Faiyum#Ancient history

Originally founded by the ancient Egyptians as Shedet, its current name in English is also spelled as Fayum, Faiyum or al-Faiyūm. Faiyum was also previously officially named Madīnat al-Faiyūm (Arabic for The City of Faiyum). The name Faiyum (and its spelling variations) may also refer to the Faiyum Oasis, although it is commonly used by Egyptians today to refer to the city.{{cite web |url=http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/fayum2/gen_name.php |title=The name of the Fayum province. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven |publisher=Trismegistos |access-date=2013-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229045648/http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/fayum2/gen_name.php |archive-date=2012-02-29 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.element&story_id=&module_id=&language_id=1&element_id=30630 |title=Faiyum. Eternal Egypt |publisher=Eternalegypt.org |access-date=2013-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213182536/http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.element&story_id=&module_id=&language_id=1&element_id=30630 |archive-date=2012-02-13}}

The modern name of the city comes from Coptic {{Coptic| ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ}} /{{Coptic|Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ}} {{Transliteration|cop|epʰiom/peiom}} (whence also the personal name {{Coptic|Ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲙ}} {{Transliteration|cop|payom}}), meaning the Sea or the Lake, which in turn comes from late Egyptian pꜣ-ym of the same meaning, a reference to the nearby Lake Moeris; the extinct elephant ancestor Phiomia was named after it.

{{Redirect|Crocodilopolis|the namesake sites in Upper Egypt and Israel|Crocodilopolis (disambiguation)}}

Archaeological evidence has found occupations around the Faiyum dating back to at least the Epipalaeolithic. Middle Holocene occupations of the area are most widely studied on the north shore of Lake Moeris, where Gertrude Caton Thompson and Elinor Wight Gardner did a number of excavations of Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic sites, as well as a general survey of the area.{{Cite book|title=The Desert Fayum|author1=Caton-Thompson, G. |author2=Gardner, E.|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1934|location=London}} Recently the area has been further investigated by a team from the UCLA/RUG/UOA Fayum Project.{{Cite journal|last1=Holdaway|first1=Simon|last2=Phillipps|first2=Rebecca|last3=Emmitt|first3=Joshua|last4=Wendrich|first4=Willeke|date=2016-07-29|title=The Fayum revisited: Reconsidering the role of the Neolithic package, Fayum north shore, Egypt|journal=Quaternary International|series=The Neolithic from the Sahara to the Southern Mediterranean Coast: A review of the most Recent Research|volume=410, Part A|pages=173–180|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.072|bibcode=2016QuInt.410..173H }}{{Cite journal|last1=Phillipps|first1=Rebecca|last2=Holdaway|first2=Simon|last3=Ramsay|first3=Rebecca|last4=Emmitt|first4=Joshua|last5=Wendrich|first5=Willeke|last6=Linseele|first6=Veerle|date=2016-05-18|title=Lake Level Changes, Lake Edge Basins and the Paleoenvironment of the Fayum North Shore, Egypt, during the Early to Mid-Holocene|journal=Open Quaternary|volume=2|doi=10.5334/oq.19|issn=2055-298X|doi-access=free|hdl=2292/28957|hdl-access=free}}

According to Roger S. Bagnall, habitation began in the fifth millennium BC and a settlement was established by the Old Kingdom ({{circa|2685}}–2180 BC) called Shedet (Medinet el-Fayyum).{{cite book |last1=Bagnall |first1=Director of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Roger S. |title=Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide |date=2004 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-796-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ig4uQC20_IC&dq=SHEDET&pg=PA127 |access-date=21 November 2020 |language=en}} It was the most significant centre of the cult of the crocodile god Sobek (borrowed from the Demotic pronunciation as {{langx|grc-x-koine|Σοῦχος}} Soûkhos, and then into Latin as Suchus). In consequence, the Greeks called it "Crocodile City" ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Κροκοδειλόπολις}} Krokodeilópolis), which was borrowed into Latin as Crocodīlopolis. The city worshipped a tamed sacred crocodile called, in Koine, Petsuchos, "the Son of Soukhos", that was adorned with gold and gem pendants. The Petsoukhos lived in a special temple pond and was fed by the priests with food provided by visitors. When Petsuchos died, it was replaced by another.{{cite book|last=Pettigrew|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Pettigrew|title=A History of Egyptian Mummies: And an Account of the Worship and Embalming of the Sacred Animals by the Egyptians : with Remarks on the Funeral Ceremonies of Different Nations, and Observations on the Mummies of the Canary Islands, of the Ancient Peruvians, Burman Priests, Etc|url=https://archive.org/details/b30456204_0001|year=1834|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman|page=[https://archive.org/details/b30456204_0001/page/211 211]}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA90 |first=Margaret |last=Bunson |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-43810997-8 |page=90}}

