Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse

{{Short description|Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1892 to 1918}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox royalty

| name = Ernest Louis

| image = Ernst Ludwig von Hessen 1905 Foto Jacob Hilsdorf.jpeg

| caption = Photograph by Jacob Hilsdorf, 1905

| succession = Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

| reign = 13 March 1892 – {{nowrap|9 November 1918}}

| coronation =

| predecessor = Louis IV

| successor = Monarchy abolished

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1868|11|25|df=y}}

| birth_place = New Palace, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|10|9|1868|11|25|df=y}}

| death_place = Schloss Wolfsgarten, Langen, Hesse, Nazi Germany

| burial_place = New Mausoleum, Rosenhöhe Park, Darmstadt, Germany

| spouses = {{plainlist|

{{marriage|Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh
|19 April 1894|21 December 1901|end=div}}
{{marriage|Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
|2 February 1905}}

}}

| issue = {{plainlist|

}}

| full name = Ernest Louis Charles Albert William
{{langx|de|link=no|Ernst Ludwig Karl Albrecht Wilhelm}}

| house = Hesse-Darmstadt

| father = Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

| mother = Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

}}

Ernest Louis ({{langx|de|link=no|Ernst Ludwig Karl Albrecht Wilhelm}}; 25 November 1868 – 9 October 1937) was the last Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, reigning from 1892 until 1918.{{cite news

| title = EX-RULER OF HESSE DEAD IN GERMANY; Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig Was Ousted in 1918 After Reign Praised for Its Wisdom.

| work = The New York Times

| pages = 29

| date = 10 October 1937

| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70C12FC385A157A93C2A8178BD95F438385F9&scp=5&sq=Ernst%20Grand%20Duke%20of%20Hesse&st=cse

| access-date = 8 December 2008}} Paid subscription required to read the full article.

Early life

File:The Hessian children with their grandmother, Queen Victoria.jpg.]]

Ernest Louis was the elder son of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was named Louis after his father. His nickname was "Ernie". One of seven siblings, two of whom died in childhood, Ernest grew up with his four surviving sisters in Darmstadt. One of his younger sisters, Alexandra, would marry Tsar Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, while another sister, Victoria Mountbatten, would be the mother of Queen Louise of Sweden, Louis Mountbatten and Princess Alice of Battenberg, who was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Ernest Louis grew up in a loving household, with parents who demonstrated their affection for their children, which was unusual for those with their social standing. He grew very attached to his parents and siblings, and it was his misfortune that he was fated to witness several deaths among them during his childhood. When he was five, his only brother Prince Friedrich died. The two boys had been playing a game when the younger boy, who suffered from haemophilia, fell through a window onto the balcony twenty feet below.Packard, p. 161 Ernest Louis was inconsolable. "When I die, you must die too, and all the others. Why can't we all die together? I don't want to die alone, like Frittie," he told his nurse.{{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g24Bza22uSIC&q=When+I+die%2C+you+must+die+too%2C+and+all+the+others.+Why+can%27t+we+all+die+together%3F+I+don%27t+want+to+die+alone%2C+like+Frittie&pg=PR98-IA128 |title=The Heir Apparent: A Life of Edward VII, the Playboy Prince |date=2013-12-03 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8129-9475-9 |language=en}} To his mother he said, "I dreamt that I was dead and was gone up to Heaven, and there I asked God to let me have Frittie again and he came to me and took my hand."{{Cite book |last=Sell |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q20KAwAAQBAJ&dq=I+dreamt+that+I+was+dead+and+was+gone+up+to+Heaven%2C+and+there+I+asked+God+to+let+me+have+Frittie+again+and+he+came+to+me+and+took+my+hand&pg=PA349 |title=Alice, Grand Duchess Of Hesse |date=2003 |publisher=Рипол Классик |isbn=978-5-87444-192-0 |language=en}}

In 1878, when Ernest was ten, an epidemic of diphtheria swept through Darmstadt. His father and all the children, except Elisabeth, who was visiting her paternal grandmother, fell ill.Packard, p. 166 Princess Alice cared for her sick husband and children, but on 16 November, the youngest of them, Princess Marie, died. Alice kept the news from her family for several weeks, until Ernest Louis, who was devoted to little Marie, asked for his sister. When his mother revealed Marie's death, Ernest Louis was overcome with grief. In comforting her grieving son, Alice kissed him.Noel, p. 239 She fell ill within a week, and died on 14 December, the anniversary of her own father's death.{{cite news |date=16 December 1878 |title=Death of the Grand Duchess of Hesse |newspaper=The Times}}Packard, p. 167

