Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Conservative factions

File:U.S. President Donald Trump with a KAG hat.jpg, the 45th and 47th President of the United States, has been widely credited for realigning the Republican Party away from conservatism and more toward nationalism.Antonova, Katherine (July 25, 2017). [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/republicans-no-longer-conservative-party_n_59767dd6e4b0e201d5776f8c The GOP Is No Longer A 'Conservative' Party]. HuffPost. Retrieved January 20, 2025.Hogan, Fuzz (May 6, 2023). [https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/06/politics/nationalism-conservatism-what-matters/index.html 'Nationalism' redefines the American right]. CNN. Retrieved November 17, 2024.{{Cite web| url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/22/trump-nationalist-926745| title=Trump: 'I'm a nationalist'| website=Politico| date=22 October 2018| access-date=20 January 2025}}]]

During the presidency of Barack Obama, the Republican Party experienced internal conflict between its governing class (known as the Republican establishment) and the anti-establishment, small-government Tea Party movement.{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/republicans-tea-party-activists-full-scale-civil-war/story?id=21194296|title=Republicans and Tea Party Activists in 'Full Scale Civil War'|website=ABC News|date=December 12, 2013}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2013/10/02/228524707/gop-establishment-grapples-with-a-tea-party-that-wont-budge|title=GOP Establishment Grapples With A Tea Party That Won't Budge|website=NPR.org|date=October 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914130937/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2013/10/02/228524707/gop-establishment-grapples-with-a-tea-party-that-wont-budge|archive-date=September 14, 2015|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/not-their-cup-of-tea-the-republican-establishment-versus-the-tea-party/|title=Not Their Cup of Tea: The Republican Establishment versus the Tea Party |first=Alan |last=Abramowitz|website=CenterForPolitics.org|date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116210503/https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/not-their-cup-of-tea-the-republican-establishment-versus-the-tea-party|archive-date=Nov 16, 2013|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/establishment-vs-tea-party-in-primary-showdowns/|title=Establishment Vs. Tea Party in Primary Showdowns|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=September 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117000129/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/establishment-vs-tea-party-in-primary-showdowns/|archive-date=Jan 17, 2022|url-status=live}} In 2019, during the presidency of Donald Trump, Perry Bacon Jr. of FiveThirtyEight.com asserted that there were five groups of Republicans: Trumpists, Pro-Trumpers, Trump-Skeptical Conservatives, Trump-Skeptical Moderates, and Anti-Trumpers.{{Cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-five-wings-of-the-republican-party/|title=The Five Wings Of The Republican Party|website=FiveThirtyEight|first=Perry |last=Bacon|date=March 27, 2019}}

In February 2021, following Trump's 2020 loss to Democrat Joe Biden and the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Philip Bump of The Washington Post posited that the Republican Party in the U.S. House of Representatives consisted of three factions: the Trumpists (who voted against the second impeachment of Donald Trump in 2021, voted against stripping Marjorie Taylor Greene of her committee assignments, and supported efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election), the accountability caucus (who supported either the Trump impeachment, the effort to discipline Greene, or both), and the pro-democracy Republicans (who opposed the Trump impeachment and the effort to discipline Greene but also opposed efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results).{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/05/three-factions-house-republicans/|title=The Three Factions of House Republicans |newspaper=The Washington Post|last=Bump|first=Philip |date=February 5, 2021}} Also in February 2021, Carl Leubsdorf of the Dallas Morning News asserted that there were three groups of Republicans: Never Trumpers (including Bill Kristol, Sen. Mitt Romney, and governors Charlie Baker and Larry Hogan), Sometimes Trumpers (including Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley), and Always Trumpers (including Sens. Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley).{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2021/02/18/the-gop-is-divided-into-3-warring-factions-focused-on-trump-never-sometimes-and-always/|title=The GOP is divided into 3 warring factions focused on Trump: Never, Sometimes and Always|date=February 18, 2021|website=Dallas News}}

In March 2021, one survey indicated that five factions of Republican voters had emerged following Trump's presidency: Never Trump, Post-Trump G.O.P. (voters who liked Trump but did not want him to run for president again), Trump Boosters (voters who approved of Trump, but identified more closely with the Republican Party than with Trump), Die-hard Trumpers, and Infowars G.O.P. (voters who subscribe to conspiracy theories).{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/12/us/politics/republican-factions-.html|title=A survey of Republicans shows 5 factions have emerged after Trump's presidency.|first=Maggie|last=Haberman|newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 12, 2021}} In November 2021, Pew Research Center identified four Republican-aligned groups of Americans: Faith and Flag Conservatives, Committed Conservatives, the Populist Right, and the Ambivalent Right.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/11/09/the-republican-coalition/|title=The Republican Coalition among the U.S. electorate|website=PewResearch.org|date=November 9, 2021}}

As of 2023, congressional Republicans refer to the various House Republican factions as the Five Families.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2023/house-republican-five-families/ |website=washingtonpost.com |title=Meet 'the five families' that wield power in McCarthy's House majority |date=March 24, 2023 |last1=Blanco |first1=Adrian |last2=Sotomayor |first2=Marianna |last3=Dormido |first3=Hannah}}{{Cite web|url=https://about.bgov.com/news/mccarthy-turns-to-five-families-to-keep-peace-among-gop-rivals/|title=McCarthy Turns to 'Five Families' to Keep Peace Among GOP Rivals|date=February 28, 2023|last=Wilkins|first=Emily}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/23/us/politics/house-republicans-divisions-speaker.html |website=The New York Times |title='5 Families' and Factions Within Factions; Why the House G.O.P. Can't Unite |date=October 23, 2023 |last=Broadwater |first=Luke}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/13/politics/kevin-mccarthy-debt-ceiling-strategy/index.html|title=Kevin McCarthy leans on 'five families' as House GOP plots debt-limit tactics |first1=Manu |last1=Raju |first2=Melanie|last2=Zanona|date=February 13, 2023|website=CNN.com}} Derived from The Godfather, the term refers to Mafia crime families. The Five Families consist of "the right-wing House Freedom Caucus, the conservative Republican Study Committee, the business-minded Main Street Caucus, the mainstream Republican Governance Group", and the Republican members of the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus. The House Republican factions overlap with one another, and some members belong to no caucus.

{{main|Conservatism in the United States}}

{{see also|Cultural conservatism|Fiscal conservatism|Movement conservatism|Neoconservatism|Social conservatism}}

{{Redirect|Conservative Republicans|the 19th century faction of this party|Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)|other uses|Conservative Republican Party (disambiguation)}}

File:William F. Buckley, Jr. Public Domain.jpg is considered one of the earliest and most influential figures of the conservative movement.]]The conservative wing grew out of the 1950s and 1960s, with its initial leaders being Senator Robert A. Taft, Russell Kirk, and William F. Buckley Jr. Its central tenets include the promotion of individual liberty and free-market economics and opposition to labor unions, high taxes, and government regulation. The Republican Party has undergone a major decrease in the influence of its establishment conservative faction since the election of Donald Trump in 2016.{{Cite journal |last1=Biebricher |first1=Thomas |date=October 25, 2023 |title=The Crisis of American Conservatism in Historical–Comparative Perspective |journal=Politische Vierteljahresschrift |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=233–259 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11615-023-00501-2 |issn=2075-4698 |doi-access=free }}{{cite news |last1=Aratani |first1=Lauren |title=Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814230535/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |archive-date=14 August 2021 |quote=In keeping with the party’s deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.}}{{Cite news |last1=Desiderio |first1=Andrew |last2=Sherman |first2=Jake |last3=Bresnahan |first3=John |date=February 7, 2024 |title=The end of the Old GOP |language=en-US |work=Punchbowl News |url=https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/ |access-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-date=February 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207114758/https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/ |url-status=live }}

In economic policy, conservatives call for a large reduction in government spending, less regulation of the economy, and privatization or changes to Social Security. Supporters of supply-side economics and fiscal conservatives predominate, but there are deficit hawks and protectionists within the party as well. Before 1930, the Northeastern industrialist faction of the GOP was strongly committed to high tariffs, a political stance that returned to popularity in many conservative circles during the Trump presidency.{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/donald-trump-working-class-voters-219231|title=Trump's 6 populist positions|work=POLITICO|last=Becker|first=Bernie|date=February 13, 2016|access-date=November 29, 2020}} The conservative wing typically supports socially conservative positions, such as supporting gun rights and restrictions on abortion, though there is a wide range of views on such issues within the party.