File:El Faiyum map.jpg

Under the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the city was called Ptolemais Euergétis ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Πτολεμαῒς Εὐεργέτις}}){{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Hornblower |editor-first2=Antony |editor-last2=Spawforth |editor-first3=Esther |editor-last3=Eidenow |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19954556-8 |page=171}} until Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309–246 BC) renamed the city Arsinoë and the whole nome after the name of his sister-wife Arsinoe II (316–270 or 268), who was deified after her death as part of the Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great, the official religion of the kingdom.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLr7rXZB35cC&pg=PA299 |first=Philippe |last=Guillaume |title=Ptolemy the second Philadelphus and his world |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-0417089-6 |page=299}} Ptolemy II Philadelphus also established a town at the edge of Faiyum named Philadelphia. It was laid out in a regular grid plan to resemble a typical Greek city, with private dwellings, palaces, baths and a theatre.{{cite book |last1=McKenzie |first1=Judith |last2=McKenzie |first2=Rhys-Davids Junior Research Fellow in Archaeology Judith |last3=Moorey |first3=Peter Roger Stuart |title=The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, C. 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 |date=January 2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11555-0 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFNCaZEZKYAC&dq=philadelphia+faiyum&pg=PA152 |access-date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}

Under the Roman Empire, Arsinoë became part of the province of Arcadia Aegypti. To distinguish it from other cities of the same name, it was called "Arsinoë in Arcadia".

With the arrival of Christianity, Arsinoë became the seat of a bishopric, a suffragan of Oxyrhynchus, the capital of the province and the metropolitan see. Michel Le Quien gives the names of several bishops of Arsinoë, nearly all of them associated with one heresy or another.{{cite book|last=Le Quien|first=Michel|author-link=Michel Le Quien|title=Oriens christianus: in quatuor patriarchatus digestus : quo exhibentur ecclesiae, patriarchae caeterique praesules totius orientis|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C|year=1740|publisher=ex Typographia Regia}}, Vol. II, coll. 581-584

The Catholic Church, considering Arsinoë in Arcadia to be no longer a residential bishopric, lists it as a titular see.Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 840

Fayyum was the seat of Shahralanyozan, governor of the Sasanian Egypt (619–629).{{cite book|last=Jalalipour|first=Saeid|title=Persian Occupation of Egypt 619-629: Politics and Administration of Sasanians|url=http://www.sasanika.org/wp-content/uploads/GradPaper10-Persian-Occupation-of-Egypt-619-6291.pdf|year=2014|publisher=Sasanika|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526201456/http://www.sasanika.org/wp-content/uploads/GradPaper10-Persian-Occupation-of-Egypt-619-6291.pdf|archive-date=2015-05-26|access-date=2017-12-07}}

The 10th-century Bible exegete, Saadia Gaon, thought el-Fayyum to have actually been the biblical city of Pithom, mentioned in Exodus 1:11.Saadia Gaon, Tafsir (Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch), Exodus 1:11; Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Torah (ed. Yosef Qafih), Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1984, p. 63 (Exodus 1:11) (Hebrew)

Around 1245 CE, the region became the subject of the most detailed government survey to survive from the medieval Arab world, conducted by Abū ‘Amr ‘Uthman Ibn al-Nābulusī.The 'Villages of the Fayyum': A Thirteenth-Century Register of Rural, Islamic Egypt, ed. and trans. by Yossef Rapoport and Ido Shahar, The Medieval Countryside, 18 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2018), p. 3.