Marriages

=First marriage=

On 19 April 1894, at Schloss Ehrenburg, Ernest Louis married his maternal first cousin, Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh nicknamed "Ducky", the daughter of his mother's brother, Prince Alfred. The match was actively encouraged by their mutual grandmother, Queen Victoria, who attended the wedding. At the wedding, Ernest's youngest surviving sister, Alix, became engaged to marry Tsarevich Nicholas of Russia, and the excitement of that imminent match overshadowed the wedding celebrations.{{Cite web |title=Carl Backofen (1853-1909) - Group photograph taken during the wedding celebrations of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2929583/group-photograph-taken-during-the-wedding-celebrations-of-ernest-louis-grand-duke |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}

File:ErnstwithElisabeth.jpg. Princess Victoria Melita, Grand Duchess Cyril of Russia, 1876–1936, p. 64, Sutton Publishing, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-86299-815-8}}]]

Ernest and Victoria Melita had two children:

a daughter, Elisabeth (11 March 1895 – 16 November 1903). Her early death at age 8 of typhoid fever greatly devastated her father who wrote "My little Elisabeth" in his memoirs "was the sunshine of my life" 30 years after her death.
stillborn son on 25 May 1900.

Ernest and Victoria entertained in style, frequently holding house parties for young friends under the age of 30, dispensing with formality on those occasions to indulge in fun and frolic. Victoria's cousin, Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, remembered one stay with them as having been "the jolliest, merriest house party to which I have ever been in my life."Sullivan, p. 148 These revelries were more in keeping with Victoria's inclinations than Ernest's. Their marriage was unhappy due to differences in temperament and attitude. Fond as she was of revelry, Victoria was less enthusiastic about fulfilling her public role. She avoided answering letters, put off visits to elderly relations whose company she did not enjoy, and talked to people who amused her at official functions while ignoring people of higher social or official standing whom she found boring.Sullivan, p. 152 Victoria's inattention to her duties provoked quarrels with Ernest. The young couple had loud arguments which sometimes turned physical. The volatile Victoria shouted, threw tea trays, smashed china against the wall, and tossed anything that was handy at Ernest during their arguments.

Queen Victoria was saddened when she heard of the trouble in the marriage from Sir George Buchanan, her chargé d'affaires at Darmstadt, but because of their daughter, Elisabeth, she refused to consider permitting her grandchildren to divorce. Ernest also held off from divorce mainly for this reason. He adored his daughter to distraction and lavished his time and attention on her. The child reciprocated her father's affection, preferred the company of her father to that of her mother.Sullivan, pp. 217–218 Meanwhile, all efforts to rekindle the marriage failed; Victoria took to spending most of the year in the south of France, spending vast sums of money. When Queen Victoria died in January 1901, significant opposition to the end of the marriage was removed.See Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha The couple were divorced 21 December 1901 on grounds of "invincible mutual antipathy" by a special verdict of the Supreme Court of Hesse. After the divorce had come through, Victoria told some close relatives that Ernest was a homosexual.Röhl, John C. G. R "Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941", Cambridge University Press, p534Cockfield, Jamie H."White Crow: The Life and Times of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich", p61 Allegedly, she had caught her husband in bed with a male servant when, in 1897, she returned home from a visit to her sister Queen Marie of Romania. She did not make her accusation public, but told her sister that "no boy was safe, from the stable hands to the kitchen help. He slept quite openly with them all."Terence Elsberry, Marie of Romania, St. Martin's Press, 1972, p.62Sullivan, p. 182 Victoria later married another first cousin, this time on her mother's side, while Ernest married his distant cousin, Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich.