File:Conservative Gallup 8-10.svg by state in 2010:{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Jeffrey|title=Wyoming, Mississippi, Utah Rank as Most Conservative States|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/141677/Wyoming-Mississippi-Utah-Rank-Conservative-States.aspx|website=Gallup|date=August 2, 2010|access-date=October 6, 2016}}

{{legend|#ca2521;|49% and above}}

{{legend|#d54a42;|45–48%}}

{{legend|#df7064;|41–44%}}

{{legend|#ea9585;|37–40%}}

{{legend|#f4baa6;|33–36%}}

{{legend|#ffe0c8;|32% and under}}

]]

Conservatives generally oppose affirmative action, support increased military spending, and are opposed to gun control. On the issue of school vouchers, conservative Republicans split between supporters who believe that "big government education" is a failure and opponents who fear greater government control over private and church schools. Parts of the conservative wing have been criticized for being anti-environmentalist{{cite book|last1=Shabecoff|first1=Philip|title=Earth Rising: American Environmentalism in the 21st Century|date=2000|publisher=Island Press|isbn=9781597263351|page=[https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil/page/125 125]|url=https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil|url-access=registration|quote=republican party anti-environmental.|access-date=November 9, 2017}}{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Samuel P.|title=A History of Environmental Politics Since 1945|date=2000|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=9780822972242|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jG5IwgEFSYQC&pg=PA119|access-date=November 9, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220081610/https://books.google.com/books?id=jG5IwgEFSYQC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119#v=onepage&q=republican%20party%20anti-environmentalist|archive-date=February 20, 2018}}{{cite web|last1=Sellers|first1=Christopher|title=How Republicans came to embrace anti-environmentalism|url=https://www.vox.com/2017/4/22/15377964/republicans-environmentalism|website=Vox|access-date=November 9, 2017|date=June 7, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102175137/https://www.vox.com/2017/4/22/15377964/republicans-environmentalism|archive-date=November 2, 2017}} and promoting climate change denial{{cite journal|last1=Dunlap|first1=Riley E.|last2=McCright|first2=Araon M.|title=A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change|journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development|date=August 7, 2010|volume=50|issue=5|pages=26–35|doi=10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35|s2cid=154964336}}{{cite journal|last=Båtstrand|first=Sondre|title=More than Markets: A Comparative Study of Nine Conservative Parties on Climate Change|journal=Politics and Policy|volume=43|issue=4|pages=538–561|doi=10.1111/polp.12122|issn=1747-1346|year=2015|quote=The U.S. Republican Party is an anomaly in denying anthropogenic climate change.}}{{cite news|title=Why Are Republicans the Only Climate-Science-Denying Party in the World?|author-link=Jonathan Chait|first=Jonathan|last=Chait|date=September 27, 2015|access-date=September 20, 2017|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/09/whys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html|magazine=New York|quote=Of all the major conservative parties in the democratic world, the Republican Party stands alone in its denial of the legitimacy of climate science. Indeed, the Republican Party stands alone in its conviction that no national or international response to climate change is needed. To the extent that the party is divided on the issue, the gap separates candidates who openly dismiss climate science as a hoax, and those who, shying away from the political risks of blatant ignorance, instead couch their stance in the alleged impossibility of international action.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721045321/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/09/whys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html|archive-date=July 21, 2017}} in opposition to the general scientific consensus, making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties.

Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the election of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes. These have resulted in shifts towards greater support of national conservatism,{{cite news |title=The growing peril of national conservatism |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 15, 2024 |access-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195332/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}} protectionism,{{cite news |title=The Republican Party no longer believes America is the essential nation |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation |newspaper=The Economist |date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213131705/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}} cultural conservatism, a more realist foreign policy, skepticism of neoconservatism, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.{{Cite journal |last1=Ashbee |first1=Edward |last2=Waddan|first2=Alex|date=13 December 2023 |title=US Republicans and the New Fusionism |journal=The Political Quarterly |volume=95 |pages=148–156 |language=en |doi=10.1111/1467-923X.13341 |issn=1467-923X }}{{cite magazine |last=Garcia-Navarro |first=Lulu |title=Inside the Heritage Foundation's Plans for 'Institutionalizing Trumpism' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/21/magazine/heritage-foundation-kevin-roberts.html |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |location=New York City |date=January 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213083434/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/21/magazine/heritage-foundation-kevin-roberts.html |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 21, 2024 |issn=0028-7822 }}

{{main|Neoconservatism}}

{{See also|American imperialism|Interventionism (politics)}}

{{multiple image

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| footer = The Bush-Cheney administration marked the height of Neoconservatism during the 2000s.

| image1 = Rumsfeld Bush Cheney.jpg

| width1 = 250

| caption1 = President George W. Bush (middle), Vice President Dick Cheney (right) and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (left) were considered central figures of the war on terror following the September 11 attacks.

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Neoconservatives promote an interventionist foreign policy and democracy or American interests abroad. Neoconservatives have been credited with importing into the Republican Party a more active international policy. They are amenable to unilateral military action when they believe it serves a morally valid purpose (such as the spread of democracy or deterrence of human rights abuses abroad). They grounded in a realist philosophy of "peace through strength."{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/neoconservatism|title=Neoconservatism|last=Dagger|first=Richard|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531190807/https://www.britannica.com/topic/neoconservatism|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neoconservative|title=Neoconservative|website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214021/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neoconservative|url-status=live}} Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the late 20th century, and neoconservatism peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney during the 2000s, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq.{{Cite book|title=Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq|last=Record|first=Jeffery|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|pages=47–50}}

Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush-Cheney administration included John Bolton, Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. During and after Donald Trump's presidency, neoconservatism has declined and non-interventionism and right-wing populism has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.{{cite news |last1=Rucker |first1=Philip |author1-link=Philip Rucker |last2=Costa |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Costa (journalist) |date=March 21, 2016 |title=Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/}}{{cite journal |last1=Dodson |first1=Kyle |last2=Brooks |first2=Clem |title=All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate |journal=The Sociological Quarterly |date=20 September 2021 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=780–803 |doi=10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348 |s2cid=240577549 |issn=0038-0253|doi-access=free }} However, after Trump took office, some neoconservatives joined his administration, such as John Bolton, Mike Pompeo, Elliott Abrams{{cite news|work=Politico|title=Elliott Abrams, prominent D.C. neocon, named special envoy for Venezuela|date=25 January 2019|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115156/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562|url-status=live}} and Nadia Schadlow.

Neoconservatives' role remains key in foreign policy issues. The Hudson Institute has been described as neoconservative,{{Cite web|title=Hudson Institute|url=https://militarist-monitor.org/profile/hudson_institute/|website=Militarist Monitor}}{{cite book|author=Danny Cooper|title=Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy: A Critical Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNyZILpcSgkC&pg=PA45|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=45|isbn=978-0-203-84052-8|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161657/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNyZILpcSgkC&pg=PA45|url-status=live}} whose researchers and foreign policy experts have played a key role in Republican administrations since the 2000s. Other organizations associated with this faction include the American Enterprise Institute,{{cite book|author=Matthew Christopher Rhoades|title=Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnlVbs5HSicC&pg=PA110|year=2008|page=110|isbn=978-0-549-62046-4|access-date=12 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} the Foundation for Defense of Democracies,{{cite book|author=John Feffer|title=Power Trip: Unilateralism and Global Strategy After September 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8PQgoFju7UC&pg=PA231|year=2003|publisher=Seven Stories Press|page=231|isbn=978-1-60980-025-3|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161644/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8PQgoFju7UC&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Foster|first=Peter|title=Obama's new head boy|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/9891755/Obamas-new-head-boy.html|access-date=12 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph (UK)|date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228034030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/9891755/Obamas-new-head-boy.html|archive-date=28 February 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Jonsson|first=Patrik|title=Shooting of two soldiers in Little Rock puts focus on 'lone wolf' Islamic extremists|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/0611/p02s01-usju.html|access-date=13 March 2013|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|date=11 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406031548/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/0611/p02s01-usju.html|archive-date=6 April 2013|url-status=live}} the Henry Jackson SocietyK. Dodds, K. and S. Elden, "Thinking Ahead: David Cameron, the Henry Jackson Society and BritishNeoConservatism," British Journal of Politics and International Relations (2008), 10(3): 347–63. and the Project for the New American Century.{{cite book|author=Matthew Christopher Rhoades|title=Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnlVbs5HSicC&pg=PA14|year=2008|page=14|isbn=978-0-549-62046-4|access-date=12 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{main|Christian right|Social conservatism in the United States}}

{{see also|Christian nationalism#United States|United States anti-abortion movement|2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States}}

File:Jerry Falwell portrait.jpg, whose founding of the Moral Majority was a key step in the formation of the New Christian Right]]

The Christian right is a conservative Christian political faction characterized by strong support of socially conservative and Christian nationalist policies.{{cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Baker |first3=Joseph O. |title=Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=79 |issue=2 |date=25 January 2018 |pages=147–171 |doi=10.1093/socrel/srx070 |quote=The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump, even after controlling for economic dissatisfaction, sexism, anti-black prejudice, anti-Muslim refugee attitudes, and anti-immigrant sentiment, as well as measures of religion, sociodemographics, and political identity more generally.}}{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Peter |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Many believe the founders wanted a Christian America. Some want the government to declare one now |url=https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82 |url-status=live |work=Associated Press |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219033711/https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82 |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=February 22, 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Rouse |first1=Stella |last2=Telhami |first2=Shibley |title=Most Republicans Support Declaring the United States a Christian Nation |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |website=Politico |access-date=February 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927001816/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |date=September 21, 2022 |url-status=live}} Christian conservatives seek to use the teachings of Christianity to influence law and public policy.{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Margaret L. |last2=Taylor|first2=Howard Francis |date=2006 |title=Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469 |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |page= |isbn=978-0-534-61716-5}}

