Etruria

The ancient people of Etruria{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1126/sciadv.abi7673|title = The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect|year = 2021|last1 = Posth|first1 = Cosimo|last2 = Zaro|first2 = Valentina|last3 = Spyrou|first3 = Maria A.|last4 = Vai|first4 = Stefania|last5 = Gnecchi-Ruscone|first5 = Guido A.|last6 = Modi|first6 = Alessandra|last7 = Peltzer|first7 = Alexander|last8 = Mötsch|first8 = Angela|last9 = Nägele|first9 = Kathrin|last10 = Vågene|first10 = Åshild J.|last11 = Nelson|first11 = Elizabeth A.|last12 = Radzevičiūtė|first12 = Rita|last13 = Freund|first13 = Cäcilia|last14 = Bondioli|first14 = Lorenzo M.|last15 = Cappuccini|first15 = Luca|last16 = Frenzel|first16 = Hannah|last17 = Pacciani|first17 = Elsa|last18 = Boschin|first18 = Francesco|last19 = Capecchi|first19 = Giulia|last20 = Martini|first20 = Ivan|last21 = Moroni|first21 = Adriana|last22 = Ricci|first22 = Stefano|last23 = Sperduti|first23 = Alessandra|last24 = Turchetti|first24 = Maria Angela|last25 = Riga|first25 = Alessandro|last26 = Zavattaro|first26 = Monica|last27 = Zifferero|first27 = Andrea|last28 = Heyne|first28 = Henrike O.|last29 = Fernández-Domínguez|first29 = Eva|last30 = Kroonen|first30 = Guus J.|journal = Science Advances|volume = 7|issue = 39|pages = eabi7673|pmid = 34559560|pmc = 8462907| bibcode=2021SciA....7.7673P |display-authors = 1}}

are identified as Etruscans. Their complex cultureKindy, David, [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dna-analysis-shows-early-etruscans-were-homegrown-180978772/ Where Did the Ancient Etruscans Come From?: A new DNA analysis suggests the enigmatic civilization was native to the Italian Peninsula], Smithsonian, September 29, 2021 centered on numerous city-states that arose during the Villanovan period in the ninth century BC, and they were very powerful during the Orientalizing Archaic periods.

The Etruscans were a dominant culture in Italy by 650 BC,Rix, Helmut. "Etruscan." In The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. Roger D. Woodard. Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 141–164. surpassing other ancient Italic peoples such as the Ligures. Their influence may be seen beyond Etruria's confines in the Po River Valley and Latium, as well as in Campania and through their contact with the Greek colonies in Southern Italy (including Sicily). Indeed, at some Etruscan tombs, such as those of the Tumulus di Montefortini at Comeana (see Carmignano) in Tuscany, physical evidence of trade with Egypt has been found by archaeologists—fine Egyptian faience cups are an example. Such trade occurred either directly with Egypt or through intermediaries such as Greek or Phoenician sailors.

File:Сведомский Александр Александрович - Ворота в городе Вольтерра, Этрурия.jpg, Etruria or Returning With Captives by {{ill|Aleksandr Svedomsky|fr|Aleksandr Svedomski}} or Svedomskiy, 1884]]

Rome was influenced strongly by the Etruscans even though it was separated from the early boundary of Etruria by the Silva Ciminia, the Ciminian Forest. A series of Etruscan kings ruled Rome until 509 BC when the last Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was removed from power and the Roman Republic was established.Cary, M.; Scullard, H. H., A History of Rome. Page 28. 3rd Ed. 1979. {{ISBN|0-312-38395-9}}. The Etruscans are credited with influencing Roman architecture and ritual practice; it was under the Etruscan kings that important structures such as the Capitolium, Cloaca Maxima, and Via Sacra were realized.

The Etruscan civilization had a great influence on the culture of early Republican Rome, some of what later became the most symbolic traditions of the city. It also included the introduction of new foods, the Latin alphabet, the architecture, and engineering elements.{{Cite web |last=Roma.Com |first=Redazione |date=2021-08-04 |title=L'influenza della civiltà etrusca sugli antichi Romani |url=https://www.roma.com/linfluenza-della-civilta-etrusca-sugli-antichi-romani/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Roma.Com |language=it}}

Etruria usually is divided into two main territories, called Northern Etruria and Southern Etruria, to which must be added the northernmost territories are called Etruria Padana, and the southernmost territories are called Etruria Campana.

