08/americans-abroad-escaping-enhancing-life/ |date=2021-01-22 }}, UConn Today, August 7, 2020. Many decide to retire abroad seeking a lower cost of living, especially more affordable health care.[https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/heres-how-to-leave-the-us-and-retire-abroad.html Dreaming of retiring abroad? Here's what you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122050012/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/heres-how-to-leave-the-us-and-retire-abroad.html |date=2021-01-22 }}, CNBC, September 14, 2020.[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/many-americans-move-abroad-for-health-careshould-you-2019-03-12 Many Americans move abroad for health care—should you?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212050/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/many-americans-move-abroad-for-health-careshould-you-2019-03-12 |date=2021-01-22 }}, MarketWatch, March 12, 2019. Immigrants to the United States may decide to rejoin family members in their countries of origin. Other reasons include political dissatisfaction, safety concerns and cultural issues such as racism.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ghana-to-black-americans-come-home-well-help-you-build-a-life-here/2020/07/03/1b11a914-b4e3-11ea-9a1d-d3db1cbe07ce_story.html Ghana to black Americans: Come home. We'll help you build a life here.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122090819/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ghana-to-black-americans-come-home-well-help-you-build-a-life-here/2020/07/03/1b11a914-b4e3-11ea-9a1d-d3db1cbe07ce_story.html |date=2021-01-22 }}, Washington Post, July 4, 2020. Some Americans may also emigrate to evade legal liabilities; a common past case was evasion of mandatory military service.

In addition to Americans who choose to emigrate as adults, many children are born in the United States to foreign temporary workers or international students and naturally move with their parents when they return to their countries of origin. Due to their acquisition of U.S. citizenship by birth but no significant connection to the country, they are sometimes called "accidental Americans".{{cite web| url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/counting-uncountable-overseas-americans| author=Joe Costanzo, Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels| title=Counting the Uncountable: Overseas Americans| publisher=Migration Policy Institute| date=May 17, 2013| access-date=September 3, 2020| archive-date=August 13, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813092601/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/counting-uncountable-overseas-americans| url-status=live}}

One reason the U.S. diaspora is unusually small relative to its home population is that it is generally much more difficult for Americans to emigrate to a foreign country than, for example, citizens of countries in the Schengen Zone; similar to most other large countries, Americans looking for economic opportunity are generally limited to transmigration within the U.S.

In addition to U.S. territories, U.S. citizens have the right to reside in the Marshall Islands, Micronesia and Palau due to a Compact of Free Association between the United States and each of these countries. They may also freely move to Svalbard due to its open migration policy, as long as they are able to obtain housing and means of support there.[https://www.sysselmannen.no/en/entry-and-residence/ Entry and residence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509033350/https://www.sysselmannen.no/en/entry-and-residence/ |date=2021-05-09 }}, Governor of Svalbard.[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/7/4/immigrants-warmly-welcomed Immigrants warmly welcomed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514055938/https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/07/200841012024779644.html |date=2019-05-14 }}, Al Jazeera, July 4, 2006.

Americans with parents or ancestors from certain countries, such as Germany, Ireland and Italy, may be able to claim nationality via jus sanguinis and therefore move there freely. Germany and Austria also have an easier path to citizenship for descendants of victims of Nazi crimes, even if jus sanguinis does not apply in the specific case.{{Cite web|url = https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/juedische-welt/erleichterte-einbuergerung-fuer-nachfahren-von-nazi-opfern/|title = Erleichterte Einbürgerung für Nachfahren von Nazi-Opfern|date = 4 August 2020|access-date = 5 November 2021|archive-date = 5 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211105174042/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/juedische-welt/erleichterte-einbuergerung-fuer-nachfahren-von-nazi-opfern/|url-status = live}}{{cite web| url = https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/staatsbuergerschaft-nationalsozialisten-verfolgte-pass-1.4581241| title = Angehörige von Nazi-Verfolgten dürfen Deutsche werden - Politik - SZ.de| date = 29 August 2019| access-date = 5 November 2021| archive-date = 5 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211105174040/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/staatsbuergerschaft-nationalsozialisten-verfolgte-pass-1.4581241| url-status = live}} Similarly, American Jews may move to Israel under its Law of Return.