In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of evangelical Protestants and conservative Roman Catholics, as well as a large number of Latter-day Saints (Mormons).{{cite book|last= Deckman|first= Melissa Marie|author-link=Melissa Deckman|title= School Board Battles: The Christian Right in Local Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/schoolboardbattl0000deck|url-access= registration|access-date= April 10, 2014|year= 2004|publisher= Georgetown University Press|isbn= 9781589010017|page= [https://archive.org/details/schoolboardbattl0000deck/page/48 48]|quote= More than half of all Christian right candidates attend evangelical Protestant churches, which are more theologically liberal. A relatively large number of Christian Right candidates (24 percent) are Catholics; however, when asked to describe themselves as either "progressive/liberal" or "traditional/conservative" Catholics, 88 percent of these Christian right candidates place themselves in the traditional category.}}{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/the-catholicization-of-th_b_1298435.html|title= The Catholicization of the American Right|last= Schweber|first= Howard|work= The Huffington Post|access-date= February 24, 2012|date= February 24, 2012}}{{cite book|title= School Board Battles: the Christian right in Local Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/schoolboardbattl0000deck|url-access= registration|author= Melissa Marie Deckman|year= 2004|author-link=Melissa Deckman|publisher= Georgetown University Press}}{{Cite web|date=April 27, 2015|title=Five things you should know about Mormon politics|url=https://religionnews.com/2015/04/27/five-things-know-mormon-politics/|access-date=July 16, 2020|website=Religion News Service|language=en-US}} The movement has its roots in American politics going back as far as the 1940s and has been especially influential since the 1970s.{{cite web|url=http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm|title=Christian Right |website=hirr.hartsem.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230556/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2016}} In the late 20th century, the Christian right became strongly connected to the Republican Party.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/religion-politics-evangelicals.html|title=Religion and Right-Wing Politics: How Evangelicals Reshaped Elections|first=Clyde|last=Haberman|work=The New York Times |date=October 28, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019|via=NYTimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029015238/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/religion-politics-evangelicals.html|archive-date=Oct 29, 2018|url-status=live}} Republican politicians associated with the Christian right in the 21st century include Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, and former Senator Rick Santorum.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/upshot/mike-huckabee-and-the-continuing-influence-of-evangelicals.html|title=Mike Huckabee and the Continuing Influence of Evangelicals|first=Nate|last=Cohn|work=The New York Times |date=May 5, 2015|access-date=February 23, 2019|via=NYTimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506151326/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/upshot/mike-huckabee-and-the-continuing-influence-of-evangelicals.html|archive-date=May 6, 2015|url-status=live}} Many within the Christian right have also identified as social conservatives, which sociologist Harry F. Dahms has described as Christian doctrinal conservatives (anti-abortion, anti-LGBT rights) and gun-rights conservatives (pro-NRA) as the two domains of ideology within social conservatism.{{cite book |author-first=Robert B. |author-last=Smith |title=Mediations of Social Life in the 21st Century |chapter=Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality |editor-first=Harry F. |editor-last=Dahms |date=2014|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781784412227|page=101|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|language=en}} Christian nationalists generally seek to declare the U.S. a Christian nation, enforce Christian values, and overturn the separation of church and state.

{{main|Libertarian Republican|Right-libertarianism}}

{{See also|Libertarian conservatism|Libertarianism in the United States|Republican Liberty Caucus|Tea Party Movement}}File:Senator Goldwater 1960.jpg had a substantial impact on the libertarian conservative movement of the 1960s and beyond.]]

Libertarians make up a relatively small faction of the Republican Party. In the 1950s and 60s, fusionism—the combination of traditionalist and social conservatism with political and economic right-libertarianism—was essential to the movement's growth.{{Cite book |last=Dionne Jr. |first=E.J. |title=Why Americans Hate Politics |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1991 |location=New York |page=161}} This philosophy is most closely associated with Frank Meyer.{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Frank |title=In Defense of Freedom and Other Essays |publisher=Liberty Fund |year=1996 |location=Indianapolis}} Barry Goldwater also had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.{{Citation |last=Poole |first=Robert |title=In memoriam: Barry Goldwater |date=August–September 1998 |newspaper=Reason |type=Obituary |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628123204/http%3A//findarticles%2Ecom/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419/ |archive-date=June 28, 2009}}

Libertarian conservatives in the 21st century favor cutting taxes and regulations, repealing the Affordable Care Act, and protecting gun rights.{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2012 |title=A New Guide to the Republican Herd |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/08/26/sunday-review/a-new-guide-to-the-republican-herd.html |website=archive.nytimes.com}} On social issues, they favor privacy, oppose the USA Patriot Act, and oppose the war on drugs. On foreign policy, libertarian conservatives favor non-interventionism.{{cite news |last1=Barnett |first1=Randy E. |date=July 17, 2007 |title=Libertarians and the War |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118463507387568429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093522/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118463507387568429 |archive-date=July 29, 2017 |access-date=July 29, 2017 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}{{cite web |title=Toward a Libertarian Foreign Policy |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/julyaugust-2015/toward-libertarian-foreign-policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730020813/https://www.cato.org/policy-report/julyaugust-2015/toward-libertarian-foreign-policy |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |access-date=July 29, 2017}} The Republican Liberty Caucus, which describes itself as "the oldest continuously operating organization in the Liberty Republican movement with state charters nationwide", was founded in 1991.[http://rlc.org/history-rlc History of the RLC], Republican Liberty Caucus (accessed August 19, 2016). The House Liberty Caucus is a congressional caucus formed by former Representative Justin Amash, a former Republican of Michigan who joined the Libertarian Party in 2020 before returning in 2024.Robert Draper, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/magazine/has-the-libertarian-moment-finally-arrived.html Has the 'Libertarian Moment' Finally Arrived?], New York Times Magazine (August 7, 2016).

Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu,{{cite web |title=Chris Sununu on the Issues |url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Chris_Sununu.htm |access-date=2018-12-18 |website=www.ontheissues.org}}{{cite magazine |last=Voght |first=Kara |date=1 October 2022 |title=The Republican Who's Thriving Despite Calling Trump 'F–king Crazy' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/chris-sununu-new-hampshire-governor-trump-republican-party-1234602759/ |access-date=26 December 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}} Senators Mike Lee and Rand Paul, Representative Thomas Massie, former Representative and Governor of South Carolina Mark Sanford,Josh Goodman, [http://www.governing.com/blogs/politics/South-Carolinas-Libertarian-Governor.html South Carolina's "Libertarian" Governor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916162122/http://www.governing.com/blogs/politics/South-Carolinas-Libertarian-Governor.html|date=2016-09-16}}, Governing (August 4, 2008). and former Representative Ron Paul{{cite web |date=August 12, 2018 |title=Libertarians go local |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/libertarians-go-local |access-date=February 23, 2019 |website=Washington Examiner}} (who was a Republican prior to 1987 and again from 1996 to 2015, and a Libertarian from 1987 to 1996 and since 2015). Ron Paul ran for president once as a Libertarian and twice more recently as a Republican.

The libertarian conservative wing of the party had significant cross-over with the Tea Party movement.{{cite web |last=Ekins |first=Emily |date=September 26, 2011 |title=Is Half the Tea Party Libertarian? |url=http://reason.com/poll/2011/09/26/is-half-the-tea-part-libertart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511064727/http://reason.com/poll/2011/09/26/is-half-the-tea-part-libertart |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |newspaper=Reason}}{{Cite web |last1=Kirby |first1=David |last2=Ekins |first2=Emily McClintock |date=August 6, 2012 |title=Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party |url=http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-roots-tea-party?mc_cid=6b9d637298&mc_eid=a1708a475b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005725/https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-roots-tea-party?mc_cid=6b9d637298&mc_eid=a1708a475b |archive-date=December 4, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |publisher=Cato}}

During the 2024 United States elections, the Republican Party adopted pro-cryptocurrency policies, which were originally advocated by the libertarian wing of the party.{{Cite news|work=Marketplace|title=Republicans are embracing crypto|date=17 July 2024|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2024/07/17/republicans-crypto-bitcoin-donald-trump/}} As the Republican presidential nominee, Donald Trump addressed the 2024 Libertarian National Convention, pledging support for cryptocurrency, opposing central bank digital currency and expressing support for the commutation of Ross Ulbricht. Trump's 2024 campaign featured greater influence from technolibertarian elements, particularly Elon Musk, who was subsequently nominated to lead the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).{{cite news|work=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/technology/383859/musk-trump-vance-silicon-valley|date=November 11, 2024|title=Trump's techno-libertarian dream team goes to Washington}}{{cite news|work=Politico|title=Elon Musk's Twist On Tech Libertarianism Is Blowing Up On Twitter|date=November 23, 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/11/23/elon-musks-new-school-tech-libertarianism-00070733}}{{cite news|work=Euronews|title='Techno libertarians': Why Elon Musk is supporting Donald Trump in the US election|date=October 30, 2024|url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/10/30/techno-libertarians-why-elon-musk-is-supporting-donald-trump-in-the-us-election}} 2024 Republican presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy, who was chosen to lead DOGE alongside Musk, has called for a synthesis between nationalism and libertarianism within the Republican Party, while opposing protectionist elements.{{cite news|work=Reason|url=https://reason.com/2024/07/12/vivek-ramaswamy-debuts-national-libertarianism-at-natcon-4/|title=Vivek Ramaswamy Debuts 'National Libertarianism' at NatCon 4|date=July 12, 2024}}{{cite news|date=July 18, 2024|work=New Yorker|title=The Rise of the New Right at the Republican National Convention|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/the-rise-of-the-new-right-at-the-republican-national-convention}} Musk and Ramaswamy have clashed with elements within the right-wing populist faction over high-skilled legal immigration to the United States.{{Cite news|work=CNN|title=Musk and Ramaswamy defend foreign worker visas, sparking MAGA backlash|date=December 27, 2024|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/27/politics/elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-foreign-worker-visas/index.html}}{{cite news|work=ABC News|title=Musk and Ramaswamy spar with Trump supporters over support for H-1B work visas|date=December 28, 2024|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/musk-ramaswamy-spar-trump-supporters-support-1b-work/story?id=117147209}}

{{Main|Centrism|Center-right politics}}

{{see also|Republican Governance Group|Moderate conservatism|Republican Main Street Partnership}}

File:Colin Powell official Secretary of State photo.jpg was one of the highest-ranking moderate Republicans in recent history, and left the party in January 2021 following the storming of the United States Capitol.]]

