European Union tax haven blacklist

{{Short description|European Commission tool against tax avoidance}}

The European Union tax haven blacklist, officially the EU list of non-cooperative tax jurisdictions, is a tool of the European Union (EU) that lists tax havens. It is used by the Member States to tackle external risks of tax abuse and unfair tax competition. It was adopted for the first time in 2017 as a response to tax avoidance in the EU, screening 92 countries.Francesco Guarascio. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-tax-blacklist/eu-shrinks-tax-haven-blacklist-removes-uk-dutch-territories-idUSKCN1SN12M EU shrinks tax haven blacklist, removes UK, Dutch territories]. Reuters. 17 May 2019. It is managed by the Code of Conduct Group for Business Taxation and monitored by the European Commission (EC). The most recent revision was released on 6 October 2020. The list is updated twice a year.

Criteria for listing and history

=Criteria=

Jurisdictions that do not comply with all three of these EC criteria are flagged as tax havens by the EU:

Transparency
Fair Tax Competition
BEPS implementation (the OECD's Base Erosion and Profit Shifting minimum standards)

=History=

The original list in 2017 contained additional countries. Of these, 25 countries have been cleared and removed from the list by March 2019: Andorra, Bahrain, Faroe Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Korea, Liechtenstein, Macao SAR, Malaysia, Montserrat, New Caledonia, Panama, Peru, Qatar, San Marino, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos, and Uruguay. An additional 34 countries that have committed to compliance by the end of 2019, and form a "grey list": Albania, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, Bahamas, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Curaçao, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Eswatini, Jordan, Maldives, Mauritius, Morocco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, North Macedonia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Serbia, Seychelles, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam.

A number of countries have not yet been screened: In 2019 Russia, Mexico and Argentina are scheduled to be screened. Other countries are planned to be brought into the scope from 2020 onwards.

On 27 March 2019, the European Parliament voted by 505 in favour to 63 against of accepting a new report that likened Luxembourg, Malta, Ireland and the Netherlands, and Cyprus to "display[ing] traits of a tax haven and facilitate aggressive tax planning".{{cite web | url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/luxembourg-leaks/seven-eu-countries-labeled-tax-havens-in-parliament-report/ | title=Seven EU Countries Labeled 'Tax Havens' in Parliament Report | publisher=International Consortium of Investigative Journalists | author=Simon Bowers | date=4 March 2019 | accessdate=20 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420102822/https://www.icij.org/investigations/luxembourg-leaks/seven-eu-countries-labeled-tax-havens-in-parliament-report/ | archive-date=20 April 2019 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2019/0326/1038812-ireland-european-report/|title=Ireland likened to tax haven in report accepted in European Parliament|publisher=RTE News|date=26 March 2019|accessdate=27 March 2019|quote=Ireland has been likened to a tax haven in a new report which was overwhelmingly accepted by the European Parliament.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326223608/https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2019/0326/1038812-ireland-european-report/|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live}} However, despite this vote, the EU Commission is not obliged to include these EU jurisdictions on the blacklist.{{cite web|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2019/03/the-netherlands-is-a-tax-haven-alongside-ireland-malta-and-cyprus-say-meps/|title=The Netherlands is a tax haven alongside Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus, say MEPs|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=20 April 2019|quote=Members of the European Parliament have voted to include the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta and Cyprus on the official EU tax haven blacklist.|publisher=DutchNews.nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154110/https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2019/03/the-netherlands-is-a-tax-haven-alongside-ireland-malta-and-cyprus-say-meps/|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}

On 17 October 2023, the European Union added Antigua and Barbuda, Belize and the Seychelles to its blacklist of tax havens. At the same time, they removed the British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica and the Marshall Islands from the list of non-cooperative tax jurisdictions.{{cite web | url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/748384/eu-adds-antigua-and-barbuda-belize-and-seychelles-to-tax-haven-blacklist | title=EU adds Antigua and Barbuda, Belize and Seychelles to tax haven blacklist }}

List

= Current listed jurisdictions =

Following this latest revision in October 2023, the EU blacklist includes the following sixteen jurisdictions: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Fiji, Guam, Palau, Panama, Russia, Samoa, Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu. {{cite web | url=https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/articles/2023/october/19/new-jurisdictions-added-to-and-removed-from-the-eu-blacklist | title=New jurisdictions added to and removed from the EU Blacklist }}

In the February 2023 update, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Marshall Islands and Russia were added and North Macedonia, Barbados, Jamaica and Uruguay were removed.{{cite web |title=Taxation: British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Marshall Islands and Russia added to EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/02/14/taxation-british-virgin-islands-costa-rica-marshall-islands-and-russia-added-to-eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions-for-tax-purposes/ |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en}}

In the 2021 update, Dominica was added to the blacklist and Barbados was moved to the grey list, pending a supplementary review by the Global Forum. {{Cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=Euro Tax Flash from KPMG's EU Tax Centre - KPMG Global|url=https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2021/02/etf-442-updates-to-the-eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions.html|access-date=14 June 2021|website=KPMG|language=en-US}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ |title=Taxation: EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions |website=European Council |language=en |access-date=6 October 2020}}

class="wikitable sortable"