The USMCA (and previously NAFTA) allows U.S. citizens to work in Canada and Mexico in business or in certain professions, with few restrictions.[https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/16_Temporary_Entry.pdf Chapter 16, Temporary entry for business persons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319070220/https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/16_Temporary_Entry.pdf |date=2021-03-19 }}, Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada, Office of the United States Trade Representative. However, to obtain permanent residence they must still satisfy the regular immigration requirements in these countries.

The United States is a net immigration country, meaning more people arrive in the U.S. than leave it. There is a scarcity of official records in this domain.{{Cite web |title=Estimation of emigration from the United States using international data sources |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/Demographic/meetings/egm/migrationegm06/DOC%2019%20ILO.pdf#page=2 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=UN Stats |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205144337/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/meetings/egm/migrationegm06/DOC%2019%20ILO.pdf#page=2 |url-status=live }} Given the high dynamics of the emigration-prone groups, emigration from the United States remains indiscernible from temporary country leave. There are a few countries in the Caribbean which had very high migration rates to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s but recorded higher population totals in recent years, indicating significant return migration from the U.S., such as Trinidad and Tobago between its 2000 and 2011 censuses.

{{see also|United States nationality law|Relinquishment of United States nationality}}

Anyone born in the United States, with the sole exception of those born to foreign diplomats, acquires U.S. citizenship at birth. Those born abroad to at least one American parent also acquire U.S. citizenship if the parent had lived in the United States for a certain number of years. Immigrants to the United States may also become U.S. citizens by naturalization.

In the past it was possible for Americans abroad to lose U.S. citizenship involuntarily, but after Supreme Court decisions such as Afroyim v. Rusk and Vance v. Terrazas, along with corresponding changes in U.S. law, they can only lose U.S. citizenship in a very limited number of ways, most commonly by expressly renouncing it at a U.S. embassy or consulate.

Historically, few Americans renounced U.S. citizenship per year, but the numbers drastically increased after 2010 when the U.S. government enacted the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, requiring foreign banks to report information on American holders of bank accounts located outside the United States. More than 3,000 Americans renounced U.S. citizenship in 2013, many citing the financial disclosure requirements and difficulty in finding banks willing to accept them as customers.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/02/20/275937138/why-more-americans-are-renouncing-u-s-citizenship|title=Why More Americans Are Renouncing U.S. Citizenship|website=NPR|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423233256/http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/02/20/275937138/why-more-americans-are-renouncing-u-s-citizenship|url-status=live}} More than 5,000 renounced in 2016, and more than 6,000 did in 2020.[https://www.pennlive.com/life/2020/10/2020-is-a-record-year-for-americans-giving-up-citizenship-according-to-ny-accountants-group.html 2020 is a record year for Americans giving up citizenship, according to N.Y. accountants group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124070641/https://www.pennlive.com/life/2020/10/2020-is-a-record-year-for-americans-giving-up-citizenship-according-to-ny-accountants-group.html |date=2021-01-24 }}, Penn Live, October 29, 2020.