Moderate Republicans tend to be conservative-to-moderate on fiscal issues and moderate-to-liberal on social issues, and usually represent swing states or blue states. Moderate Republican voters are typically highly educated,{{Cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/education-not-income-predicted-who-would-vote-for-trump/|title=Education, Not Income, Predicted Who Would Vote For Trump|date=November 22, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|first1=Nate|last1=Silver}} affluent, socially moderate or liberal and often part of the Never Trump movement.{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |date=August 17, 2023 |title=The 6 Kinds of Republican Voters |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |access-date=October 9, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012095530/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |url-status=live }} Ideologically, such Republicans resemble the conservative liberals of Europe.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkPPEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22if+transplanted+to+the+united+states,+they+would+occupy%22&pg=PA107|title=Europe: A Political Profile|last=Slomp|first=Hans|volume=1|year=2011|page=107|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8 |quote=Most European liberals are Conservative Liberals, located at the right end of the left-right line, exactly opposite the American liberals' position. If transplanted to the United States, they would occupy the Left wing and the center of the Republican Party. Only the less numerous social liberals resemble American liberals.}}

While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. lower taxes, deregulation, and welfare reform), moderate Republicans differ in that some support affirmative action, LGBT rights and same-sex marriage, legal access to and even public funding for abortion, gun control laws, more environmental regulation and action on climate change, fewer restrictions on immigration and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants, and embryonic stem cell research.{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/06/liberal.republicans/|title=Analysis: An autopsy of liberal Republicans |first=Alan |last=Silverleib|website=cnn.com|language=en|access-date=October 14, 2018}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/19/us/several-gop-senators-back-money-for-stem-cell-research.html|title=Several G.O.P. Senators Back Money for Stem Cell Research|last=Pear|first=Robert|work=The New York Times |date=June 19, 2001 |access-date=October 14, 2018|language=en}} In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party.{{cite web |last1=Tatum |first1=Sophie |title=3 Kansas legislators switch from Republican to Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/19/politics/kansas-legislature-republican-democrat/index.html |website=CNN |date=December 20, 2018 |access-date=January 8, 2021}}{{cite news |last1=Weiner |first1=Rachel |title=Charlie Crist defends party switch |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/12/10/charlie-crist-defends-party-switch/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 8, 2021}}{{cite web |last1=Hornick |first1=Ed |last2=Walsh |first2=Deidre |title=Longtime GOP Sen. Arlen Specter becomes Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/28/specter.party.switch/ |website=CNN |access-date=January 8, 2021}}

Prominent 21st century moderate Republicans include Senators John McCain of Arizona, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/collins-murkowski-key-votes-kavanaugh-confirmation/572407/|title=Two Moderate Senators, Two Very Different Paths|first=Elaina|last=Plott|date=October 6, 2018|website=The Atlantic|access-date=February 23, 2019}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/opinion/collins-murkowski-change-parties.html|title=Opinion - Senators Collins and Murkowski, It's Time to Leave the G.O.P.|first=Susan|last=Faludi|work=The New York Times |date=July 5, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/408193-kavanaughs-fate-rests-with-sen-collins/|title=Kavanaugh's fate rests with Sen. Collins|first=Linda|last=Petre|date=September 25, 2018|website=TheHill|access-date=February 23, 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/sen-lisa-murkowski-face-reprisal-alaska-gop|title=Sen. Lisa Murkowski Could Face Reprisal from Alaska GOP|first1=Griffin|last1=Connolly|date=October 9, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019|website=rollcall.com|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013657/https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/sen-lisa-murkowski-face-reprisal-alaska-gop|url-status=dead}} and several current or former governors of northeastern states, such as Charlie Baker of Massachusetts{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-a-massachusetts-republican-became-one-of-americas-most-popular-politicians/|title=How A Massachusetts Republican Became One Of America's Most Popular Politicians|first=Perry |last=Bacon|date=March 30, 2018|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=February 23, 2019}} and Phil Scott of Vermont.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/18/metro/if-moderate-republicans-dont-want-go-washington-how-will-things-ever-change/|title=If moderate Republicans don't want to go to Washington, how will things ever change?|website=BostonGlobe.com|date=November 18, 2021}} Another moderate Republican is incumbent governor of Nevada Joe Lombardo, who was previously the Sheriff of Clark County.{{Cite web|website=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/nevada-gop-governor-signs-new-abortion-protections-law-rcna87022|title=Nevada governor signs new abortion protections into law|date=March 31, 2023}} Moderate Republican Representatives include Brian Fitzpatrick,{{Cite web |last=Gibson |first=Brittany |date=2023-08-11 |title=Pennsylvania GOP Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick attracts an anti-abortion challenger |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/08/11/brian-fitzpatrick-anti-abortion-00110927 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=POLITICO |language=en}} Mike Lawler,{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Republican Mike Lawler retains pivotal suburban NYC House seat |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/11/05/2024-election-results-live-coverage-updates-analysis/mike-lawler-wins-new-york-city-house-race-00187024 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=POLITICO |language=en}} and David Valadao.{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Republican David Valadao, Democrat George Whitesides win US House races in California |url=https://apnews.com/article/california-house-majority-republicans-democrats-swing-districts-e146c98a3809edaafd892caa3bcaf7bd |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=AP News |language=en}}

One of the most high-ranking moderate Republicans in recent history was Colin Powell as Secretary of State in the first term of the George W. Bush administration (Powell left the Republican Party in January 2021 following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, and had endorsed every Democrat for president in the general election since 2008).{{cite news |last1=Pitofsky |first1=Marina |title=Colin Powell: 'I can no longer call myself a fellow Republican' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533575-colin-powell-i-can-no-longer-call-myself-a-fellow-republican/ |access-date=January 11, 2021 |work=The Hill |date=January 10, 2021}}

The Republican Governance Group is a caucus of moderate Republicans within the House of Representatives.

{{main|Trumpism|List of politicians associated with Trumpism}}

{{see also|Radical right (United States)|National conservatism|Freedom Caucus}}

File:J. D. Vance (53808261332).jpg, Donald Trump's vice presidential pick for his 2024 campaign. Although initially critical of Trump, Vance became a staunch advocate of Trumpism later into Trump's first term and by 2021, was described as a right-wing populist.]]

Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement,{{cite web | title=Panel Study of the MAGA Movement | website=University of Washington | date=January 6, 2021 | url=https://sites.uw.edu/magastudy/ | access-date=March 24, 2024}}{{cite web | last1=Gabbatt | first1=Adam | last2=Smith | first2=David | title='America First 2.0': Vivek Ramaswamy pitches to be Republicans' next Trump | website=the Guardian | date=August 19, 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/19/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-presidential-nomination-candidate | access-date=March 24, 2024}} Trumpists are the dominant faction in the Republican Party as of 2024.{{cite news |last1=Ball |first1=Molly |title=The GOP Wants Pure, Uncut Trumpism |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/gop-new-hampshire-trump-haley-403080ca |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124014202/https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/gop-new-hampshire-trump-haley-403080ca |archive-date=January 24, 2024 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Arhin |first1=Kofi |last2=Stockemer |first2=Daniel |last3=Normandin |first3=Marie-Soleil |date=May 29, 2023 |title=THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other? |journal=World Affairs |language=en |volume=186 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/0043820023117681 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |issn=1940-1582 |doi-access=free |quote= In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).}}{{cite news |last1=Aratani |first1=Lauren |title=Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814230535/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |archive-date=14 August 2021 |quote=In keeping with the party's deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.}} It has been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism,{{Cite journal |last1=Campani |first1=Giovanna |last2=Fabelo Concepción |first2=Sunamis |last3=Rodriguez Soler |first3=Angel |last4=Sánchez Savín |first4=Claudia |date=December 2022 |title=The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse |journal=Societies |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=154 |doi=10.3390/soc12060154 |issn=2075-4698 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |date=November 2020 |title=Measuring populism worldwide |journal=Party Politics |language=en |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=697–717 |doi=10.1177/1354068820927686 |issn=1354-0688 |s2cid=216298689 |doi-access=free}}{{cite magazine |last=Cassidy |first=John |date=February 29, 2016 |title=Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225035/http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2016 |magazine=The New Yorker}} national conservatism,{{cite news |date=February 15, 2024 |title="National conservatives" are forging a global front against liberalism |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220205122/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |location=London}} neo-nationalism,{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Shaoqing |date=December 8, 2022 |title=The origins, characteristics and trends of neo-nationalism in the 21st century |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=18 |doi=10.1186/s41257-022-00079-4 |pmc=9735003 |quote=On a practical level, the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union and Trump's election as the United States president are regarded as typical events of neo-nationalism. |doi-access=free|pmid=36532330 }} and Trumpism, the political movement associated with Donald Trump and his base.{{cite news |last1=Katzenstein |first1=Peter J. |author-link=Peter J. Katzenstein |date=20 March 2019 |title=Trumpism is US |url=https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=WZB {{!}} Berlin Social Science Center}}{{cite magazine |last1=DiSalvo |first1=Daniel |author-link=Daniel DiSalvo |date=Fall 2022 |title=Party Factions and American Politics |url=https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/party-factions-and-american-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323210441/https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/party-factions-and-american-politics |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=April 11, 2023 |journal=National Affairs}} They have been described by some commentators, including Joseph Lowndes, James A. Gardner, and Guy-Uriel Charles, as the American political variant of the far-right.{{cite book |last1=Lowndes |first1=Joseph |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Populism |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1315226446 |editor-last=de la Torre |editor-first=Carlos |location=London & New York |at="Trumpism" section, pp. 197–200 |chapter=Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump |quote=Trump unabashedly employed the language of white supremacy and misogyny, rage and even violence at Trump rallies was like nothing seen in decades. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm5uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270}}{{Cite news |last1=Bennhold |first1=Katrin |date=September 7, 2020 |title=Trump Emerges as Inspiration for Germany's Far Right |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/world/europe/germany-trump-far-right.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120233123/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/world/europe/germany-trump-far-right.html |archive-date=November 20, 2020 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=J.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZViqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |title=Election Law in the American Political System |last2=Charles |first2=G.U. |publisher=Aspen Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-5438-2683-8 |series=Aspen Casebook Series |page=31 |access-date=2023-12-31}}