; Etruria (proper):

• Northern Etruria - much of modern Tuscany, from the Arno river to the north, the Apennines to the east, and the Albegna river to the south of Tuscany;
• Inner Etruria - the Etruscan territories in the Perugia area in modern western Umbria
• Southern Etruria - small portions of the most southern areas of Tuscany, all of northern and central Lazio to the gates of Rome

; Etruscan colonies:

{{See also|Etruscan cities#Etruria Padana|Etruscan cities#Etruria Campana}}

• Etruria Padana (Padanian Etruria) - territories in Emilia-Romagna and in the southern extremity of Lombardy and Veneto, in northern Italy
• Etruria Campana (Campanian Etruria) - territories in southern Lazio and Campania, in southern Italy

File:Etruscan votive heads IV-II century BC.jpg

{{main|Etruscan cities}}

Latin and Italian names are given between parentheses:

• Arritim (Arretium, Arezzo)
• Atria (Adria)
• Caisra (Caere, Cerveteri)
• Clevsin (Clusium, Chiusi)
• Curtun (Cortonium, Cortona)
• Felathri (Volaterrae, Volterra)
• Fufluna (Populonium, Populonia)
• Parusia (Perusia, Perugia)
• Tarchna (Volscian Anxur) (Tarracina, Terracina)
• Tarchnal (Tarquinii, Tarquinia)
• Veii (Veii, Veio)
• Vetluna (Vetulonium, Vetulonia)
• Vipsul (Faesulae, Fiesole)
• Velch (Vulci, Volci)
• Velzna (Volsiniia, Volsinii)

There was a period between 600 BC and 500 BC, during which twelve Etruscan city-states formed a loose confederation known as the Etruscan League. Etruscan was the official language for their meetings. When Etruria was conquered by the Roman Republic, Latin became the official language.

In the Augustan organization of Roman Italy, Etruria was the name of a region (Regio VII). Its borders were the Tiber, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Apuan Alps, and the Apennines. This is roughly coincident with those of Etruria before the Roman period that began in 509 BC.{{cite book|last1=Baracca|first1=M.|title=Atlante Storico|date=1970|publisher=De Agostini|location=Novara|page=15|language=Latin}}

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (which existed 1569–1801 and 1814–1859) styled itself in Latin as Magnus Ducatus Etruriae (Grand Duchy of Etruria). The name Etruria also was applied to the Kingdom of Etruria, an ephemeral client state of Napoleon I of France that replaced the Grand Duchy between 1801 and 1807.

A particularly noteworthy work dealing with Etruscan locations is D. H. Lawrence's Sketches of Etruscan Places and Other Italian Essays.

• {{cite book| title = An Ancient and Modern History of Etruria | last = Coberly| first =Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Leo Coberly | isbn = 978-0615819112| year=2013| publisher = Italian Heritage Press}}

• Padanian Etruria
• Etruscan history
• Etruscan origins
• Etruscan cities
• Etruscan civilization
• Etruscan society
• Etruscan language
• Etruscan mythology
• Kingdom of Etruria
• Tuscia

• {{cite book|last1=Bonfante|first1=Giuliano|author-link=Giuliano Bonfante |last2=Bonfante|first2=Larissa|author2-link=Larissa Bonfante |title=The Etruscan Language: an Introduction|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester U.P.|year=2003|isbn=0719055407}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Hall|editor-first=John F.|title=Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1996|isbn=9780842523349|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/etruscanitaly00john/page/411}} Chronology of Etruscan Italy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bUhT7i7XhOAC&pg=PA367|p.96].
• {{cite web|title=Etruria|publisher =Treccani.it |lang=it|work=Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/etruria|ref={{harvid|Treccani}}}}

{{wiktionary}}

• [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Periods/Roman/Archaic/Etruscan/_Texts/DENETR*/home.html Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria], by George Dennis, an overview of Etruscan civilisation
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Etruria|short=x}}
• [https://lifebeyondtheroom.com/etruscan-cerveteri-an-ancient-civilization/ "The Mysteries of Etruscan Cerveteri: A Walk Through an Ancient Civilization"] . transferinrome.cab - 2023-06-30

{{Etruscans}}

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Category:Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy

Category:Italian states

Etruscan sites

Category:History of Umbria

Category:Villanovan culture