=Second marriage=

Ernest Louis remarried in Darmstadt, on 2 February 1905, to Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (17 September 1871 – 16 November 1937).{{Cite web |title=Hills & Saunders (1852 to date) - Ernest Louis Grand Duke of Hesse (1868-1937) when Prince of Hesse |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2932920/ernest-louis-grand-dukenbspof-hesse-1868-1937-when-prince-of-hesse |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}} This marriage proved harmonious and happy. The couple had two sons:

Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse (1906–1937). He married Ernest's grand-niece, Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, a sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and had issue. The couple and two of their young sons were killed in a plane crash in 1937, leaving behind a daughter who also died two years later, while yet a child.{{Cite book |last=Mitterrand |first=Frédéric |title=Mémoires d'exil |publisher=Robert Laffont |year=1999 |isbn=978-2-221-09023-7 |pages=104–105, 333 |language=fr}}{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Hugo |title=Alice: Princess Andrew of Greece |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-241-13686-7 |pages=352, 272–273 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Mateos Sainz de Medrano |first=Ricardo |title=La Familia de la Reina Sofía: La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa |publisher=La Esfera de los Libros |year=2004 |isbn=978-84-9734-195-0 |pages=284, 299–302 |language=es |chapter=Cecilia de Grecia, gran duquesa heredera de Hesse y del Rhin}}{{Cite book |last=Petropoulos |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3w7DwAAQBAJ |title=Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-533927-7 |page=524 |language=en}}
Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine (1908–1968), who married Margaret Campbell Geddes, daughter of Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes; no issue. Louis adopted Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse as his heir, thereby uniting the two lines of the Hesse family.

In addition to his marriage, Ernest Louis maintained a close friendship with the bisexual Karl August Lingner, the inventor of Odol, one of the first liquid mouthwashes.Funke, Ulf-Norbert "Leben und Wirken von Karl August Lingner: Lingners Weg vom Handlungsgehilfen zum Grossindustriellen", Diplomica Verlag GmbH, 2014 When Lingner died of tongue cancer, he bequeathed Tarasp Castle in Switzerland to Ernest Louis. However, the Hesse family never lived in it, and it was sold in 2016.

Grand Duke of Hesse

In 1892, Ernest Louis succeeded his father as grand duke.

Throughout his life, Ernest Louis was a patron of the arts,{{cite news

| last = Stopes

| first = Charlotte C.

| title = ART AT HOME AND ABROAD; American Paintings at Reinhardt Galleries – Sale of Modern Pictures in Paris – Important Art Exhibitions Abroad.

| work = The New York Times

| pages = SM11

| date = 10 May 1914

| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/05/10/100089325.pdf

| access-date = 8 December 2008}} See section titled Two Important Art Exhibitions in Darmstadt (Hesse) Under the Patronage of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt founding the Darmstadt Artists' Colony, and was himself an author of poems, plays, essays, and piano compositions.

Ernest Louis commissioned the new mausoleum in 1903. It was consecrated on 3 November 1910, in the presence of the Grand Duke and his immediate family. The remains of Grand Duke Ludwig IV, Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine along with their children 'Frittie' and 'May' were re-interred in the New Mausoleum.Christopher Warwick, author of the biography of Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna, entitled 'Ella Princess, Saint & Martyr' published in hardback the United Kingdom by John Wiley & Sons.

First World War

File:ErnstLouisHesse.jpg.]]

During World War I, Ernest Louis served as a general of the infantry at Kaiser Wilhelm's headquarters. In February, 1917, the February Revolution in Russia forced his brother-in-law, Tsar Nicholas II, to abdicate. Sixteen months later, in July 1918, his two sisters in Russia, Elizabeth, the widow of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, and Alexandra, the wife of Nicholas II, were murdered by the Bolsheviks, Alexandra dying alongside her husband and children. At the end of the war, he lost his throne during the revolution of 1918, after refusing to abdicate.{{cite news

| title = TWO MORE RULERS GIVE UP THRONE; Republics Proclaimed in Wurttemburg and Hesse—Ducal Lands Seized

| work = The New York Times

| pages = 1

| date = 14 November 1918

| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/11/14/97043313.pdf

| access-date = 8 December 2008}} Hesse mentioned toward the middle of the article

Death

In October 1937, Ernest Louis died after a long illness at Schloß Wolfsgarten, near Darmstadt. He received what amounted to a state funeral on 16 November 1937 and was buried next to his daughter, Elisabeth, in a new open air burial ground next to the New Mausoleum he had built in the Rosenhöhe park in Darmstadt.[http://homepage.mac.com/crowns/hesja/avframe.html Grand Duchy of Hesse]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} website, discussing burials of the grand ducal family (Retrieved 8 December 2008).