Rachel Kleinfeld, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, characterizes Trumpism as an authoritarian, antidemocratic movement which has successfully weaponized cultural issues, and that cultivates a narrative placing white people, Christians, and men at the top of a status hierarchy as its response to the so-called "Great Replacement" theory, a claim that minorities, immigrants, and women, enabled by Democrats, Jews, and elites, are displacing white people, Christians, and men from their "rightful" positions in American society.{{cite web |last1=Kleinfeld |first1=Rachel |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Five Strategies to Support U.S. Democracy |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/09/five-strategies-to-support-us-democracy?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915223727/https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/09/15/five-strategies-to-support-u.s.-democracy-pub-87918 |archive-date=15 September 2022 |url-status=live |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}} In international relations, Trumpists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,{{cite web |last=Falk |first=Thomas O |date=2023-11-08 |title=Why are US Republicans pushing for aid to Israel but not Ukraine? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/why-are-us-republicans-pushing-for-aid-to-israel-but-not-ukraine |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Al Jazeera}}{{Cite news |last=Riccardi |first=Nicholas |date=February 19, 2024 |title=Stalled US aid for Ukraine underscores GOP's shift away from confronting Russia |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |agency=Associated Press}} are generally supportive towards Russia,{{Cite news |last=Lillis |first=Mike |date=February 28, 2024 |title=GOP strained by Trump-influenced shift from Reagan on Russia |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228121816/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=The Hill |quote=Experts say a variety of factors have led to the GOP's more lenient approach to Moscow, some of which preceded Trump's arrival on the political scene ... Trump's popularity has only encouraged other Republicans to adopt a soft-gloves approach to Russia.}}{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=Molly |date=February 23, 2024 |title=How Trump Turned Conservatives Against Helping Ukraine |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/how-trump-turned-conservatives-against-helping-ukraine-d9f75b3b |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}{{Cite web |last=Jonathan |first=Chait |date=February 23, 2024 |title=Russian Dolls Trump has finally remade Republicans into Putin's playthings. |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-republicans-vladimir-putin-puppets.html |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=Intelligencer |quote=But during his time in office and after, Trump managed to create, from the grassroots up, a Republican constituency for Russia-friendly policy ... Conservatives vying to be the Trumpiest of them all have realized that supporting Russia translates in the Republican mind as a proxy for supporting Trump. Hence the politicians most willing to defend his offenses against democratic norms — Marjorie Taylor Greene, Jim Jordan, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lee, J. D. Vance — hold the most anti-Ukraine or pro-Russia views. Conversely, the least-Trumpy Republicans, such as Mitch McConnell and Mitt Romney, have the most hawkish views on Russia. The rapid growth of Trump's once-unique pro-Russia stance is a gravitational function of his personality cult.}} yet claim to favor an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.{{Cite news |last=Lange |first=Jason |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Trump's rise sparks isolationist worries abroad, but voters unfazed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-rise-sparks-isolationist-worries-among-us-allies-americans-focus-home-2024-01-17/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=Reuters}}{{cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |date=December 9, 2023 |title=Fears of a NATO Withdrawal Rise as Trump Seeks a Return to Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/us/politics/trump-2025-nato.html |access-date=December 10, 2023 |work=New York Times}}{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=February 11, 2024 |title=Favoring Foes Over Friends, Trump Threatens to Upend International Order |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/11/us/politics/trump-nato.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en |issn=1553-8095}}{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |date=August 17, 2023 |title=The 6 Kinds of Republican Voters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012095530/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 9, 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} They generally reject compromise within the party and with Democrats,{{cite web |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=2023-10-04 |title=McCarthy became the latest victim of Trump's extreme GOP revolution |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/04/politics/mccarthy-victim-trump-gop-revolution/index.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=CNN}}{{cite web |last=Rocha |first=Alander |date=2023-09-07 |title=Mike Rogers says of 'far-right wing' of GOP: 'You can't get rid of them' |url=https://www.al.com/news/2023/09/mike-rogers-says-far-right-wing-of-gop-act-like-my-kids-you-cant-get-rid-of-them.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=AL}} and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.{{cite web |last=Macpherson |first=James |date=2021-07-24 |title=Far right tugs at North Dakota Republican Party |url=https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-north-dakota-8fce64375abe042324cf26b4c82d57bf |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=AP News}}{{cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=Fringe activists threaten Georgia GOP's political future |url=https://www.times-herald.com/opinion/fringe-activists-threaten-georgia-gop-s-political-future/article_b3fd5a4a-f33f-11ed-901d-7fbbbf28e09e.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Times Herald}} Compared to other Republicans, the Trumpist faction is more likely to be immigration restrictionists,{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Political History |last2=Critchlow |first2=Donald T. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0190628697 |page=387 |quote="Contemporary debate is fueled on one side by immigration restrictionists, led by President Donald Trump and other elected republicans, whose rhetorical and policy assaults on undocumented Latin American immigrants, Muslim refugees, and family-based immigration energized their conservative base." |access-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}} and to be against free trade,{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Kent |title=Populism and Trade: The Challenge to the Global Trading System |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0190086350 |chapter=Populism, Trade, and Trump's Path to Victory}} neoconservatism,{{Cite magazine |last1=Smith |first1=Jordan Michael |last2=Logis |first2=Rich |last3=Logis |first3=Rich |last4=Shephard |first4=Alex |last5=Shephard |first5=Alex |last6=Kipnis |first6=Laura |last7=Kipnis |first7=Laura |last8=Haas |first8=Lidija |last9=Haas |first9=Lidija |date=October 17, 2022 |title=The Neocons Are Losing. Why Aren't We Happy? |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/168045/neoconservative-isolationism-republican-party |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505163722/https://newrepublic.com/article/168045/neoconservative-isolationism-republican-party |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}} and environmental protection laws.{{Cite journal |last=Arias-Maldonado |first=Manuel |date=January 2020 |title=Sustainability in the Anthropocene: Between Extinction and Populism |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=2538 |doi=10.3390/su12062538 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020Sust...12.2538A }}

The Republican Party's Trumpist and far-right movements emerged in occurrence with a global increase in such movements in the 2010s and 2020s,{{cite book |last1=Spiegeleire |first1=Stephan De |last2=Skinner |first2=Clarissa |last3=Sweijs |first3=Tim |title=The Rise of Populist Sovereignism: What It Is, Where It Comes From, and What It Means for International Security and Defense |year=2017 |publisher=The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies |isbn=978-94-92102-59-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY19DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR6}}{{cite journal |last1=Isaac |first1=Jeffrey |date=November 2017 |title=Making America Great Again? |journal=Perspectives on Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=625–631 |doi=10.1017/S1537592717000871 |doi-access=free}} coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010, fueled by the rise of the Tea Party movement which has also been described as far-right.{{cite journal |last=Blum |first=Rachel M. & Cowburn, Mike |date=2024 |title=How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/bjposi/v54y2024i1p88-109_5.html |journal=British Journal of Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=88–109 |doi=10.1017/S0007123423000224 |access-date=2023-12-31}} The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump and anti-Trump factions.{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Lauren R. |last2=McCray |first2=Deon |last3=Ragusa |first3=Jordan M. |date=January 11, 2018 |title=#NeverTrump: Why Republican members of Congress refused to support their party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election |journal=Research & Politics |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/2053168017749383 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Swartz |first1=David L. |date=27 May 2022 |title=Trump divide among American conservative professors |journal=Theory & Society |language=en |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=739–769 |doi=10.1007/s11186-023-09517-4 |issn=1573-7853 |pmc=10224651 |doi-access=free|pmid=37362148 }}