One of the biggest issues with the American diaspora is double taxation. Unlike almost all countries in the world, the United States taxes its citizens even if they do not live in the country. The foreign earned income exclusion mitigates double taxation on some income from work, but the Internal Revenue Code treats ordinary foreign savings plans held by residents of foreign countries as if they were offshore tax avoidance instruments and requires extensive asset reporting, resulting in significant costs for Americans at all income levels to comply with filing requirements even when they owe no tax.[http://www.economist.com/node/7081335?story_id=E1_SDRTPPV "Costing More Over There"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100626/http://www.economist.com/node/7081335?story_id=E1_SDRTPPV |date=2017-10-24 }}, The Economist, 22 June 2006, accessed 17 April 2011{{cite journal|url=http://wealthmanagement.com/legal-compliance/accidental-american-0|first=Gavin F.|last=Leckie|title=The Accidental American|journal=Trusts & Estates|page=58|date=November 2011|access-date=2014-11-03|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626212347/http://wealthmanagement.com/legal-compliance/accidental-american-0|url-status=live}} Even Canada's Registered Disability Savings Plan falls under such reporting requirements.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/u-s-fatca-tax-law-catches-unsuspecting-canadians-in-its-crosshairs-1.2493864|first=Amber|last=Hildebrandt|title=U.S. FATCA tax law catches unsuspecting Canadians in its crosshairs|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=2014-01-13|access-date=2015-07-17|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191925/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/u-s-fatca-tax-law-catches-unsuspecting-canadians-in-its-crosshairs-1.2493864|url-status=live}} The most prominent piece of legislation which has attracted the ire of Americans abroad is the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). Disadvantages stemming from FATCA, such as hindering career advancement overseas, may decrease the number of Americans in the diaspora in future years. The problem is so severe that some Americans have addressed it by renouncing or relinquishing their U.S. citizenship.{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-07/americans-abroad-top-quarterly-record-for-giving-up-citizenship| author=Richard Rubin| title=Americans Living Abroad Set Record for Giving Up Citizenship| publisher=Bloomberg| access-date=August 23, 2015| archive-date=2015-08-04| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804110225/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-07/americans-abroad-top-quarterly-record-for-giving-up-citizenship| url-status=live}} Since 2013, the number of people giving up US citizenship has risen to a new record each year, with an unprecedented 5,411 in 2016, up 26% from the 4,279 renunciations in 2015.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/feb/08/boris-johnson-renounces-us-citizenship-record-2016-uk-foreign-secretary|title=Boris Johnson among record number to renounce American citizenship in 2016|first=Patrick|last=Wintour|date=February 9, 2017|website=the Guardian|access-date=September 3, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722082219/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/feb/08/boris-johnson-renounces-us-citizenship-record-2016-uk-foreign-secretary|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/renounce-us-citizenship-irs/|title=Americans Forfeiting Citizenship at Record Rates With No Tax Relief in Sight|website=Fortune|access-date=2023-05-26|archive-date=2023-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112637/https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/renounce-us-citizenship-irs/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/11/number-americans-renouncing-citizenship-reaches-record-high/|title=Number of Americans renouncing citizenship reaches record high|first=David|last=Millward|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=February 11, 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk|access-date=September 3, 2020|archive-date=November 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104144455/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/11/number-americans-renouncing-citizenship-reaches-record-high/|url-status=live}}

{{See also|Americanization}}

{{See also|American expatriate baseball players in Japan}}

Americans abroad exported baseball to many of the countries where it is popular today; the history of the sport's international spread often tied into the United States's national and civilizational objectives,{{Cite journal |last=Elias |first=Robert |date=2011-12-21 |title=Baseball and American Foreign Policy |url=https://journals.openedition.org/transatlantica/5478 |journal=Transatlantica. Revue d'études américaines. American Studies Journal |language=fr |issue=2 |doi=10.4000/transatlantica.5478 |issn=1765-2766|doi-access=free }} though the uptake of the game was often decided by local dynamics.{{Cite web |last=L |first=Aaron |date=2008-05-03 |title=Is Baseball a Global Sport? America's 'National Pastime' as Global Field and International Sport |url=https://apjjf.org/william-w-kelly/2740/article |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |language=en-US}}

Migratory ties between the United States and other countries played a significant role in basketball's international growth in the early 20th century.{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=Chad |date=2011-08-01 |title=The Motherland, the Godfather, and the Birth of a Basketball Dynasty: American Efforts to Promote Basketball in Lithuania |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523367.2011.586788 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=1479–1495 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2011.586788 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }} African American athletes who played internationally, such as the Harlem Globetrotters in basketball, played a significant role during the Cold War in assisting (and later contesting) the State Department's goal of showing the success of racial integration in the United States.{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Damion L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TpQSvZmIuUC |title=Globetrotting: African American Athletes and Cold War Politics |date=2012-09-24 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-03717-7 |language=en}}

There are no exact figures on how many Americans live abroad. The United States Census Bureau does not count Americans abroad, and individual U.S. embassies offer only rough estimates.

In 1999, a Department of State estimate suggested that the number of Americans abroad may be between three million and six million.{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/features/american-diaspora-1008|title=The American Diaspora|date=26 September 2008|work=Esquire|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103233148/http://www.esquire.com/features/american-diaspora-1008|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/Demographic/meetings/egm/migrationegm06/DOC%2019%20ILO.pdf#page=4 |title=Stats |website=unstats.un.org |access-date=2009-08-21 |archive-date=2019-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803215002/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/Demographic/meetings/egm/migrationegm06/DOC%2019%20ILO.pdf#page=4 |url-status=live }} In 2016, the agency estimated 9 million U.S. citizens were living abroad,{{cite web| url=https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/travel/CA_By_the_Numbers.pdf| title=CA By the Numbers| publisher=U.S. Department of State| date=January 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616233331/https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/travel/CA_By_the_Numbers.pdf| archive-date=2016-06-16}} but these numbers are highly open to dispute as they often are unverified and can change rapidly.{{Citation |url=http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%23americans.html |title=How Many Americans Really Live in Mexico? And Who Cares, Anyway? |author=Bill Masterson |year=2000 |publisher=peoplesguide.com |access-date=2009-08-21 |archive-date=2019-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524023753/http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/ |url-status=live }}