File:Fayum-01.jpg on wood; {{convert|37|x|20|cm|0|abbr=on}}]]

{{Main|Fayum mummy portraits}}

Faiyum is the source of some famous death masks or mummy portraits painted during the Roman occupation of the area. The Egyptians continued their practice of burying their dead, despite the Roman preference for cremation. While under the control of the Roman Empire, Egyptian death masks were painted on wood in a pigmented wax technique called encaustic—the Faiyum mummy portraits represent this technique.{{cite web |url=http://www.encaustic.ca/html/history.html |title=History of Encaustic Art |publisher=Encaustic.ca |date=2012-06-10 |access-date=2013-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223091730/http://www.encaustic.ca/html/history.html |archive-date=2012-12-23}} While previously believed to represent Greek settlers in Egypt,{{cite web |url=http://www.egyptologyonline.com/mummy_portraits.htm |title=Egyptology Online: Fayoum mummy portraits |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808184841/http://www.egyptologyonline.com/mummy_portraits.htm |archive-date=August 8, 2007 |access-date=January 16, 2007}}[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-59912/Egyptian-art-and-architecture/ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Egyptian art and architecture - Greco-Roman Egypt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528070847/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-59912/Egyptian-art-and-architecture |date=2007-05-28 }} accessed on January 16, 2007 modern studies conclude that the Faiyum portraits instead represent mainly native Egyptians (source needed), reflecting the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the elite Greek minority in the city.Bagnall, R.S. in Susan Walker, ed. Ancient Faces : Mummy Portraits in Roman Egypt (Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications). New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 27Riggs, C. The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion Oxford University Press (2005).Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, {{ISBN|0-321-01618-1}}: "But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted [...] So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities [...] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfil numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist."

File:Papyrus in Greek regarding tax issues (3rd ca. BC.) (3210586934).jpg)]]

{{main|Zenon of Kaunos}}

The construction of the settlement of Philadelphia under Ptolemy II Philadelphus was recorded in detail by a 3rd-century BC Greek public official named Zeno (or Zenon, {{langx|el|Ζήνων}}). Zeno, a native of Kaunos in lower Asia Minor, came to Faiyum to work as private secretary to Apollonius, the finance minister to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (and later to Ptolemy III Euergetes). During his employment, Zeno wrote detailed descriptions of the construction of theatres, gymnasiums, palaces and baths in the 250s and 240s BC, as well as making copious written records of various legal and financial transactions between citizens.{{cite web |title=Who was Zenon |url=https://www.lib.umich.edu/reading/Zenon/WhowasZenon.html |website=apps.lib.umich.edu |publisher=University of Michigan|access-date=20 April 2021}}{{cite web |title=Philadelpheia (Gharabet el-Gerza) |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/1760 |website=www.trismegistos.org |publisher=TM Places |access-date=20 April 2021}}{{cite web |title=Where do the Zenon Papyri come from? |url=https://apps.lib.umich.edu/reading/Zenon/zenonwhere.html |website=apps.lib.umich.edu |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=20 April 2021}}

During the winter of 1914–1915, a cache of over 2,000 papyrus documents was uncovered by Egyptian agricultural labourers who were digging for sebakh near Kôm el-Kharaba el-Kebir. Upon examination by Egyptology scholars, these documents were found to be records written by Zeno in Greek and Demotic. These papyri, now referred to as the Zenon Archive or the Zenon Papyri, have provided historians with a detailed record of 3rd-century BC Philadelphia society and economy.[https://www.lib.umich.edu/reading/Zenon/about.html About the Zenon Papyri] - University of Michigan. The discovery site was identified as the former location of ancient Philadelphia. Today, the precise location of the town is unknown, although archaeologists have identified two sites in north-east Faiyum as the possible location for Philadelphia.{{cite web |title=Kôm el-Kharaba el-Kebir |url=https://gazetteer.dainst.org/app/?lang=en#!/show/2277715 |website=iDAI.gazetteer |publisher=Deutsches Archäologisches Institut |access-date=21 April 2021}}

file:Jean-Léon Gérôme, View of Medinet El-Fayoum, c. 1868-1870, NGA 162261.jpg, View of Medinet El-Fayoum, {{circa|1868}}–1870]]