When conservative columnist George Will advised voters of all ideologies to vote for Democratic candidates in the Senate and House elections of November 2018,{{cite news |last1=Will |first1=George |date=June 22, 2018 |title=Opinion {{!}} Vote against the GOP this November |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/vote-against-the-gop-this-november/2018/06/22/a6378306-7575-11e8-b4b7-308400242c2e_story.html? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916042046/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/vote-against-the-gop-this-november/2018/06/22/a6378306-7575-11e8-b4b7-308400242c2e_story.html |archive-date=16 September 2018 |access-date=6 November 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}} political writer Dan McLaughlin at the National Review responded that doing so would make the Trumpist faction even more powerful within the Republican party.{{cite web |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Dan |date=25 June 2018 |title=Don't Throw the Republicans Out: A Response to George Will |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/06/george-will-endorses-democrats-terrible-idea/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625221045/https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/06/george-will-endorses-democrats-terrible-idea/ |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=National Review}} Anticipating Trump's defeat in the U.S. presidential election held on November 3, 2020, Peter Feaver wrote in Foreign Policy magazine: "With victory having been so close, the Trumpist faction in the party will be empowered and in no mood to compromise or reform."{{cite journal |last1=Feaver |first1=Peter |date=November 5, 2020 |title=What Trump's Near-Victory Means for Republican Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/05/trump-election-republican-foreign-policy/ |journal=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105195928/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/05/trump-election-republican-foreign-policy/ |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |access-date=6 November 2022}} A poll conducted in February 2021 indicated that a plurality of Republicans (46% versus 27%) would leave the Republican Party to join a new party if Trump chose to create it.{{Cite web |last=Elbeshbishi |first=Susan Page and Sarah |title=Exclusive: Defeated and impeached, Trump still commands the loyalty of the GOP's voters |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/02/21/exclusive-trump-party-he-still-holds-loyalty-gop-voters/6765406002 |website=USA TODAY}} Nick Beauchamp, assistant professor of political science at Northeastern University, says he sees the country as divided into four parties, with two factions representing each of the Democratic and Republican parties: "For the GOP, there's the Trump faction—which is the larger group—and the non-Trump faction".{{cite news |last1=Stening |first1=Tanner |date=26 May 2022 |title=Do political endorsements still matter? |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2022/05/26/do-political-endorsements-matter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527142633/https://news.northeastern.edu/2022/05/26/do-political-endorsements-matter/ |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=News @ Northeastern}}

Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University, states that Donald Trump solidified the trend among Southern white conservative Democrats since the 1960s of leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party: "Trump basically worked as a lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But the party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction."{{cite news |last1=Homans |first1=Charles |date=17 March 2022 |title=Where Does American Democracy Go From Here? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/17/magazine/democracy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090219/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/17/magazine/democracy.html |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=The New York Times}}

Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science at Marquette University, noted that not all Trumpist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.{{cite web | last=Azari | first=Julia | title=How Republicans Are Thinking About Trumpism Without Trump | website=FiveThirtyEight | date=2022-03-15 | url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-republicans-are-thinking-about-trumpism-without-trump/ | access-date=2024-03-08}}

In a speech he gave on November 2, 2022, at Washington's Union Station near the U.S. Capitol, President Biden asserted that "the pro-Trump faction" of the Republican Party is trying to undermine the U.S. electoral system and suppress voting rights.{{cite news |last1=Helderman |first1=Rosalind S. |last2=Abutaleb |first2=Yasmeen |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Biden warns GOP could set nation on 'path to chaos' as democratic system faces strain |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/02/biden-warning-democracy-midterms-election-gop/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103003303/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/02/biden-warning-democracy-midterms-election-gop/ |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}{{Cite journal |date=May 29, 2023 |title=The Republican Trump Voter |journal=World Affairs|doi=10.1177/00438200231176818 |last1=Arhin |first1=Kofi |last2=Stockemer |first2=Daniel |last3=Normandin |first3=Marie-Soleil |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=572–602 |doi-access=free }}

{{Main|Never Trump movement}}

File:John McCain & Mitt Romney (23342266429).jpg and Mitt Romney, both former Republican presidential nominees, were two of the most prominent early voices within the Republican Party to publicly condemn Donald Trump and his ideology.]]

A divide has formed in the party between those who remain loyal to Donald Trump and those who oppose him.{{cite news |last1=Lauter |first1=David |title=Loyalty to Trump remains the fault line for Republicans |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-02-14/loyalty-to-trump-remains-the-fault-line-for-republicans |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215234008/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-02-14/loyalty-to-trump-remains-the-fault-line-for-republicans |archive-date=15 February 2021}} A recent survey concluded that the Republican Party was divided between pro-Trump (the "Trump Boosters," "Die-hard Trumpers," and "Infowars G.O.P." wings) and anti-Trump factions (the "Never Trump" and "Post-Trump G.O.P." wings). Senator John McCain was an early leading critic of Trumpism within the Republican Party, refusing to support the then-Republican presidential nominee in the 2016 presidential election.Dumcius, Gintautas. [http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/03/sen_john_mccain_weighs_in_on_d.html "Sen. John McCain backs up Mitt Romney, says Donald Trump's comments 'uninformed and indeed dangerous'"], The Republican (March 3, 2016). Retrieved January 27, 2022.

Several critics of the Trump faction have faced various forms of retaliation. Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the House of Representatives, which was perceived as retaliation for her criticism of Trump;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-vote-to-oust-rep-liz-cheney-from-leadership-2021-5|title=Republicans oust Rep. Liz Cheney from leadership over her opposition to Trump and GOP election lies|website=Business Insider|date=May 12, 2021}} in 2022, she was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger.{{Cite web |last=Enten |first=Harry |date=August 24, 2022 |title=Analysis: Cheney's loss may be the second worst for a House incumbent in 60 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/17/politics/liz-cheney-worst-defeat-house-incumbent/index.html |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=CNN}} Representative Adam Kinzinger decided to retire at the end of his term, while Murkowski faced a pro-Trump primary challenge in 2022 against Kelly Tshibaka whom she defeated.{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/540547-kinzinger-gets-pro-trump-primary-challenger/|title=Kinzinger gets pro-Trump primary challenger|website=The Hill|date=February 25, 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-murkowski-primary-opponent-kelly-tshibaka|title=Trump endorses Murkowski primary opponent Kelly Tshibaka|website=Fox News|date=June 18, 2021}} A primary challenge to Romney had been suggested{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/jason-chaffetz-mitt-romney-utah-senate-primary-challenge|title=Jason Chaffetz says he's open to challenging Mitt Romney in Utah Senate primary|website = Washington Examiner|date=February 16, 2021}} by Jason Chaffetz, who has criticized his opponents within the Republican Party as "Trump haters".{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewashingtontime.com/jason-chaffetz-dear-republican-trump-haters-what-did-you-get-for-your-trade/|title=Dear Republican Trump haters – What did you get for your trade?|website=Washington Times|date=August 16, 2021}} Romney chose not to run for re-election in 2024.{{Cite news |last=Riley Roche |first=Lisa |date=May 16, 2024 |title=Sen. Mitt Romney says his views are tiny 'chicken wing' of GOP |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2024/05/16/mitt-romney-msnbc-biden-trump-president-vote-pardon/ |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=Deseret News |pages=1}}

Representative Anthony Gonzalez, one of 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Trump over the Capitol riot, called him "a cancer" while announcing his retirement.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/16/us/politics/anthony-gonzalez-ohio-trump.html|title=Ohio House Republican, Calling Trump 'a Cancer,' Bows Out of 2022|first=Jonathan|last=Martin|newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 17, 2021}} Former Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie, who was running against Trump in the 2024 Republican primaries, called him "a lonely, self-consumed, self-serving, mirror hog" in his presidential announcement.{{Cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/former-new-jersey-gov-chris-christie-set-launch-99859937|title=Christie goes after Trump in presidential campaign launch, calling him a 'self-serving mirror hog'|first1=Jill|last1=Colvin|first2=Holly|last2=Ramer|newspaper=ABC News |date=June 6, 2023}} Indiana senator Todd Young is one of few elected Republican senators that did not support Trump's 2024 campaign.{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Andrew |date=2024-03-08 |title=Indiana GOP Sen. Todd Young renews his pledge not to support Trump in 2024 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/indiana-gop-sen-todd-young-renews-his-pledge-not-to-support-trump-in-2024 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}

Organizations associated with this faction include The Lincoln Project,{{Cite magazine |last=Williams |first=Paige |date=2020-10-05 |title=Inside the Lincoln Project's War Against Trump |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/10/12/inside-the-lincoln-projects-war-against-trump |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=0028-792X}} Republican Accountability Project{{Cite news |date=2023-07-26 |title=Republican Attack Ads in Iowa Show Conservative Voters Who Turned on Trump |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/26/us/politics/trump-ads-iowa.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |last1=Lerer |first1=Lisa }} and Republicans for the Rule of Law.{{Cite web |date=2020-05-12 |title=Republican group airs anti-Trump advert on Fox News |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-ad-fox-news-republicans-for-the-rule-of-law-rrl-a9510316.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=The Independent |language=en}}

• Black-and-tan faction"Black and Tan Republicans" in Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin and Albert Bushnell Hart, eds. Cyclopedia of American Government (1914) . p. 133. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vvYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA133 online]
• Lily-white movement{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=April 2020 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}
• Negro Republican Party

{{main|Stalwarts (politics)}}{{Further|Blaine faction}}

The Stalwarts were a traditionalist faction that existed from the 1860s through the 1880s. They represented "traditional" Republicans who favored machine politics and opposed the civil service reforms of Rutherford B. Hayes and the more progressive Half-Breeds.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stalwart|title=Stalwart|access-date=November 21, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201050827/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stalwart|archive-date=December 1, 2017}} They declined following the elections of Hayes and James A. Garfield. After Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau, his Stalwart Vice President Chester A. Arthur assumed the presidency. However, rather than pursuing Stalwart goals he took up the reformist cause, which curbed the faction's influence.{{cite journal|last=Peskin|first=Allan|title=Who Were the Stalwarts? Who Were Their Rivals? Republican Factions in the Gilded Age|journal=Political Science Quarterly|year=1984–1985|volume=99|issue=4|pages=703–716|doi=10.2307/2150708|jstor=2150708}}

{{main|Half-Breeds (politics)}}

{{further|Mugwumps}}

The Half-Breeds were a reformist faction of the 1870s and 1880s. The name, which originated with rivals claiming they were only "half" Republicans, came to encompass a wide array of figures who did not all get along with each other. Generally speaking, politicians labeled Half-Breeds were moderates or progressives who opposed the machine politics of the Stalwarts and advanced civil service reforms.