According to the Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP), the Department of State's estimates are inflated on purpose as their purpose is to prepare for emergencies.[https://www.fvap.gov/info/reports-surveys/overseas-citizen-population-analysis Overseas Citizen Population Analysis Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124225758/https://www.fvap.gov/info/reports-surveys/overseas-citizen-population-analysis |date=2021-01-24 }}, Federal Voting Assistance Program. "In previous years, the Department of State has released estimates of the number of overseas civilians; however, these numbers are used for contingency operations and appropriately result in an overestimation." FVAP makes its own detailed estimates of the number of U.S. citizens abroad, by region and by country, and of those who are of voting age, based on a variety of sources such as censuses of other countries and U.S. tax and social security records. In 2018, it estimated about 4.8 million U.S. citizens abroad, of whom about 2.9 million were of voting age.[https://www.fvap.gov/uploads/FVAP/Reports/2018-Overseas-Citizen-Population-Analysis-Report.pdf 2018 Overseas Citizen Population Analysis Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203010923/https://www.fvap.gov/uploads/FVAP/Reports/2018-Overseas-Citizen-Population-Analysis-Report.pdf |date=2020-12-03 }}, Federal Voting Assistance Program, July 2020. FVAP's estimates also fluctuate significantly, for example it had estimated about 5.5 million in 2016.[https://www.fvap.gov/uploads/FVAP/Reports/FVAP-2016-OCPA-FINAL-Report.pdf 2016 Overseas Citizen Population Analysis Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111080626/https://www.fvap.gov/uploads/FVAP/Reports/FVAP-2016-OCPA-FINAL-Report.pdf |date=2021-01-11 }}, Federal Voting Assistance Program, September 2018. Most recently in 2022 FVAP estimated that 4.4 million U.S. citizens lived abroad and 2.8 million of them were 18 and were eligible to vote in federal elections.{{Cite web |title=Overseas |url=https://www.fvap.gov/info/interactive-data-center/overseas |access-date=November 22, 2024 |website=FVAP.gov}}

The United Nations estimates the number of migrants by origin and destination of all countries and territories. In 2019, the organization estimated that about 3.2 million people from the United States were living elsewhere.[https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp International migrant stock 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917201234/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp |date=2019-09-17 }}, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. This number is mostly based on country of birth recorded in censuses, so it does not include U.S. citizens who were not born in the United States, such as those who acquired U.S. citizenship by descent or naturalization.

One indicator of the U.S. citizen population overseas is the number of Consular Reports of Birth Abroad requested by U.S. citizens from a U.S. embassy or consulate as a proof of U.S. citizenship of their children born abroad. The Bureau of Consular Affairs reported issuing 503,585 such documents over the decade 2000–2009. Based on this, and on some assumptions about the family composition and birth rates, some authors estimate the U.S. civilian population overseas as between 3.6 and 4.3 million.[https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024051944/https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf |date=October 24, 2013}}, By Dr. Claire M. Smith (Originally published: OVF Research Newsletter, vol. 2, issue 4 (Aug), 2010)

Sizes of certain subsets of U.S. citizens living abroad can be estimated based on statistics published by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). U.S. citizens with income above a certain level are required to file a U.S. income tax regardless of where they reside. During 2019, the IRS recorded about 739,000 U.S. tax returns filed with a foreign address, representing about 1.3 million people including spouses and dependents.[https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/18in53oa.xlsx Table 2. Individual Income and Tax Data, by State and Size of Adjusted Gross Income, Tax Year 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122180546/https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/18in53oa.xlsx |date=2021-01-22 }}, Internal Revenue Service, August 2020. Other indicators are the number of U.S. tax returns with a partial exclusion on income from work abroad (about 476,000 in 2016[https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/16in01ic.xlsx Table 1. Individual Income Tax Returns With Form 2555: Sources of Income, Deductions, Tax Items, and Foreign-Earned Income and Exclusions, by Size of Adjusted Gross Income, Tax Year 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014815/https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/16in01ic.xlsx |date=2021-01-22 }}, Internal Revenue Service, October 2019.) and those reporting foreign income other than passive income (about 1.5 million in 2016[https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/16in05ic.xlsx Table 5. Individual Income Tax Returns With Form 1116: Foreign-Source Income, Deductions, and Taxes, by Type of Income, Tax Year 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122191711/https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/16in05ic.xlsx |date=2021-01-22 }}, Internal Revenue Service, October 2019.), but not all of these were from people actually residing abroad full-time.