Faiyum has several large bazaars, mosques,[http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/qaitbeymosque.htm The Mosque of Qaitbey in the Fayoum of Egypt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527175735/http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/qaitbeymosque.htm |date=2007-05-27 }} by Seif Kamel baths and a much-frequented weekly market.{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Fayum |volume=10 |page=219}} The canal called Bahr Yussef runs through the city, its banks lined with houses. There are two bridges over the river: one of three arches, which carries the main street and bazaar, and one of two arches, over which is built the Qaitbay mosque, a gift from his wife to honor the Mamluk Sultan in Fayoum. Mounds north of the city mark the site of Arsinoe, known to the ancient Greeks as Crocodilopolis, where in ancient times the sacred crocodile kept in Lake Moeris was worshipped.{{cite web |url=http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/Karanis83/KaranisExcavation/temple2.html |title=The Temple and the Gods, The Cult of the Crocodile |publisher=Umich.edu |access-date=2013-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013073516/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/Karanis83/KaranisExcavation/temple2.html |archive-date=2012-10-13 }}

The center of the city is on the canal, with four waterwheels which were adopted by the governorate of Fayoum as its symbol; their chariots and bazaars are easy to spot. The city is home of the football club Misr Lel Makkasa SC, that play in the Egyptian Second Division.

• The population of Faiyum Governorate is 4,164,914.{{Cite web |title=الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء |url=https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.capmas.gov.eg}}
• The Hanging Mosque, built when the Ottomans ruled Egypt by prince Marawan bin Hatem
• Hawara, an archeological site {{convert|27|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city
• Lahun Pyramids, {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=on}} outside the city
• Qaitbay Mosque, in the city; built by the wife of the Mamluk Sultan Qaitbay
• Qasr Qarun, {{convert|44|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city
• Wadi Elrayan or Wadi Rayan, the largest waterfalls in Egypt, around {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city
• Wadi Al-Hitan or Valley of whales, a paleontological site in the Al Fayyum Governorate, some {{convert|150|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of Cairo. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).

The highest record temperatures was {{convert|46|°C}} on June 13, 1965, and the lowest record temperature was {{convert|2|°C}} on January 8, 1966.{{Cite web |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/el-fayoum |title=Al Fayoum, Egypt |publisher=Voodoo Skies |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224115532/http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/el-fayoum |archive-date=24 February 2014}}

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|location = Faiyum

|Jan high C = 21.1

|Feb high C = 22.2

|Mar high C = 25.0

|Apr high C = 30.0

|May high C = 33.9

|Jun high C = 36.1

|Jul high C = 37.2

|Aug high C = 36.1

|Sep high C = 32.8

|Oct high C = 31.1

|Nov high C = 27.2

|Dec high C = 22.2

| year high C =

|Jan mean C = 12.2

|Feb mean C = 12.8

|Mar mean C = 16.1

|Apr mean C = 20.0

|May mean C = 25.0

|Jun mean C = 27.8

|Jul mean C = 27.8

|Aug mean C = 26.1

|Sep mean C = 26.1

|Oct mean C = 22.8

|Nov mean C = 18.9

|Dec mean C = 12.8

| year mean C =

|Jan low C = 6.0

|Feb low C = 7.2

|Mar low C = 9.4

|Apr low C = 12.8

|May low C = 17.1

|Jun low C = 19.5

|Jul low C = 21.1

|Aug low C = 21.4

|Sep low C = 19.4

|Oct low C = 17.1

|Nov low C = 13.1

|Dec low C = 8.2

| year low C =

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 8

|Feb rain mm = 5

|Mar rain mm = 4

|Apr rain mm = 1

|May rain mm = 1

|Jun rain mm = 0

|Jul rain mm = 0

|Aug rain mm = 0

|Sep rain mm = 0

|Oct rain mm = 1

|Nov rain mm = 2

|Dec rain mm = 7

|year rain mm =

| Jan humidity = 68

| Feb humidity = 63

| Mar humidity = 58

| Apr humidity = 50

| May humidity = 42

| Jun humidity = 46

| Jul humidity = 51

| Aug humidity = 57

| Sep humidity = 62

| Oct humidity = 64

| Nov humidity = 69

| Dec humidity = 72

| year humidity =

|source 1 = Arab Meteorology Book{{cite web

| url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf

| title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data

| publisher = Springer

| access-date = 14 October 2024

| archive-date = March 4, 2016

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf

| url-status = dead

}}

|date=14 October 2024

}}

People from Faiyum may be known as al-Fayyumi:

