Epichloë typhina
{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Epichloë typhina
| image = Choke disease of grass - geograph.org.uk - 1410230.jpg
| image_caption = 'Choking' a grass seedhead
| image_upright = 0.9
| authority = (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul.
| synonyms =
- Sphaeria typhina Pers.
- Acremonium typhinum var. fasciculatum J.F. White
- Neotyphodium typhinum var. ammophilae J.F. White
}}
Epichloë typhina is a haploid sexual species in the fungal genus Epichloë. It was originally described as a Sphaeria species. Today, however, it is classified in Epichloë.{{cite journal |last1=Leuchtmann |first1=Adrian |last2=Bacon |first2=Charles W. |last3=Schardl |first3=Christopher L. |last4=White |first4=James F. |last5=Tadych |first5=Mariusz |title=Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus Epichloë|journal=Mycologia |volume=106 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=202–215 |doi=10.3852/13-251 |pmid=24459125|s2cid=25222557 }}
A systemic grass symbiont first described as Sphaeria typhina by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1798, and transferred to genus Epichloë in 1865,{{cite journal|last1=Tulasne|first1=L.R.|last2=Tulasne|first2=C.|title=Nectriei-Phacidiei-Pezizei|journal=Selecta Fungorum Carpologia|volume=3|year=1865|pages=24|publisher=Imperial: Paris}} E. typhina forms an only partially resolved species complex within the Epichloë genus.
Epichloë typhina is found in Europe, but has been introduced widely in North America and elsewhere.{{Cite journal|s2cid=253944083|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.21495|title=Epichloe typhina}} It lives in association with a large number of grass species from multiple genera, including Anthoxanthum odoratum, Brachypodium phoenicoides, Brachypodium pinnatum, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Milium effusum, Phleum pratense, Poa trivialis, Poa silvicola and Puccinellia distans. Epichloë typhina appears to be seed-transmissible only in Puccinellia distans.
Subspecies
Epichloë typhina has two subspecies and three varieties.
Epichloë typhina subsp. clarkii (J.F. White) Leuchtm. & Schardl was first described in 1993.{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=James F.|title=Endophyte-Host associations in grasses. XIX. A systematic study of some sympatric species of Epichloë in England|journal=Mycologia|volume=85|issue=3|year=1993|pages=444–455|issn=0027-5514|doi=10.1080/00275514.1993.12026295}} It is found in Europe in the grass species Holcus lanatus. Epichloë typhina subsp. clarkii is sexual, but not seed-transmissible.
Epichloë typhina subsp. poae (Tadych, K.V. Ambrose, F.C. Belanger & J.F. White) Tadych was first described in 2012.{{cite journal|last1=Tadych|first1=Mariusz|last2=Ambrose|first2=Karen V.|last3=Bergen|first3=Marshall S.|last4=Belanger|first4=Faith C.|last5=White|first5=James F.|title=Taxonomic placement of Epichloë poae sp. nov. and horizontal dissemination to seedlings via conidia|journal=Fungal Diversity|volume=54|issue=1|year=2012|pages=117–131|issn=1560-2745|doi=10.1007/s13225-012-0170-0|s2cid=17813728}} It is found in Europe in the grass species Poa nemoralis and Poa pratensis, and in North America in Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia and Poa sylvestris. The sexual form has been observed on Poa nemoralis and Poa pratensis. Epichloë typhina subsp. poae is seed-transmissible in Poa nemoralis and Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia, but not in Poa pratensis.
Epichloë typhina subsp. poae var. aonikenkana Iannone & Schardl was first described in 2017.{{cite journal|last1=Mc Cargo|first1=Patricia D.|last2=Iannone|first2=Leopoldo J.|last3=Vignale|first3=María Victoria|last4=Schardl|first4=Christopher L.|last5=Rossi|first5=María Susana|title=Species diversity of Epichloë symbiotic with two grasses from southern Argentinean Patagonia|journal=Mycologia|volume=106|issue=2|year=2017|pages=339–352|issn=0027-5514|doi=10.3852/106.2.339|pmid=24782501|s2cid=44547876|hdl=11336/37491|hdl-access=free}} It is found in Argentina (Santa Cruz) on Bromus setifolius. This variety is seed-transmissible, but the sexual stage has not been observed.
Epichloë typhina subsp. poae var. canariensis (C.D. Moon, B. Scott, & M.J. Chr.) Leuchtm. was first described in 2000.{{cite journal|last1=Moon|first1=Christina D.|last2=Scott|first2=Barry|last3=Schardl|first3=Christopher L.|last4=Christensen|first4=Michael J.|title=The evolutionary origins of Epichloë endophytes from annual ryegrasses|journal=Mycologia|volume=92|issue=6|year=2000|pages=1103–1118|issn=0027-5514|doi=10.1080/00275514.2000.12061258|s2cid=218589443}} It is found in the Canary Islands on Lolium edwardii. This variety is seed-transmissible, but the sexual stage has not been observed.
Epichloë typhina subsp. poae var. huerfana (J.F. White, G.T. Cole & Morgan-Jones) Tadych & Leuchtm. was first described in 1996.{{cite journal|last1=Glenn|first1=Anthony E.|last2=Bacon|first2=Charles W.|last3=Price|first3=Robert|last4=Hanlin|first4=Richard T.|title=Molecular phylogeny of Acremonium and its taxonomic implications|journal=Mycologia|volume=88|issue=3|year=1996|pages=369–383|issn=0027-5514|doi=10.1080/00275514.1996.12026664|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235139}} It is found in North America on Festuca arizonica. This variety is seed-transmissible, but the sexual stage has not been observed.
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1241790}}
Category:Fungi described in 1798
Category:Fungi of North America