[[File:Map of the American Diaspora in the World (Updated).svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the American diaspora in the world (includes people with American citizenship or children of Americans).

{{Legend|#000000|United States}}

{{Legend|#000070|+ 1,000,000}}

{{Legend|#0404be|+ 100,000}}

{{Legend|#3d7aff|+ 10,000}}

{{Legend|#a7bdf6|+ 1,000}}]]

The list below is of the main countries hosting American populations. Those shown with exact counts are enumerations of Americans who have immigrated to those countries and are legally resident there, does not include those who were born there to one or two American parents, does not necessarily include those born in the U.S. to parents temporarily in the U.S. and moved with parents by right of citizenship rather than immigration, and does not necessarily include temporary expatriates.

1. {{flag|Mexico}} – 899,311 United States-born residents of Mexico (2017){{cite web|title=Table 1: Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2017|url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2017.xlsx|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823213849/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2017.xlsx|url-status=live}}
2. {{flag|European Union}} – 800,000 (2013; all EU countries combined)
3. {{flag|Canada}} – 738,203 (2011){{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105411&PRID=0&S=0&SHOWALL=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (236), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|last=Canada|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|date=8 May 2013|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211621/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105411&PRID=0&S=0&SHOWALL=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0|url-status=live}}
4. {{flag|India}} – 700,000 according to a press release from the White House on 12/06/2017{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet: The United States and India — Prosperity Through Partnership|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/26/fact-sheet-united-states-and-india-prosperity-through-partnership|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en|via=National Archives|work=whitehouse.gov|date=26 June 2017|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205044506/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|url-status=live}}
5. {{PHL}} – 600,000 (2015){{cite web|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-the-philippines-is-america-s-forgotten-colony-20131115|title=Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218012506/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-the-philippines-is-america-s-forgotten-colony-20131115|url-status=live}}
6. {{Flag|Germany}} – 400,000 (2020){{Cite web|title=Toasts of the President and President Walter Scheel of the Federal Republic of Germany During a Dinner Cruise on the Rhine River. {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-president-walter-scheel-the-federal-republic-germany-during|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|archive-date=2022-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216114512/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-president-walter-scheel-the-federal-republic-germany-during|url-status=live}}
7. {{BRA}} – 260,000[https://br.usembassy.gov/pt/embaixador-dos-estados-unidos-todd-c-chapman-chega-ao-brasil/ US Embassy in Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713034217/https://br.usembassy.gov/pt/embaixador-dos-estados-unidos-todd-c-chapman-chega-ao-brasil/ |date=2020-07-13 }} US Embassy in Brazil. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
8. {{flagicon|Israel}} Israel – 185,000{{cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|website=migrationpolicy.org|date=10 February 2014|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153852/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/|url-status=live}}
9. {{UK}} – 158,000 (2013)2013 - Office for National Statistics
10. {{flag|South Korea}} – 140,222 (2016){{cite web |url=http://seoul.usembassy.gov/acs_service.html |title=U.S. Citizen Services |author= |work=Embassy of the United States Seoul, Korea |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=December 11, 2012 |quote=This website is updated daily and should be your primary resource when applying for a passport, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, notarization, or any of the other services we offer to the estimated 120,000 U.S. citizens traveling, living, and working in Korea. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130162445/http://seoul.usembassy.gov/acs_service.html |archive-date=November 30, 2012 }}
    {{cite news |title=North Korea propaganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://m.adelaidenow.com.au/news/world/north-korea-propganda-video-depicts-invasion-of-south-korea-us-hostage-taking/story-fnd11ay0-1226603593729 |newspaper=Advertiser |date=March 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013 |quote=According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}No. of Foreign Nationals Residing in Korea Exceeds 2 Mil. in 2016 [http://english.hankyung.com/economy/2017/06/22/0816511/no-of-foreign-nationals-residing-in-korea-exceeds-2-mil-in-2016 No-of-foreign-nationals-residing-in-korea-exceeds-2-mil-in-2016 (The Korea Economic Daily)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022135/http://english.hankyung.com/economy/2017/06/22/0816511/no-of-foreign-nationals-residing-in-korea-exceeds-2-mil-in-2016 |date=2017-08-19 }}
11. {{flag|Costa Rica}} – 130,000{{Cite web |url=http://migracion.go.cr/planificacion/RESIDENTES%20ACTUA-30%20DE%20JUNIO%202007.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127032802/http://migracion.go.cr/planificacion/RESIDENTES%20ACTUA-30%20DE%20JUNIO%202007.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead }} to 170,000{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2019.htm#relations|title=Costa Rica|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153104/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2019.htm#relations|url-status=live}}