• Tefta Tashko-Koço (1910-1947), well-known Albanian singer, was born in Faiyum, where her family lived at that time.
• Saadia Gaon (882/892-942), the influential Jewish teacher of the early 10th century, was originally from Faiyum and often called al-Fayyumi.
• Youssef Wahbi (1898-1982), a notable Egyptian actor, well known for his influence on the development of Egyptian cinema and theater.
• Mohamed Ihab (b. 1989), Egypt's most decorated weightlifter. He is a World Champion competing in the 77 kg category until 2018 and currently in the 81 kg class.
• Mariam Fakhr Eddine (1933-2014), An Egyptian actress born in Fayoum, she was nicknamed "The Screen Beauty" for her foreign features. She appeared in over 240 films and passed away on November 3, 2014, due to a heart attack.
• Pope John XVIII of Alexandria (1769-1796), Pope John XVIII was born in Fayoum, Egypt. His lay name was Joseph. He became a monk in the Monastery of Saint Anthony.
• Magdy Atwa (b. 1983), An Egyptian football midfielder. He currently plays for Al-Sekka Al-Hadid.
• Sayed Moawad (b. 1979), An Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a left-back. Moawad represented Al Ahly in FIFA Club World Cup three times in 2008, 2012 and 2014.

File:QasrQarunFacade.jpg|Qarun Palace

File:UmmAtlTemple1.jpg|Temple

File:Whale skeleton 2.jpg|A whale skeleton lies in the sand at Wadi Al-Hitan (Arabic: وادي الحيتان, ‘Whale Valley’) near the city of Faiyum

{{portal|Egypt}}

• List of cities and towns in Egypt
• Book of the Faiyum
• Fayum alphabet
• Faiyum mummy portraits
• Lake Moeris
• Lake El Rayan
• Phiomia (an extinct relative of the elephant, named after Faiyum)
• Nash Papyrus
• Roman Egypt
• Wadi Elrayan

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

{{Wikinews|30 brightly coloured mummies discovered in Egyptian necropolis}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikivoyage}}

• {{cite web |url=http://crs.org/egypt/village-sanitation/ |title=Photo Gallery: Water Issues in Fayoum Villages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906030129/http://crs.org/egypt/village-sanitation/ |archive-date=2009-09-06}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/EG/04/Al_Fayyum.html|title=Geographical information on Al Fayyum, Egypt|access-date=2011-03-22|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc}}
• [https://archive.org/details/faymtownsandthe00milngoog Fayum towns and their papyri, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
• {{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/13199895/Notes-From-DiaryFayum-Trip-1907-Walter-Granger-Bulletin-22-2002-NMMNH |format=PDF |title=Notes From Diary––Fayum Trip, 1907 |author1=Vincent L. Morgan |author2=Spencer G. Lucas |work=Bulletin 22 |year=2002 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |issn=1524-4156 |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-date=2009-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720001614/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13199895/Notes-From-DiaryFayum-Trip-1907-Walter-Granger-Bulletin-22-2002-NMMNH |url-status=dead }}. 148 pages, public domain.
• [http://www.imagesjourney.com/Main.aspx?Category=43 Fayoum Photo Gallery]

{{Governorates capital of Egypt}}

{{Sa'id / Upper Egypt Main Cities}}

{{Egyptian Cities}}

{{Egypt oasis areas}}

{{Ancient Egypt topics}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Governorate capitals in Egypt

Category:Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC

Category:Populated places in Faiyum Governorate

Category:Cities in Egypt