Legacy

His former sister-in-law, Marie of Romania, described Grand Duke Ernest in her memoirs:

Ernie could be the gayest of companions, he was in fact full of almost feverish life. There was something effervescent about him, rather restless even; he was highly strung and had the artistic temperament developed to the highest degree. He enjoyed everything and could also be a clever inventor of varied amusements.[...] Ernie enjoyed himself as much as we did and, his vitality being infectious, he did Nando a lot of good. In his youth my husband had not the faculty of real enjoyment; he was too anxious and this gave him a somewhat protesting attitude that we did our best to overrule. The truth was he was too much in awe of Uncle ; the fear of his “vetoes” was always with him, so he could never “let himself go” to complete enjoyment. Ernie, however, often helped him to overcome his inborn diffidence; the young brother-in-law, so to say, conquered Nando’s doubts with his much greater self-assurance.{{Cite book |last=Marie |first=Queen |url=http://archive.org/details/storyofmylifebym00mari |title=The story of my life [by] Marie, queen of Romania. |date=1934 |publisher=C. Scribner’s sons |others=State Library of Pennsylvania |pages=366 |language=english}}

Felix Yusupov also described him in his memoirs:

I knew the Grand Duke of Hesse very well, for he had often stayed with us at Arkhangelskoye. He was a very good-looking fellow, gay and attractive. He had a passionate love of beauty and boundless imagination. Having taken it into his head one day that his white pigeons were not in keeping with the old stones of his palace, he had their feathers dyed skye blue. His marriage was not a happy one.{{Cite book |last=Yusupov |first=Felix |title=Lost Splendor |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=1953 |isbn=9781885586582 |location=New York |pages=130}}

Honours

He received the following orders and decorations:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1912/13), Genealogy pp. 1–2

;German honours

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

{{flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} Hesse and by Rhine:
Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order
Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous
Knight of the Golden Lion
Founder of the Order of the Star of Brabant, 14 June 1914{{cite web|url=https://www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/deutsche-staaten/stern-von-brabant-ehrenkreuz-1-klasse-mit-krone.html|title=Orden Stern von Brabant – Ehrenkreuz 1. Klasse mit Krone|website=www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de|language=de|access-date=22 June 2020}}
{{flagicon|Anhalt}} Anhalt: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear
{{flag|Baden}}:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878737 pp. 63], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878751 77]
Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1888
Knight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1888
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: Knight of St. Hubert, 1892[https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00landgoog/page/n39 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern] (1908), "Königliche-Orden" p. 8
{{flag|Brunswick}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion
{{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
{{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore
{{flag|Oldenburg}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown and Collar
{{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: Grand Cross of the White Falcon
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Saxony}}: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1892{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901|year=1901|publisher=Heinrich|chapter=Königlich Orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=44&skin=2021 4]|location=Dresden|via=hathitrust.org}}
{{flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1893[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg] (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 29
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Prussia}}:
Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar
Grand Cross of the Red Eagle
Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
{{flagicon image|Flag of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Sigmaringen.png}} Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class

}}

;Foreign honours

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

{{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1892}} Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1893[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}
{{flagcountry|Principality of Bulgaria}}: Grand Cross of St. Alexander
{{flagicon|Greece|royal}} Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}: Knight of the Annunciation, with Collar, 4 September 1897{{cite book|author=Italia : Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PR3|year=1900|publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA54 54]}}
{{flagicon|Duchy of Parma}} Parmese Ducal Family: Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George
{{flagcountry|Principality of Montenegro}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
{{flagcountry|Russian Empire|1858}}:
Knight of St. Andrew, February 1889
Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, February 1889
Knight of the White Eagle, February 1889
Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, February 1889
Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class, February 1889
Knight of St. Vladimir, 4th Class
{{flagicon|Thailand|1855}} Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant
{{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 16 July 1910[http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1910/198/A00270-00270.pdf Bollettino Ufficiale di Stato]
{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:
Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (civil), 21 June 1887Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n303/mode/2up p. 212] (expelled in 1915)
Knight of the Garter, 16 May 1892Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n157/mode/2up p. 69] (expelled in 1915)
Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 10 August 1902Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n505/mode/2up p. 415] (expelled in 1915)