12. {{AUS}} – 109,450 (2021){{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/australias-population-country-birth/latest-release |title=Australia's Population by Country of Birth |access-date=28 December 2022 |date=26 April 2022 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205214725/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/australias-population-country-birth/latest-release |url-status=live }}
13. {{flag|France}} – 100,619 (2008){{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=pop-immigree-pop-etrangere-2008|title=Résultats de la recherche - Insee|website=insee.fr|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803075159/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=pop-immigree-pop-etrangere-2008|url-status=live}}
14. {{JPN}} – 88,000 (2011){{Cite web|url=http://www.japanmattersforamerica.org/2011/05/census-counts-japanese-in-us/|title=Census counts Japanese in the US|access-date=2012-10-08|archive-date=2012-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012013802/http://www.japanmattersforamerica.org/2011/05/census-counts-japanese-in-us/|url-status=dead}}
15. {{flag|Dominican Republic}} – 15,000
16. {{CHN}} – 71,493 (2010, mainland China only)2010 Chinese Census (from Wikipedia article Demographics of the People's Republic of China){{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/09800986-9ca1-11de-ab58-00144feabdc0.html|title=US citizens in rush for offshore tax advice|website=Financial Times|date=8 September 2009|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828114521/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/09800986-9ca1-11de-ab58-00144feabdc0.html|url-status=live}}
17. {{flag|Italy}} – 54,000
18. {{flag|Spain}} – 48,225{{Cite web|url=https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/emigration/usa|title=United States - International emigrant stock 2020 | countryeconomy.com|website=countryeconomy.com|access-date=2022-07-21|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703213838/https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/emigration/usa|url-status=live}}
19. {{HKG}} – 60,000
20. {{flag|Pakistan}} – 52,486{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/|title=Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar|work=The Express Tribune|date=30 July 2015|access-date=3 August 2017|first=Zahid|last=Gishkori|quote=Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added.|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212633/https://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/|url-status=live}}
21. {{flag|Netherlands}} – 47,408 (2021){{cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84727NED/table|title=CBS StatLine|website=statline.cbs.nl|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208080059/https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84727NED/table|url-status=live}}
22. {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} – 40,000{{Cite web|url = https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title = Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date = 10 February 2014|access-date = 1 July 2021|archive-date = 14 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153852/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/|url-status = live}}
23. {{flag|Republic of China (Taiwan)}} – 38,000
24. {{flag|Belgium}} – 36,000
25. {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} – 36,000
26. {{flag|Switzerland}} – 32,000
27. {{flag|Poland}} – 31,000 to 60,000
28. {{NZ}} – 31,779 (2023){{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/census-results-reflect-aotearoa-new-zealands-diversity/ |title=Census results reflect Aotearoa New Zealand's diversity |website=stats.govt.nz |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-03-28}}
29. {{flag|Lebanon}} – 25,000see List of countries with foreign nationals in Lebanon
30. {{flag|Panama}} – 25,000{{Citation|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm|title=U.S. Relations With Panama|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604191011/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm|url-status=live}}
31. {{flag|Colombia}} –21,000 (2019){{cite book|last1=Vidal|first1=Roberto|editor1-last=Chiarello|editor1-first=Leonir Mario|title=Public Policies on Migration and Civil Society in Latin America: The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico|date=2013|publisher=Scalabrini International Migration Network|location=New York|isbn=978-0-9841581-5-7|pages=263–410|edition=1st|url=http://www.simn-global.org/anuncios/140/5501b7c2b82e9.pdf|access-date=26 December 2017|chapter=Chapter III: Public Policies on Migration in Colombia|chapter-url=http://www.simn-global.org/anuncios/147/550316541cf02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319054055/http://www.simn-global.org/anuncios/140/5501b7c2b82e9.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015|url-status=dead}}
32. {{flag|Kuwait}} – 20,000
33. {{flag|Norway}} – 19,000
34. {{flag|Sweden}} – 16,555 (2009){{Cite web |url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2009A01_BR_03_BE0110TAB.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-02 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424041038/http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2009A01_BR_03_BE0110TAB.pdf |url-status=dead }}
35. {{flag|Austria}} – 15,000
36. {{flag|Hungary}} – 15,000
37. {{flag|Singapore}} – 15,000
38. {{flag|Indonesia}} – 13,000
39. {{flag|Ireland}} – 12,475 (2006):File:NonnationalsIreland2006.png
40. {{flag|Libya}} – 11,000
41. {{flag|Venezuela}} – 11,000
42. {{flag|Argentina}} – 10,552
43. {{Flag|Peru}} — 10,409 (2017){{Cite journal|last=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|date=October 2018|title=Perú: Estadísticas de la Emigración Internacional de Peruanos e Inmigración de Extranjeros, 1990 – 2017|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1549/libro.pdf|journal=Organización Internacional para las Migraciones|publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores - RREE|volume=1|pages=85|via=Database|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713170533/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1549/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}