{{main|Radical Republicans}}

{{Further|Butlerism}}

File:Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg worked closely with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans.]]

The Radical Republicans were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877. The Radicals strongly opposed slavery, were hard-line abolitionists, and later advocated equal rights for the freedmen and women. They were often at odds with the moderate and conservative factions of the party. During the American Civil War, Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of Abraham Lincoln as too lenient on the Confederates. After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed with Andrew Johnson over Reconstruction policy.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Radical-Republican|title=Radical Republican|access-date=November 21, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106101556/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Radical-Republican|archive-date=November 6, 2017}}

After winning major victories in the 1866 congressional elections, the Radicals took over Reconstruction, pushing through new legislation protecting the civil rights of African Americans. John C. Frémont of Michigan, the party's first nominee for president in 1856, was a Radical Republican. Upset with Lincoln's politics, the faction split from the Republican Party to form the short-lived Radical Democratic Party in 1864 and again nominated Frémont for president. They supported Ulysses S. Grant for president in 1868 and 1872, who worked closely with them to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. As Southern Democrats retook control in the South and enthusiasm for continued Reconstruction declined in the North, their influence within the GOP waned.

{{See also|Progressive Era}}

File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros.jpg, a leader of the Progressive Era who later joined the short-lived Bull Moose Party]]

Historically, the Republican Party included a progressive wing that advocated using government to improve the problems of modern society. Theodore Roosevelt, an early leader of the progressive movement, advanced a "Square Deal" domestic program as president (1901–09) that was built on the goals of controlling corporations, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources.{{cite web| last=Milkis| first=Sidney| title=Theodore Roosevelt: Domestic Affairs| date=October 4, 2016|url=https://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/domestic-affairs| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| access-date=February 20, 2019}} After splitting with his successor, William Howard Taft, in the aftermath of the Pinchot–Ballinger controversy,{{cite web| last=Arnold| first=Peri E.| title=William Taft: Domestic Affairs| date=October 4, 2016|url=https://millercenter.org/president/taft/domestic-affairs| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| access-date=February 20, 2019}} Roosevelt sought to block Taft's re-election, first by challenging him for the 1912 Republican presidential nomination, and then when that failed, by entering the 1912 presidential contest as a third party candidate, running on the Progressive ticket. He succeeded in depriving Taft of a second term, but came in second behind Democrat Woodrow Wilson.

After Roosevelt's 1912 defeat, the progressive wing of the party went into decline. Progressive Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives held a "last stand" protest in December 1923, at the start of the 68th Congress, when they refused to support the Republican Conference nominee for Speaker of the House, Frederick H. Gillett, voting instead for two other candidates. After eight ballots spanning two days, they agreed to support Gillett in exchange for a seat on the House Rules Committee and pledges that subsequent rules changes would be considered. On the ninth ballot, Gillett received 215 votes, a majority of the 414 votes cast, to win the election.{{cite web| last=Wolfensberger| first=Don| title=Opening day of new Congress: Not always total joy| work=The Hill| date=December 12, 2018|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/politics/420984-opening-day-of-new-congress-not-always-total-joy/| access-date=February 20, 2019}}

In addition to Theodore Roosevelt, leading early progressive Republicans included Robert M. La Follette, Charles Evans Hughes, Hiram Johnson, William Borah, George W. Norris, William Allen White, Victor Murdock, Clyde M. Reed and Fiorello La Guardia.Michael Wolraich. Unreasonable Men: Theodore Roosevelt and the Republican Rebels Who Created Progressive Politics (2014).

{{Main|Old Right (United States)}}

The Old Guard was the conservative faction of the Republican Party between 1945 and 1964. They coalesced around their opposition to the shifts in traditional economic and foreign policy under the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. This opposition most noticeably directed to the New Deal, which was variously derided by Old Guard lawmakers as communist, socialist, or overreaching, seeing its programs as unwanted, unconstitutional, unwise, and politically unprofitable.{{Cite book |last=Reinhard |first=David W. |title=The Republican Right since 1945 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-8131-5449-7 |pages=2–4}}

To counter the New Deal, Republicans of the Old Guard espoused Americanism, which entailed a strict construction of the Constitution, fiscal responsibility, and state and local over federal regulation. Politically, they opposed federal regulation of state, local, or business interests. They viewed “big government” as a threat to liberty, which they interpreted as economic freedom, which they saw as critical to incentivizing individuals to improve their material welfare and develop the pioneer virtues of individualism and self-reliance. The Old Guard also espoused a unilateralist foreign policy, eschewing alliances that entailed advance military commitments while “go[ing] it alone” in foreign engagements. This also entailed economic self-sufficiency, prioritizing American financial interests, and thus partially informed the Old Guard’s support for tariffs on imports and opposition to foreign aid.

While sharing the above overarching goals, figures affiliated with this movement varied in their policy stances. These included Bruce Fairchild Barton, John W. Bricker, Styles Bridges, Joseph McCarthy, Everett Dirksen,{{Cite book |last=Reinhard |first=David W. |title=The Republican Right since 1945 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-8131-5449-7 |pages=15–20}} Walter Judd,{{Cite book |last=Reinhard |first=David W. |title=The Republican Right since 1945 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-8131-5449-7 |pages=65–66}} and Robert A. Taft.

{{main|John Birch Society}}

{{Further|Far-right politics}}

{{Undue weight section|date=June 2024}}

In the 1964 Republican primaries, the John Birch Society (JBS) helped to secure Barry Goldwater’s Republican presidential nomination, defeating Nelson Rockefeller. Original members believed the Republican party was in danger of becoming too moderate.{{Cite web |last=Towler |first=Christopher |date=2018-12-06 |title=The John Birch Society is still influencing American politics, 60 years after its founding |url=http://theconversation.com/the-john-birch-society-is-still-influencing-american-politics-60-years-after-its-founding-107925 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}} Members of the John Birch Society, known as Birchers, were associated with the radical right, anti-communism, and ultraconservatism.{{cite book|first=Matthew|last=Dallek|title=Birchers: How the John Birch Society Radicalized the American Right|year=2023|publisher=Basic Books}}{{page needed|date=February 2024}} The John Birch Society was founded in 1958 by businessman Robert W. Welch Jr., and is controversial for its promotion of conspiracy theories.{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=Debunking a Longstanding Myth About William F. Buckley |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/03/31/buckley-john-birch-society-00087893 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}

{{main|Rockefeller Republican}}

File:Nelson Rockefeller.jpg, namesake of the Rockefeller Republicans]]

Moderate or liberal Republicans in the 20th century, particularly those from the Northeast and West Coast, were referred to as "The Eastern Establishment" or "Rockefeller Republicans", after Nelson Rockefeller, Vice President during the Gerald Ford administration.{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/06/liberal.republicans/|title=Analysis: An autopsy of liberal Republicans - CNN.com|website=cnn.com|access-date=May 7, 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://ctmirror.org/2018/11/16/blue-wave-swamped-new-england-endangers-yankee-republicans/|title=Blue wave that swamped New England endangers Yankee Republicans|date=November 16, 2018|website=The CT Mirror|language=en-US|access-date=May 7, 2019}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/1108/08082.html|title=Will Pennsylvania Loss Revive Rockefeller Republicans?|date=November 8, 1991|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=May 7, 2019|issn=0882-7729}}

With their power decreasing in the final decades of the 20th century, many Rockefeller-style Republicans were replaced by conservative and moderate Democrats, such as those from the Blue Dog or New Democrat coalitions. Massachusetts Republican Elliot Richardson (who served in several cabinet positions during the Richard Nixon administration) and writer and academic Michael Lind argued that the liberalism of Democratic President Bill Clinton and the rest of the New Democrat movement were in many ways to the right of Dwight Eisenhower, Rockefeller, and John Lindsay, Republican Congressman and Mayor of New York City in the late 1960s.{{Cite book|title=Up From Conservatism|last=Lind|first=Michael|page=263}}{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/22/donald-trump-james-comey-investigation-watergate-republicans-215175/|title=How Watergate Helped Republicans—And Gave Us Trump|website=Politico |date=May 22, 2017 }}

{{main|Reagan coalition}}

File:Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg, namesake of the Reagan coalition]]

According to historian George H. Nash, the Reagan coalition in the Republican Party, which centered around Ronald Reagan and his administration throughout all of the 1980s (continuing in the late 1980s with the George H. W. Bush administration), originally consisted of five factions: the libertarians, the traditionalists, the anti-communists, the neoconservatives, and the religious right (which consisted of Protestants, Catholics, and some Jewish Republicans).