!Non-cooperative jurisdictions

!Type of jurisdiction

!Reasons for blacklisting

|Unincorporated and unorganized U.S. territory

|American Samoa does not apply any automatic exchange of financial information, has not signed and ratified, including through the jurisdiction they are dependent on, the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance as amended, did not commit to apply the BEPS minimum standards and did not commit to addressing these issues.

|Autonomous British Overseas Territory

|This is due to the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes (the international standards for the exchange of information on request) downgrading the ratings of this jurisdiction to “non-compliant”

|Country

|Island country

|Country

|Fiji is not a member of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes ("Global Forum"), has not signed and ratified the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance as amended, has harmful preferential tax regimes, has not become a member of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS or implemented OECD anti-BEPS minimum standard, and has not resolved these issues yet.

|Unincorporated and organized U.S. territory

|Guam does not apply any automatic exchange of financial information, has not signed and ratified, including through the jurisdiction they are dependent on, the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance as amended, did not commit to apply the BEPS minimum standards and did not commit to addressing these issues.

|Country

|Palau does not apply any automatic exchange of financial information, has not signed and ratified the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance as amended, and has not resolved these issues yet.

|Country

|Panama does not have a rating of at least “Largely Compliant” by the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes for Exchange of Information on Request and has not resolved this issue yet.

|Country

|Code of conduct group screened Russia’s new legislation adopted in 2022 against the good tax governance criteria of the code and found that Russia had not fulfilled its commitment to address the harmful aspects of a special regime for international holding companies (criterion 2.1). In addition, dialogue with Russia on matters related to taxation came to a standstill following the Russian aggression against Ukraine.

|Country

|Samoa has a harmful preferential tax regime and did not commit to addressing this issue.

Furthermore, Samoa committed to comply with criterion 3.1 by the end of 2018 but has not resolved this issue yet.

|Country

|Island country

|Autonomous British Overseas Territory

|Unincorporated and organized U.S. territory

|US Virgin Islands does not apply any automatic exchange of financial information, has not signed and ratified, including through the jurisdiction they are dependent on, the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance as amended, has harmful preferential tax regimes, did not commit to apply the BEPS minimum standards and did not commit to addressing these issues.

|Country

|Vanuatu does not have a rating of at least “Largely Compliant” by the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes for Exchange of Information on Request, facilitates offshore structures and arrangements aimed at attracting profits without real economic substance and has not resolved these issues yet.

Sanctions

On 16 December 2019, the EU Code of Conduct Group (Business Taxation) (CCG), under the Economic and Financial Affairs Council, published a new guidance{{Cite web|url=https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14114-2019-INIT/en/pdf|title=Report 14114/19 from the Code of Conduct Group (Business Taxation)|last=|first=|date=25 December 2019|website=Council of the European Union|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=17 December 2019}} on sanctions to be applied by EU Member States against blacklisted 'non-cooperative' jurisdictions by the end of 2020. These sanctions were immediately backed{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalinvestment.net/news/4008313/eu-roll-sanctions-blacklisted-jurisdictions|title=EU to roll out sanctions against blacklisted jurisdictions|date=17 December 2019|website=www.internationalinvestment.net|language=en|access-date=18 December 2019}} by the Finnish Presidency of the Council of the European Union called such sanctions as "defensive-measures" that are recommended to EU Member States to take against blacklisted jurisdictions.{{Cite web|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/41647/st14851-en19.pdf|title=OUTCOME OF THE COUNCIL MEETING - 3736th Council meeting|last=Lintilä|first=Mika|date=5 December 2019|website=Council of the European Union|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 December 2019}}

These defensive-measures entail:{{Cite web|url=https://www.step.org/news/eu-sets-out-sanctions-against-blacklisted-jurisdictions|title=EU sets out sanctions against blacklisted jurisdictions {{!}} STEP|website=www.step.org|access-date=18 December 2019}}

denying deduction of costs and payments that otherwise would be deductible, when these costs and payments are treated as directed to entities or persons in blacklisted jurisdictions;
including in the taxpayer company's tax base the income of an entity resident or a permanent establishment situated in a blacklisted jurisdiction, in accordance with the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive rules for controlled foreign companies;
applying a withholding tax at a higher rate on payments such as interest, royalties, service fee or remuneration, when these payments are treated as received in blacklisted jurisdictions; and
for those Member States with rules that permit excluding or deducting dividends or other profits received from foreign subsidiaries, denying or limiting these 'participation exemptions' if the dividends or other profits are treated as received from a blacklisted jurisdiction.

Member States are requested to apply at least one of these measures from 1 January 2021 at the latest. Furthermore, Member States are entitled to apply their own additional measures or to maintain their own lists of non-cooperative jurisdictions at the national level.

By the end of 2021, an overview of sanctions applied by Member States will take place, and as of 2022, the CCG will assess the need for further coordination of defensive measures.

References

Text was copied from [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XG0227%2801%29 this source], which is © European Union, 1995–2018. Reuse is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.

{{Reflist|refs=

[https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-19-1629_en.htm Questions and answers on the EU list of non-cooperative tax jurisdictions]. Brussels, 12 March 2019. European Commission Press Release Database.

}}