44. {{flag|Chile}} – 10,000
45. {{flag|Portugal}} – 9,794{{Cite web |title=Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo 2022 |url=https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf}}
46. {{flag|Denmark}} – 9,634 (2018){{cite web|url=http://www.statistikbanken.dk/|title=Statistikbanken|website=statistikbanken.dk|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828075500/http://www.statistikbanken.dk/|url-status=live}}
47. {{flag|Czech Republic}} – 9,510 (2019; 7,131 have residence permit for 12+ months)[https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1812_c01t01.pdf/b03cac12-7eef-419d-a66a-567c97b397ec?version=1.0 Foreigners, total by citizenship as at 31 December 2018 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409162338/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1812_c01t01.pdf/b03cac12-7eef-419d-a66a-567c97b397ec?version=1.0 |date=9 April 2020 }}. Czech Statistical Office.
48. {{flag|Norway}} – 8,013 (2012){{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2012-04-26-04-en.html |title=Table 4 Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and gender. 1 January 2012 |access-date=2013-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206040422/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2012-04-26-04-en.html |archive-date=2013-02-06 }}
49. {{flag|Malaysia}} – 8,000
50. {{flag|Ecuador}} – 7,500
51. {{flag|South Africa}} – 7,000
52. {{flag|Honduras}} – 7,000
53. {{flag|Romania}} – 6,000
54. {{flag|Egypt}} – 6,000
55. {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} – 6,000
56. {{flag|Jamaica}} – 6,000
57. {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland – 5,576{{Cite web|title=Väestö 31.12. muuttujina Maakunta, Syntymävaltio, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot|url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWebPXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rp.px/|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Tilastokeskuksen PX-Web tietokannat|archive-date=2020-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615134925/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWebPXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rp.px/|url-status=dead}}
58. {{flag|Guatemala}} – 5,417 (2010){{in lang|es}} [http://costarica.iom.int/public/pdf/Perfil_Migratorio_Guatemala_2012.pdf Perfil Migratorio de Guatemala] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082439/http://costarica.iom.int/public/pdf/Perfil_Migratorio_Guatemala_2012.pdf |date=2016-03-05 }} Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) (2012)
59. {{flag|Belize}} – 5,000
60. {{flag|Bolivia}} – 5,000
61. {{flag|El Salvador}} – 5,000
62. {{flag|Portugal}} – 4,768 (2022){{Cite web|url=https://www.gee.gov.pt/pt/lista-publicacoes/estatisticas-de-imigrantes-em-portugal-por-nacionalidade/paises/Estados%20Unidos/3830-populacao-estrangeira-com-estatuto-legal-de-residente-em-portugal-estados-unidos/file|title=Resident Foreign Population in Portugal - United States of America|access-date=2023-04-10|archive-date=2023-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190621/https://www.gee.gov.pt/pt/lista-publicacoes/estatisticas-de-imigrantes-em-portugal-por-nacionalidade/paises/Estados%20Unidos/3830-populacao-estrangeira-com-estatuto-legal-de-residente-em-portugal-estados-unidos/file|url-status=live}}
63. {{flag|Qatar}} – 4,000
64. {{flag|Thailand}} – 4,000
65. {{flag|Nicaragua}} – 4,000
66. {{flag|Bermuda}} – 4,000
67. {{flag|Malta}} – 4,000
68. {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} – 3,000
69. {{flag|Uruguay}} – 3,000{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Inmigrantes%20Internacionales%20y%20Retornados%20en%20Uruguay.pdf |title=Immigration to Uruguay |publisher=INE |access-date=6 March 2013 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816123632/http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Inmigrantes%20Internacionales%20y%20Retornados%20en%20Uruguay.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2013 }}
70. {{flag|Cayman Islands}} – 3,000
71. {{flag|Jordan}} – 3,000
72. {{flag|Russia}} – at least 2,008Russian Census (2002), [http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 Basic Result] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |date=July 19, 2011 }}: [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-1.xls table 4.1. National composition of population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609204012/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-1.xls |date=2011-06-09 }}, [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-5.xls table 4.5. Population by citizenship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609203659/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-5.xls |date=2011-06-09 }}, [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/8-3.xls table 8.3. Population stayed temporarily on the territory of the Russian Federation by country of usual residence and purpose of arrival] up to 6,200Federal State Statistics Service, table 5.9. International Migration: [http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/demo42.htm in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628024854/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/demo42.htm |date=2011-06-28 }}, [http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b10_12/IssWWW.exe/stg/d01/05-09.htm in English]
73. {{flag|Ukraine}} – 3,000
74. {{flag|Luxembourg}} – 3,000
75. {{flag|Cyprus}} – 3,000
76. {{flag|Greece}} – at least 2,000
77. {{flag|Paraguay}} – 2,000
78. {{flag|Vietnam}} – 3,000
79. {{flag|Bulgaria}} – 3,000
80. {{flag|Albania}} – 2,000
81. {{flag|Croatia}} – 2,000
82. {{flag|Morocco}} – 2,000
83. {{flag|Haiti}} – 2,000
84. {{flag|Mali}} – 2,000