{{main|Tea Party movement}}

{{See also|List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement}}

File:Ron Paul, official Congressional photo portrait, 2007.jpg, known as the "intellectual godfather" of the Tea Party movement]]

The Tea Party movement was an American fiscally conservative political movement within the Republican Party that began in 2009 following the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-11317202|title=What exactly is the Tea Party?|first=Katie|last=Connolly|date=September 16, 2010|access-date=February 23, 2019|website=bbc.com}}{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/national-party-news/321064-is-a-liberal-tea-party-really-forming/|title=Do anti-Trump protests really compare to 2009 Tea Party?|first=Heath|last=Brown|date=February 24, 2017|website=TheHill|access-date=February 23, 2019}} Members of the movement have called for lower taxes, and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending.[https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/165469-gallup-tea-partys-top-concerns-are-debt-size-of-government/ Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government] The Hill, July 5, 2010Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/12/AR2010091201425.html Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill"]. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2011. The movement supports small-government principles{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/10/on-social-issues-tea-partiers-are-not-libertarians/64169/|title=On Social Issues, Tea Partiers Are Not Libertarians|work=The Atlantic|last=Good|first=Chris|date=October 6, 2010|access-date=September 25, 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Tea-Party-Tally/2010/1115/Tea-party-groups-push-GOP-to-quit-culture-wars-focus-on-deficit|title=Tea party groups push GOP to quit culture wars, focus on deficit|work=Christian Science Monitor|last=Jonsson|first=Patrik|date=November 15, 2010|access-date=September 25, 2018}} and opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare.Roy, Avik. April 7, 2012. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/aroy/2012/04/07/the-tea-partys-plan-for-replacing-obamacare/ The Tea Party's Plan for Replacing Obamacare]. Forbes. Retrieved: March 6, 2015. It has been described as a popular constitutional movement.Somin, Ilya, The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism (May 26, 2011). Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy, Vol. 105, p. 300, 2011 (Colloquy on the Constitutional Politics of the Tea Party Movement), George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 11-22, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1853645

On matters of foreign policy, the movement largely supports avoiding being drawn into unnecessary conflicts and opposes "liberal internationalism".{{cite news |title=The Tea Party and American Foreign Policy: What Populism Means for Globalism |first =Walter Russell |last=Mead |author-link=Walter Russell Mead |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67455/walter-russell-mead/the-tea-party-and-american-foreign-policy |work=Foreign Affairs |date=March–April 2011 |pages=28–44}} Its name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution.

{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2008/04/20/Boston-Tea-Party-is-protest-template/UPI-96411208726823/ |title=Boston Tea Party Is Protest Template|date=April 20, 2008|work=UPI}} By 2016, Politico said that the modern Tea Party movement was "pretty much dead now"; however, the article noted that it seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been "co-opted" by the mainstream Republican Party.{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/08/tea-party-pacs-ideas-death-214164|title=How We Killed the Tea Party|first=Paul H.|last=Jossey|website=POLITICO Magazine|date=August 14, 2016 }}

Politicians associated with the Tea Party include former Representatives Ron Paul, Michele Bachmann and Allen West,{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/02/allen_west_joins_congressional_1.html |title=Allen West joins congressional Tea Party Caucus |work=Sun Sentinel|date=February 7, 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://www.tribdem.com/news/tea-party-focused-on-coming-gop-senate-primaries/article_66a9448e-1316-5a46-8280-1539fa65a819.html|title=Tea party focused on coming GOP Senate primaries|first=David|last=Lieb|website=The Tribune-Democrat|date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2019}} Senators Ted Cruz, Mike Lee, Rand Paul and Tim Scott,{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2010/09/21/exclusive-tim-scott-interview-no-racism-in-tea-party.aspx |title=Exclusive Tim Scott Interview: No Racism in Tea Party |publisher=Blogs.cbn.com |date=September 21, 2010}}{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/02/03/ted-cruz-his-tea-party-background-positions-on-health-care-and-taxes/|title=Ted Cruz: His tea party background, positions on health care and taxes|agency=Associated Press |date=February 3, 2016|website=mercurynews.com|access-date=February 23, 2019}} former Senator Jim DeMint,{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2012/07/30/157307179/latest-tea-party-vs-gop-establishment-battle-comes-tuesday-in-texas|title=Latest Tea Party Vs. GOP Establishment Battle Comes Tuesday In Texas|website=NPR.org|date=July 30, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2019|last1=Rudin |first1=Ken }} former acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney,{{cite news |title=Trump's tea party budget chief on collision course with GOP hawks |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-mulvaney-defense-budget-234077 |first=Jeremy |last=Herb |work=Politico |date=January 23, 2017}} and 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee and former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Although there has never been any one clear founder or leader of the movement, Palin scored highest in a 2010 Washington Post poll asking Tea Party organizers "which national figure best represents your groups?".[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/tea-party-canvass/ Tea Party canvass results, Category: "What They Believe" A Party Face] Washington Post October 24, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2022. Ron Paul was described in a 2011 Atlantic article as its "intellectual godfather".{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/the-tea-party-8217-s-brain/8280/a|title=The Tea Party's Brain|work=The Atlantic|last=Green|first=Joshua|date=August 5, 2011|access-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023223819/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/the-tea-partys-brain/308280/ |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |url-status=live}} Both Paul and Palin, although ideologically different in many ways, had a major influence on the emergence of the movement due to their separate 2008 presidential primary and vice presidential general election runs respectively.{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2011/05/10/juan-williams-surprising-rise-rep-ron-paul/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070145/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2011/05/10/juan-williams-surprising-rise-rep-ron-paul/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 13, 2011 |work=Fox News | title= The Surprising Rise of Rep. Ron Paul|first=Juan|last=Williams| date=May 10, 2011}}

Several political organizations were created in response to the movement's growing popularity in the late 2000s and into the early 2010s, including the Tea Party Patriots, Tea Party Express and Tea Party Caucus.

• Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
• Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite web|url=http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/26/the-political-typology-beyond-red-vs-blue/|title=Beyond Red vs Blue:The Political Typology|author=Pew Research Center|date=June 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629001649/http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/26/the-political-typology-beyond-red-vs-blue/|archive-date=June 29, 2014}}

Donald T. Critchlow. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History (2nd ed. 2011).

{{cite book|first1=Joel D.|last1=Aberbach|first2=Gillian|last2=Peele|title=Crisis of Conservatism?:The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QE7U4-Ion7kC&pg=PA105|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=105|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220081610/https://books.google.com/books?id=QE7U4-Ion7kC&pg=PA105|archive-date=February 20, 2018|isbn=9780199831364}}

William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (1996).

John Ehrman. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945–1994 (2005).

Justin Vaïsse. Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (2010).

{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Losing Its Preference: Affirmative Action Fades as Issue|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa091896.htm|year=1996|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223165410/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa091896.htm|archive-date=February 23, 2017}}

{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/there-are-few-libertarians-but-many-americans-have-libertarian-views/|first=Nate|last=Silver|title=There are Few Libertarians But Many Americans Have Libertarian Views|date=April 9, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142345/https://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/there-are-few-libertarians-but-many-americans-have-libertarian-views/|archive-date=April 28, 2017}}

Adrian Wooldridge and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004).

}}

• Barone, Michael and Richard E. Cohen. The Almanac of American Politics, 2010 (2009). 1,900 pages of minute, nonpartisan detail on every state and district and member of Congress.
• Baker, Peter, and Susan Glasser. The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017-2021 (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Divider-Trump-White-House-2017-2021/dp/038554653X/ excerpt]
• Dyche, John David. Republican Leader: A Political Biography of Senator Mitch McConnell (2009).
• Edsall, Thomas Byrne. Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive For Permanent Power (2006). Sophisticated analysis by liberal.
• Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Book on Politics (2004). Nonpartisan.
• Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas (2005). Attack by a liberal.
• Frohnen, Bruce, Beer, Jeremy and Nelson, Jeffery O., eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006). 980 pages of articles by 200 conservative scholars.
• Hamburger, Tom and Peter Wallsten. One Party Country: The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21st Century (2006). Hostile.
• Hemmer, Nicole. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)
• Hewitt, Hugh. GOP 5.0: Republican Renewal Under President Obama (2009).
• Ross, Brian. [http://truth-2-power.com/2012/08/09/the-republican-un-civil-war-the-neocons-and-the-tea-party-fight-for-control-of-the-gop/ "The Republican Un-Civil War – The Neocons and the Tea Party Fight for Control of the GOP"] (August 9, 2012). Truth-2-Power.
• Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004). Sophisticated nonpartisan analysis.
• [https://www.nytimes.com/packages/khtml/2006/10/01/weekinreview/20061001_HERDS_GRAPHIC.html "A Guide to the Republican Herd"] (October 5, 2006). The New York Times.
• [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/polls/vault/stories/poll100498.htm "Belief Spectrum Brings Party Splits"] (October 4, 1998). The Washington Post.

{{Ideological caucuses in the U.S. Congress}}{{Republican Party (United States)|state=collapsed}}

Category:Factions in the Republican Party (United States)

Category:Republican Party (United States)