• Immigration to the United States
• Lost Generation
• Taxation of non resident Americans
• American Citizens Abroad
• Taxation of United States persons
• International taxation
• Relinquishment of United States nationality
• Samaná English
• List of Americans who married foreign royalty and nobility
• African-American diaspora

• Americans in India
• American Canadians
• American Mexicans
• Americans in Cuba
• American Brazilians
• Americans in the United Kingdom
• American Australians
• American New Zealanders
• Americans in France
• Americans in the Philippines
• Americans in Japan
• Americo-Liberian people
• Sierra Leone Creole people
• Americans living in Saudi Arabia
• American settlement in the Philippines
• Mexicans of American descent
• Confederados of Brazil
• Americans in Haiti
• Americans in Costa Rica
• Americans in Germany
• Americans in the United Arab Emirates
• Americans in Uruguay
• Americans in Ireland
• Americans in Qatar
• Americans in Taiwan
• Americans in China
• Americans in Guatemala

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.esquire.com/features/american-diaspora-1008 The American Diaspora], Esquire, 26 September 2008.
• Jones, Chris. [http://www.esquire.com/features/new-american-1008 The New American]. Esquire, 23 September 2008.
• Sappho, Paul. [http://hbr.org/web/2009/hbr-list/looming-american-diaspora A Looming American Diaspora], Harvard Business Review, 2009.
• Sullivan, Andrew. [https://www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2009/09/the-new-american-diaspora/196238/ The New American Diaspora] The Atlantic, 29 September 2009.
• [http://www.economist.com/node/18560501?story_id=18560501 Go East Young Moneyman], The Economist, 14 April 2011.
• William Curtis Donovan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120322194944/http://williamcurtisdonovan.com/2008/10/the-coming-american-diaspora/ The Coming American Diaspora], 1 October 2008.

{{Americans abroad}}

{{Demographics of the United States}}

{{Americas topic|Emigration from}}

Category:Social history of the United States

Category:History of the United States by topic

Category:Cultural history of the United States